Uncooperative Behavior Research Articles

THE AFTERMATHS OF UNMANAGED TEACHER-TEACHER PROFESSIONAL RELATIONS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE TAMALE EDUCATION METROPOLIS, GHANA

The study adopted the qualitative research approach to understand the lived experiences of teachers with regard to the aftermaths of unmanaged teacher-teacher professional relations in senior high schools in the Tamale Education Metropolis. A purposive sampling technique was used to select fifteen (15) secondary school teachers. Face-to-face in-depth individual interviews were conducted. Data were collected through the use of the Pen-and-Paper Personal method. Thematic analytical method was used to analyse collected data. Findings were that the aftermaths of unmanaged teacher-teacher professional relations in schools include teacher stress and burnout, teacher inadequate belongingness and motivation, chaos and conflict, inadequate team spirit and collaboration among teachers, uncooperative teacher behaviours and inadequate knowledge and information sharing among teachers. Recommendations made were that school management in meetings should create rooms where there is open communication and adequate interactions among all teachers and where all teachers are encouraged to develop strong love, care and concern for the well-being and happiness of colleague teachers. The school management should work with the Ghana Education Service to train and equip all teachers on strategies to deal and cope with stress as a result of poor teacher-teacher relations. Team-building exercises should be organized by school management where experts in Team Building are invited to educate and instill in all teachers the need for them to have a high level of team spirit.

The Degree of Information Exchange on the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Cooperation in the Bargaining Game

This study extends the understanding of game theory on cooperative utility and efficiency. The paper investigated the literature of Rubinstein Model with perfect information in Game theory by adding authors knowledge and experiment of how the degree of information affect effectiveness and efficiency of cooperation. This research is based on previous experiment by designing a new experiment and collecting qualitative data. Allocative efficiency is further discussed in our strategic game setup. Types of motivation were also evaluated in the investigation, including intrinsic, extrinsic, and image motivation, to analyze the possible correlation between players strategic behaviors and motivation. Motivation can lead to interactive cooperative behavior, leading to either success or failure of achieving allocative efficiency. This paper also analyzed the reasons behind uncooperative behaviors. Based on the findings, the theory of the importance of incentive-based cooperative behavior in bargaining games has been developed.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SCHOOL BEHAVIORS OF GRADE 7 OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS’ CHILDREN IN TAGUDIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This study aimed to assess the academic performance and school behavior of the children of Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) enrolled at Tagudin National High School during the school year, 2022-2023. Specifically, it sought to answer the following: 1. What is the profile of the learners along a. Sex; b. Medium of communicating with parents; and c. Frequency of communicating with parents? 2. What is the level of academic performance of the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) children? 3. What is the level of school behavior of Grade 7 OFW children along Hyperactive, Withdrawn, Poor attention/Concentration, Aggressive, Uncooperative, Disruptive, Manipulative, and Inappropriate Social Behavior; 4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the OFW children and the level of academic performance? 5. Is there a significant relationship between the level of performance of the OFW parents and children's level of school behavior 6. What plan can be proposed to improve the behavior of learners? 7. What is the level of acceptability of the action plan? The researcher used a descriptive correlational research design. The Grade 7 OFW children of will be the respondents. The study was conducted among the 91 OFW children enrolled at Tagudin National High School during the school year 2022- 2023. A total enumeration of the children of OFW enrolled were used as respondents. Based from the salient findings, the following conclusions are draw: 1. The respondents have distinct profiles from one another and no two individuals are exactly alike; 2. Classroom behaviors of the OFW children differ from one another but they execute favorable and unfavorable behaviors inside the class; 3. Sex affects the disruptive and uncooperative school behaviors of the OFW children of TNHS; 4. An action plan is a helpful material that contains strategies to improve the school behaviors of the TNHS OFW children; and 5. The developed action plan is simplified and down to earth but carries solutions to gauged problems of OFW children. From the findings and conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are hereby offered: 1. It is suggested that OFW children should be given more kindness and understanding as to their unfavorable behaviors yet they should establish a closer bonding with their OFW parents through the help of the social media's chat or messenger; 2. Misdemeanors conducted inside the class should be immediately settled by the teacher or guidance counselor with the guardian but teachers should possess many strategies to address issues and concerns like poor attention and low academic performance; 3. It is suggested that male students should be given roles inside the classroom to feel their importance and to deviate from untoward behaviors; 4. The action plan developed for the purpose of helping the OFW children focus their attention to their studies should be brought to the principal's office and when found worthwhile, be endorsed to all teachers of TNHS for their benchmark of their own classroom action plan; and 5. The action plan is timely and appropriate and it is a nice material to be used as benchmark to improve the school behaviors of OFW children.

Learning whom not to trust across early and middle adolescence: A longitudinal neuroimaging study to trusting behavior involving an uncooperative other.

Longitudinal changes in trusting behavior across adolescence and their neural correlates were examined. Neural regions of interest (ROIs) included the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), left anterior insula (AI), bilateral ventral striatum (VS), and right dorsal striatum (DS). Participants (wave 1 age: M = 12.90) played the investor in a Trust Game with an uncooperative trustee three times (1-year interval). Analyses included 77 primarily Dutch participants (33 females). Participants decreased their investments with wave. Furthermore, activity was heightened in mPFC, dACC, and DS during investment and repayment, and in right VS (investment) and AI (repayment). Finally, DS activity during repayment increased with wave. These findings highlight early-middle adolescence as an important period for developing sensitivity to uncooperative behavior.

Association of temperament with oral health behaviour and caries status in Thai preschool children.

Temperament associated with oral health behaviour and early childhood caries (ECC) in preschoolers remains inconclusive. This cross-sectional study investigated the association of temperament with oral health behaviour and ECC status. A total of 421 Thai preschoolers were recruited from elementary schools in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Their caregivers assessed three temperament dimensions (surgency, negative affectivity and effortful control) using the Thai version of the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire Very Short Form and reported oral health behaviours (brushing cooperation and cariogenic snack frequency). Three calibrated dentists assessed ECC status using the modified WHO dmft/dmfs (decayed, missing and filled teeth/surface) index that included noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions. Multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for child's and caregiver's characteristics, revealed that children with high negative affectivity or low effortful control were more likely to have uncooperative brushing behaviour. The temperament scores of children who consumed cariogenic snacks daily and those who did not were comparable. Children with low surgency, high negative affectivity or low effortful control were more likely to have high dmfs scores. Negative affectivity and effortful control were associated with brushing behaviour. Temperament was not associated with the frequency of cariogenic snack consumption. All temperamental dimensions, however, were associated with ECC.

Shadow regionalism in immigration enforcement during COVID-19

Abstract Stark variations exist in U.S. immigration enforcement. These variations have persisted even during the COVID-19 pandemic, when special measures that should have constrained variations were in place. This Article argues that variations in discretionary enforcement decisions based on resistance to national policies, bias, illegal tactics, or arbitrariness are unjust and should be curtailed. The Article first distinguishes between transparent sources of variation in immigration law and variations that stem from non-transparent, discretionary determinations. Within the category of discretionary determinations, the Article argues that there are just and unjust variations. It contends that unjust variations raise serious constitutional concerns, weaken preemption doctrine, and require us to reconceptualize the immigration federalism debate to account for cooperative and uncooperative behavior within the federal government itself. Finally, the Article offers solutions to help limit unjust variations.

Changing Trends in Conscious Sedation at Pediatric Dental Offices: A Bibliometric Analysis

The uncooperative behavior of children in the dental office has increased the demand for pharmacological behavior management techniques. Moderate sedation is more effective by providing analgesia and anxiolysis, thereby aiding in carrying out the most comfortable, efficient, and high-quality dental services. There is a need to understand the various aspects such as the choice of drug, method of drug administration, safety, and efficacy. Bibliometrics can reveal significant shifts in research and publication trends. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis of the literature on evolving trends in conscious sedation at pediatric dental offices. The bibliometric research used RStudio 2021.09.0+351 for Windows (RStudio, Boston, MA), package "bibliometrix," and VOS viewer software (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands. https://www.vosviewer.com). Elsevier's Scopus database (www.scopus.com) provided the literary data for this study, which were exported in BibTex format. The articles were independently categorized according to the following aspects: (a) annual scholarly output; (b) leading countries or regions; (c) leading journals; (d) productive authors; (e) citations; (f) study design; and (g) distribution of topics. The findings considered 1996 through 2022 and used journals, books, articles, and other sources, totaling 1064 papers, with an average of 10.7 per year. According to the findings, the United States, the United Kingdom, and India were principally leading the field of conscious sedation research. In total, 2433 authors were found through the search. The study identified the nations that are currently researching the topics such as midazolam and nitrous-oxide; this paves the way for future partnerships to strengthen the evidence generated in other topic areas using novel sedatives and exploring the different routes of drug administration, thereby benefiting the scientific community by identifying knowledge gaps and experts in this area of research.

Perspective on improving the quality of surface and material data analysis in the scientific literature with a focus on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

Due to significant advances in instrumentation, many previously specialized techniques have become “routine” in user facilities. However, detailed knowledge held by experts has often not been relayed to general users, so they often rely on entry-level information, basic principles, and comparison with literature results for data analysis. As a result, major errors in the data analysis of multiple surface and material analysis techniques, including in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), have been appearing in the scientific literature. Representative examples of serious errors in XPS data analysis are shown in this work. We suggest that surface and material analysis, and perhaps even science in general, are in a state of “pre-crisis.” We use two (logistic) models from population biology to suggest that bad analyses self-correct if they remain below a critical number. However, beyond a threshold, the literature can become useless because of the perpetuation of faulty analyses and concomitant loss of its self-correcting ability. XPS is used by scientists in many communities because of the power of the technique and high-quality instrumentation that is commercially available. Those who make new surfaces and materials face unique challenges because of the large number of surface and material analytical techniques that are often needed to characterize their materials. Graduate students and post-docs are often provided with only minimal instruction on using surface and material characterization methods. High fees for instruments may affect both the quality and the quantity of the data people collect. The Prisoner's Dilemma is a model from game theory that describes situations with reward structures that encourage uncooperative behavior and lead to suboptimal outcomes. However, the outcomes of Prisoner's Dilemma are not inevitable—their consequences change if their reward structures change. The current system does not appear to incentivize detailed learning of surface and material characterization techniques and careful material characterization. Prisoner's dilemmas appear to lead to other undesirable consequences in science. The concerns raised in this work suggest that many manuscripts are incompletely reviewed at present. The different stakeholders in this problem, including authors, research advisers, subject matter experts, reviewers, scientists who notice examples of faulty data analysis, editors, journals and publishers, funding agencies, scientific societies, leaders at universities and research centers, and instrument vendors, can improve the current situation. This work provides specific recommendations for each of these stakeholders. For example, we believe that authors are primarily responsible for the correctness of their work, not reviewers or editors; we question the wisdom of listing the names of the editor and reviewers on a paper; we are grateful for the significant contributions that have been made by subject matter experts to produce standards and tutorial information; the high cost of instrument time at some institutions may limit student access and result in suboptimal analyses; staff scientists often need to be better recognized for their intellectual contributions to studies; publishers may wish to allow selective reviewing of specific sections of papers related to material characterization; the reviewing at some open access journals may be inadequate; while it had its shortcomings, the pre-open access model of publishing incentivized the production and publication of high-quality work; audits of the products (scientific papers) of funding agencies may be necessary; collaboration needs to be encouraged to a greater extent at some institutions; and instrument vendors should not suggest to potential customers that surface characterization, e.g., by XPS, is trivial or simple.

Tailoring EFL lessons through materials adaptation: A look into an Acehnese teacher’s experiences

This study focused on teachers’ materials adaptation as a part of teaching strategies to ensure learning success. Given that such activity is not something light to engage in and requires expertise, the researchers looked at how the process of materials adaptation was carried out. These included what was added, removed, and modified as well as the challenges confronted during the adaptation process and classroom implementation. This study sought perspective from a qualitative case study approach. Documents, classroom observations, and interview were employed to gather data from one senior high school teacher in Aceh, Indonesia. The results were analyzed based on frameworks of language teaching materials analysis, principles of teaching materials, and materials adaptation. Research findings suggested that materials adaptations mostly concentrated on adding and modifying, with less emphasis on eliminating, simplifying, and rearranging. Furthermore, the altered materials aided language learning in various ways. Nevertheless, several modifications made raised issues, such as the lack of a feeling-sharing session with the materials and an inappropriate difficulty level. Inaccessible sources of materials, fear of producing irrelevant information, time constraints, a lack of professional training and school assistance, learners’ uncooperative behavior and low competences were also identified as problems in materials adaption.

Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in long-term care.

Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in long-term care.

Structural-visual approach for dental examination in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.

Conducting Dental examination in children with autism is challenging due to the limitation in cooperativeness that is caused by impairment of communication, social interaction, and sensory sensitivities. This study aims to provide evidence base for the structural-visual approach in reducing uncooperativeness behavior to dental care in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Searches were conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane from inception to October 2021 (CRD42022383409). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and pre/post-test and qualitative studies that conducting visual pedagogy and visual learning methods were included. The quality of evidence was assessed with Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs, Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for non-RCTs, and Critical Appraisal Skill Program (CASP) for qualitative studies. The initial search identified 270 studies, and 256 remained after removing duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, 62 studies were remained for full-text assessed, and finally 13 eligible studies were selected for reviews. The studies analyzed various structural-visual interventions, participants, study design, countries, and outcomes. The structural-visual approach could reduce uncooperative behavior in children with ASD. Future study should investigate the wide range of age and varied behavior approach as the evidence-based of the clinical management.

Virtual Training of Medical Students to Promote the Comfort and Cooperation of Patients with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities

Patients with neurodevelopmental disabilities generally have less access to necessary medical care compared to those without disabilities. Barriers to adequate care include patient fear and uncooperative behavior during routine medical procedures and inadequate preparation of medical professionals to treat this population. Researchers have identified multiple behavior-analytic procedures for promoting comfort and cooperation during medical treatments. Efficient, cost-effective training programs are needed to widely disseminate behavior-analytic procedures to medical students and professionals. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a virtual training to prepare medical students to implement behavioral procedures that could be easily incorporated into typical wellness examinations. Seven medical students received behavioral skills training (BST) delivered remotely via the Internet. Results showed that the training successfully increased students’ correct implementation of the procedures in roleplay with the experimenter and with patients with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Responding also maintained at high levels 2 weeks after the training. These findings suggest that virtual BST is an efficient, practical approach for training health care professionals to implement general behavior management strategies to increase the comfort and cooperation of patients with NDD.

Children's electronic screen time exposure and its relationship to dental anxiety and behavior

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the association between electronic screen time and dental anxiety and behaviour among children aged six to twelve years during dental examination, prophylaxis, and topical fluoride application. Material and methodsThis was a cross-sectional study which included 402 paediatric dental patients aged six to twelve years who came to King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data was collected from September 2020 to December 2021. Self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect data from the patient and his/her guardian. It was comprised of eight demographic questions as well as 13 multiple-choice questions regarding the patients' screen time. Child dental anxiety was assessed by using Abeer Children Dental Anxiety Scale (ACDAS). Assessment of child's behaviour was done by using Frankl Behavioural Rating Scale. ResultsThis study had a response rate of 100%. Out of the 402 participants, 248 (61.7%) were found to have anxiety while 154 (38.3%) were not. Of all participants 274 (68.2%) were cooperative and 128 (31.8%) were not. A Significant relationship between anxiety and behavioural problems during a dental visit and the participant's total exposure hours to electronic devices was found (p < 0.001). Children exposed to electronics at the age of two years or before displayed more anxiety and uncooperative behaviour (p < 0.001). Conclusionsearly exposure to electronic screens, especially for entertainment purposes and longer exposure can be associated with increased dental anxiety and uncooperative behaviour in children age 6–12 years. RecommendationsParents should be educated about the risks of permitting their children to use electronic devices and encouraged to replace such devices with activities that incorporate physical activity.

Risk Factors Associated with Children Receiving Treatment at Emergency Dental Clinics: A Case-Control Study.

(1) Background: The process of managing children at the emergency dental clinic (ER-C) is a difficult challenge. This matched case-control study assessed risk factors associated with children visiting the ER-C compared to visits at the regular dental clinic (RD-C). (2) Methods: The participants included 421 children aged three to 12 years who were recruited at the ER-C (cases) and RD-C (controls) at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital, with each group matched for gender and age. A data-collection form was developed and validated in both Arabic and English, containing the following four sections: DMFT/dmft index, Frankl’s behaviour rating scale, Dental Neglect Scale, and Dental Care Barriers questionnaire. (3) Results: The ER-C (vs RD-C) group showed significantly more uncooperative behaviour (p = 0.002), a higher total mean dental neglect score (p = 0.003), and a higher dental barrier score (p < 0.001). Binary regression analysis showed that those making their first visit (AOR: 2.65, p < 0.001) and with higher dental barriers (AOR: 1.121, p < 0.001) were statistically significantly more associated with ER-C visitation. (4) Conclusion: These findings suggest that children who visit the ER-C are more prone to dental care barriers, uncooperative behaviour, and dental neglect, thus highlighting the importance of encouraging and planning their attendance to ensure optimal dental care.

Inconsistent Auditor Responses to Uncooperative Client Manager Behavior: When Skeptical Judgments and Actions Diverge

Inconsistent Auditor Responses to Uncooperative Client Manager Behavior: When Skeptical Judgments and Actions Diverge

Dynamic Evolutionary Game-based Modeling, Analysis and Performance Enhancement of Blockchain Channels

The recent development of channel technology has promised to reduce the transaction verification time in blockchain operations. When transactions are transmitted through the channels created by nodes, the nodes need to cooperate with each other. If one party refuses to do so, the channel is unstable. A stable channel is thus required. Because nodes may show uncooperative behavior, they may have a negative impact on the stability of such channels. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a dynamic evolutionary game model based on node behavior. This model considers various defense strategies' cost and attack success ratio under them. Nodes can dynamically adjust their strategies according to the behavior of attackers to achieve their effective defense. The equilibrium stability of the proposed model can be achieved. The proposed model can be applied to general channel networks. It is compared with two state-of-the-art blockchain channels: Lightning network and Spirit channels. The experimental results show that the proposed model can be used to improve a channel's stability and keep it in a good cooperative stable state. Thus its use enables a blockchain to enjoy higher transaction success ratio and lower transaction transmission delay than the use of its two peers.

ORAL MUCOSITIS MANAGEMENT IN A PEDIATRIC PATIENT WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA: CASE REPORT

Introduction: Acute leukemia is a primary malignancy in the bone marrow, in children constituting 35% of childhood cancers. Eighty percent are Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) and 20% are Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). In Indonesia, there are currently around 80,000 children under the age of 15 years. Mucositis, oral infections, taste dysfunction, xerostomia, and bleeding are recognized as common acute sequels with risks for severe pain, malnutrition, and potential source of systemic infections. The purpose of this article is to report the management of mucositis in a patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Case and Management: A 5 years old boy consulted from Pediatrician in Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie General Hospital to a Pediatric Dentist in the same hospital with the chief complaint of severe gingivitis, bleeding on gingival mucosa, ulcer, and mucositis on lips. Because the general conditions of the patient decreased, the supportive therapies were instructed to maintain oral hygiene by rinsing and cleaning intra-oral with sterile gauze with sterile or cold water and chlorhexidine gluconate 0,20% periodically, brushing teeth with soft bristles, applying oxygel, and soft diets with high in carbohydrate and protein. Conclusion: The risks of mucositis in children are higher compared with adults due to the uncooperative behavior of the patient and smaller oral cavities which limit the examination. Good oral hygiene protocols should be applied during and after chemo-radio therapy motivating the children and parents or caregivers to maintain an appropriate level of oral hygiene to minimize the risk of developing decay, local infections, hemorrhage, and oral mucositis.

Moral disciplining: The cognitive and evolutionary foundations of puritanical morality.

Why do many societies moralize apparently harmless pleasures, such as lust, gluttony, alcohol, drugs, and even music and dance? Why do they erect temperance, asceticism, sobriety, modesty, and piety as cardinal moral virtues? According to existing theories, this puritanical morality cannot be reduced to concerns for harm and fairness: It must emerge from cognitive systems that did not evolve for cooperation (e.g., disgust-based "purity" concerns). Here, we argue that, despite appearances, puritanical morality is no exception to the cooperative function of moral cognition. It emerges in response to a key feature of cooperation, namely that cooperation is (ultimately) a long-term strategy, requiring (proximately) the self-control of appetites for immediate gratification. Puritanical moralizations condemn behaviors which, although inherently harmless, are perceived as indirectly facilitating uncooperative behaviors, by impairing the self-control required to refrain from cheating. Drinking, drugs, immodest clothing, and unruly music and dance are condemned as stimulating short-term impulses, thus facilitating uncooperative behaviors (e.g., violence, adultery, free-riding). Overindulgence in harmless bodily pleasures (e.g., masturbation, gluttony) is perceived as making people slave to their urges, thus altering abilities to resist future antisocial temptations. Daily self-discipline, ascetic temperance, and pious ritual observance are perceived as cultivating the self-control required to honor prosocial obligations. We review psychological, historical, and ethnographic evidence supporting this account. We use this theory to explain the fall of puritanism in western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, and discuss the cultural evolution of puritanical norms. Explaining puritanical norms does not require adding mechanisms unrelated to cooperation in our models of the moral mind.

COMPARISON OF ORAL MIDAZOLAM,ORAL DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND ORAL MIDAZOLAM KETAMINE COMBINATION FOR PREMEDICATION IN PAEDIATRIC SURGERY

Background: Children especially age group &lt;10years undergoing operation may experience preoperative anxiety &amp; may be uncooperative.This uncooperative behavior of children may be observed at the time of separation from parents, venipuncture or mask application. Untreated anxiety may lead to difficult induction, greater rescue analgesic needs, emergence delirium (ED), behavioural &amp; postoperative psychological effects. An atraumatic premedication, calm separation from parents can minimize these problems and a smooth induction of anaesthesia can be achieved.Method : Prospective randomized double blind active controlled study was conducted in Government medical college &amp; hospital, Aurangabad from 2018 to 2020 after Institution Ethics Committee approval. 75 ASA I &amp; II subjects aged between 2 to 5 year weighing less than 15 Kg posted for elective paediatric surgery under general anaesthesia at tertiary care centre were selected. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups Group M ,Group M K &amp; Group D with 25 subjects in each group using computer generated randomization list. Oral premedication was given in each group 30 minutes before surgery.Baseline heart rate,SBP and RR measured before administering premedication and at 10 minutes intervals up to 30 to 45 minutes after premedication. Results: Sedation &amp; anxiolysis score at induction[S1] was significant higher in Group M K&amp; Group D [p Value &lt;0.05] compared to Group M. Sedation at the time of separation from parents [S2] was better in Group M K &amp; Group D compared to Group M[p Value &lt;0.05].Sedation during Mask Acceptance[S3] was better in Group M K &amp; Group D compared to Group M[p Value &lt;0.05].Wake up Behaviour [when the patient recovers from anaesthesia at end of surgery [S4] ] was assessed &amp; Subjects were more Sedated[post anaesthesia] in Group D when compared to Group m &amp; Group M K[p Value &lt;0.05]. Time taken for maximum change in vital parameters was more in Group D followed by Group M K and Group M respectively p Value 0.001].There was significant changes in Vital parameters in Group D compared to Group M &amp; Group M K .Bradycardia p Value 0.00044] &amp; Hypotension [p Value 0.01]was more significant in Group D when compared to Group MK &amp;Group M Conclusion: Oral Midazolam (0.2mg/kg) &amp; Ketamine (2mg/kg) combination &amp; oral Dexmedetomidine (0.5 g/kg) both provide satisfactory sedation levels &amp; offers significant ease of separation from parents with satisfactory mask acceptance in children&lt;10 years compared to oral Midazolam alone.

Why are wage shares worsening in a competitive economy? A brief review of pays equality and industrial politics

Wage shares have fallen substantially almost all over the world over the past 30 years. This study aims to provide a discussion of the critical elements of wage shares and to undertake a critical review of the empirical papers regarding the issue of the income distribution for labour. This paper investigates the wage share and determinants of 34 countries in 2011. There are two main objectives of this research. Firstly, the paper attempted to analyse the effectiveness of the incentives system, which is more likely to be rigid in the competitive work environment. Secondly, the research has emphasised how workers' behaviour can lead to different incentives payment through a kind of predatory behaviour or later on, we can call it an uncooperative behaviour. These objectives derived from the previous paper result in the adverse selection of worker turnover (Lazear, 1986). The findings confirm that the effect of globalisation through current account balance and the structural policy with tax wedge rate is statistically significant in wage share for those with low wage share (at the 10th per cent quantile) only. However, there is limited evidence that inflation, unemployment, education policy, and unionisation strongly affect the distribution of wages