Uncontrolled Reproduction Research Articles

Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in decapod crustaceans for potential aquaculture applications: An overview

AbstractCrustacean aquaculture, especially monosex culture, requires a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination and differentiation. Decapod crustaceans display either female heterogamety (ZW/ZZ) or male heterogamety (XY/XX) as their mode of genotypic sex determination. However, some decapod species exhibit sexual plasticity via removing the androgenic gland, knockdown insulin receptor transcripts, administrating exogenous sex steroids, and altering environmental factors. Although the master sex‐determining gene in decapods remains elusive, various sexual genes, hormones, and neurotransmitter are emerging as important factors in sex differentiation. This review looks into recent advancements in studies related to the genetic sex determination system and factors that trigger sex reversal. Moreover, the elucidation of the role of genetic factors in sex differentiation in both females and males, as well as their underlying interrelated regulatory mechanisms, provides justification for three levels of application: the induction of monosex populations, detection of precocious sex and genotype, and prevention of uncontrolled reproduction. Finally, we proposed future directions of bioinformatics analysis and genome editing coupled with sex control to increase the yield for economic decapods. In conclusion, this review provides a foundation for future research on the reproductive biology and sexual regulation of decapods, with the aim of aiding practitioners in advancing the crustacean aquaculture industry.

Defining priority issues for managing stray dog populations: The case of Greece

Recent literature on stray dogs offers evidence about their increasing overpopulation. However, very few studies have attempted to investigate and explain the overpopulation of stray dogs in Greece. The aim of this study is to define how different social and professional groups prioritize issues related to management practices and programs that could be adopted at national and regional level. The Delphi method was applied for drawing, experiences, information, knowledge and opinions of fourteen experts serving from different professions and positions the topic of the study in order to demonstrate how the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders will lead to a sustainable management of their population. The process was completed in three rounds of online meetings in which participants were asked to fulfill questionnaires to analyze their choices. It was concluded that stray dogs are overpopulated mainly due to the "irresponsible ownership of the pet dog" which usually leads to its abandonment (most often without neutering), and the uncontrolled reproduction of stray dogs. Also, the lack of interest in adopting stray dogs was a matter of high priority. Finally, neutering strays and pets was demonstrated by the majority of experts as a solution against overpopulation of stray dogs

Analysis of the prevalence of infectious and immunosuppressive diseases in free-living cats in Moscow and the Moscow region

In cats living in urban environments, infectious and immunosuppressive diseases are observed with a similar symptom complex. Comprehensive analysis allows you to identify concomitant diseases that complicate the primary infection. In an experimental study in cats, diseases were diagnosed randomly based on clinical and anamnestic data, hematological and biochemical, immunological blood tests and PCR. All established diseases were conditionally divided into 5 groups: I - co-infections II - respiratory, III - gastroenterological, IV - chronic viral and V - hemoparasitic infections, toxoplasmosis, FIP. Group I included 96 cats with 2 or more viral agents from groups II-IV at the time of primary diagnosis; Group II included 92 animals; Group III - 70 cats; IV group - 16 cats; Group V - 9 animals. It follows from the statistical data that diseases caused by several infectious agents are most often recorded, the second most common are diseases of the respiratory system, and the third are diseases of the digestive system. The main problem of high infection with infectious and immunosuppressive diseases of cats is the crowded content of cat families in one area, with uncontrolled reproduction and spread of infections within a certain area; possible introduction of other strains or viruses through contact with cats from another population; replenishment of the virus population due to mutations during the death of individuals within the range.

Effects of castration and sterilization on baseline and response levels of cortisol-A case study in male guinea pigs.

An uncontrolled reproduction of animals in human hands should be avoided. To meet this goal, animals are widely castrated, i.e., the gonads are completely removed. Since the gonads are the most important source of sex hormones, this is a serious intervention in the entire endocrine system of an organism. Sterilization is a much less invasive procedure. Thus, it could have advantages over castration. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to analyze the effect of castration vs. sterilization on the release of glucocorticoids, i.e., an important indicator for welfare. Taking domestic guinea pigs as a model system, we studied baseline and response cortisol values (cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in guinea pigs) in castrated, sterilized, sham-operated and intact males and baseline values in their cohoused females. Whereas baseline values of males did not differ between the groups, castrated males showed significantly higher cortisol response levels than intact, sham-operated and sterilized males. Females housed with castrated, sterilized, sham-operated or intact males did not differ in their cortisol concentrations, neither shortly after being placed with the respective male or after being co-housed for several weeks. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that castrated males exhibited a higher cortisol responsiveness during acute challenge which could point to a generalized impaired welfare of castrated males in comparison to intact, sham-operated and sterilized males. Our results provide first evidence for a potential negative impact of castration on the animals' welfare, while at the same time pointing toward sterilization representing a less invasive, promising alternative. Therefore, the results may stimulate future research on this topic to further detect potential welfare-related side effects of castration.

Connection between Breast Cancer and Poverty

Poverty is associated with the higher cancer rates, cancer risk factors like tobacco used and obesity, and lack of access to cancer screening and the treatment. Breast cancer may be caused by the occurrence of malignant tumors, is one of the structures of composing the organs, which is formed due to uncontrolled reproduction of cells that went through a complex process of transformation and may evolve by direct extension or through metastatic dissemination. The main symptoms are palpable nodes and deformations especially the cambers or retractions in the breast part. Constitutional symptoms such as asthenia, fever and weight loss may also compose a clinical condition. People with lower socio economic status have high cancer deaths than those with higher socio economic status, regardless of the demographic factors which includes race/ethnicity. Only small things can be known about the breast cancer among economically disadvantaged women, except the two generally accepted facts, low income women are likely to be diagnosed more with the later stage of the disease and have higher mortality rates. Being uninsured may lead to health services, and thereby creating delays or even the absence of screening, diagnostic and also the treatment services. Lack of access may account for women diagnosed when the cancer is advanced, reducing the women’s chances of survival.

Can CRISPR help control locust populations to reduce the impact of plague outbreaks?

Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) have been threatening food security since time immemorial and affecting human lives by destroying agriculture. Ravaging plague outbreaks are a reality and cause massive devastation across farmlands and pastures to this present day. Locust attacks and outbreaks globally affect vast areas and millions of people resulting in billions of dollars of economic loss. Although controlling the locust population through chemical pesticides is the primary method currently used, it unfortunately has not been highly effective in managing these outbreaks. Advancements in genetic engineering using CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and its successful experiments on arthropods provide a huge opportunity that can be extended to design similar genetic behavioral changes in locusts. CRISPR has become one of the most accurate, quick, and cost-effective techniques that could potentially be very effective in managing locust populations by editing specific genes, particularly those responsible for uncontrolled reproduction during their gregarious phase. Experiments conducted on Mosquitos (Aedes aegypti) to silence microRNA-309 (miR-309), permitting stage-specific degradation of its ability to reproduce in their blood-feeding triggered phase indicates that these interventions could also be performed successfully on desert locusts. It should be possible to achieve similar results in female locusts by targeting the miR-309~6 gene cluster, impairing their ovarian development and potentially controlling locust populations.

Stray Animal Population Control: Methods, Public Health Concern, Ethics, and Animal Welfare Issues

Stray animal overpopulation has become one of the most serious global problems with many negative impacts on the community, environment, and public health. Most of the stray animals do not depend on humans for food and shelter, and therefore, can reproduce uncontrollably. The uncontrolled reproduction of stray animals increases their population that leads to a higher chance of predation, road traffic accidents, transmission of zoonotic diseases, and therefore, becoming vectors for some diseases. There are several methods for stray animal population control depending on the situation and the nature of the stray animals. These methods include contraceptives, trap-neuter-return, poisoning, euthanasia, and gun shooting among others. Each of the outlined methods has its advantages and disadvantages as to their practicality, ease of conducting, cost, effectiveness, ethics, and animal welfare issues. In conclusion, to achieve successful control measures of the stray animal population and the problem they create, the concerned authorities need to design and enact animal rights laws, provide medical care (treatment and vaccination), feeding, shelter for the animals, and control their reproduction. Public health and environmental agencies may improve the services by regulating personal and environmental hygiene, prevention, and control of zoonotic and transmissible diseases that can be transmitted from stray animals to the public and other livestock respectively.

ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ОРГАНАХ КОШКИ ПРИ АДЕНОКАРЦЕНОМЕ

Oncological diseases of unproductive animals are becoming increasingly common in veterinary practice, especially in large cities. The basis of tumor growth is the unlimited uncontrolled reproduction of cells by the body, which leads to a complex of structural and functional disorders. Despite the significant achievements of modern veterinary medicine in the field of diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors in animals, the issues of histological and cytological diagnosis of the forms of manifestation of this pathology remain problematic. Long-term statistical data show that there is a tendency to increase the incidence of oncological pathology in domestic carnivores, especially in the malignant form.

KOLABORASI LINTAS SEKTOR DALAM PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI ANAK JALANAN

Background: Lack of knowledge and limited access to information about reproductive health make street children vulnerable to complex reproductive health problems, one of the problems of uncontrolled reproduction is free sex, drinking alcohol, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS.Objective: This study aims to conduct a literature study to obtain the input on improvements in dealing with reproductive health problems in street children.Methods: This research was conducted in April 2021 by conducting literature review on various research results that have been published during January 2014 to December 2020 in national and international journals and obtained 10 research journals.Results: The results of several studies to develop reproductive health on street children from various sectors illustrate that the knowledge of street children about reproductive health is still very lacking. PKPR as the basic sector in the development of reproductive health has not touched street children. The health department as a pioneer of health reproduction has also not launched a reproductive health program for them. Social services as the father of street children have not touched on his reproductive health problems, so far social services are still focusing on the social welfare of street children.Conclusion: Health as a component is no less important in the problem of street children, especially in their reproductive health. Therefore, we need cross-sector collaboration to manage reproductive health problems of street children.

Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) of Northwest Russia: History of the Study, Composition and Genesis of the Fauna

An essay of the fauna of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in five federal subjects of Northwest Russia is presented. The species composition of scolytids in Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, and Murmansk provinces as well as the Republic of Karelia is analyzed in comparison with the bark beetle faunas of adjacent Estonia and Finland. The history of investigation of the bark beetle fauna in Northwest Russia starting from the XVIII century and up to date is discussed, and modern knowledge on the regional bark beetle fauna is considered. The distribution of “northern” and “southern” bark beetle species in the region is discussed, and a southward increase in species richness is demonstrated. The genesis of the bark beetle faunas of individual provinces is analyzed with respect to the host plant distribution in the postglacial period (Holocene). It is shown that the border between the middle and the southern taiga subzones running across Leningrad Province is also the northern distribution boundary of numerous bark beetle species. Special attention is paid to expansion of several bark beetle species into Northwest Russia in the last decades caused by different factors; the northward range expansion of the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus (Eichhoff, 1872) and elm bark beetles from the genus Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 is considered in more detail. The absence of monitoring of the elm bark beetle populations has led to uncontrolled reproduction of the pests, spread of Dutch elm disease, and significant economic losses. Rare bark beetle species deserving inclusion in the regional Red Data Lists are named. Attention is drawn to the insufficient knowledge of the bark beetle fauna in nature reserves and other protected areas in Northwest Russia. The damage caused by the most economically important bark beetles, namely the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758) and pine shoot beetles of the genus Tomicus Latreille, 1802, in the boreal forest zone is briefly reviewed. Some taxonomic problems which remain to be solved in order to refine the local bark beetle species lists in Northwest Russia are outlined. The contribution of researchers from St. Petersburg Forest Institute to the knowledge of bark beetle biology in the region and in the whole of Russia is specially considered.

Spread Dynamics of Leucosis in Cattle in Livestock Farms of the Russian Federation for 2000–2018

Leucosis occupies a leading position in the modern nosological structure of cattle infectious diseases. This is due to the high infection of livestock and large economic damage in affected farms [1–3]. Leucosis is a chronic tumor disease caused by an RNA-containing virus of the Retroviridae family. The disease is characterized by uncontrolled reproduction of immature hematopoietic cells [4, 5]. The objective is to assess in dynamics the indicators of cattle infection with the leucosis virus and the incidence of leucosis in farms of all categories of the Russian Federation in the period of 2000–2018. The data of the analysis of the epizootic situation for leucosis in cattle in farms of all categories of the Russian Federation for 2000-2018 are presented. Over this period of time, the number of diagnostic serological studies in the immunodiffusion reaction increased 1.88 times in all subjects. According to the results of epizootological monitoring in farms of all categories of the Russian Federation, the rates of infection of the bovine leucosis virus decreased 1.89 times, the incidence rates decreased 2.02 times. At present, the epizootic situation has improved markedly, but so far there are problems with incomplete release of farms from leucosis in cattle. It is necessary to continue work on the elimination of this dangerous chronic disease in farms of all categories in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Exclusion of two microsatellite markers in the sex-linkage study of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

Monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is highly preferred in semi-intensive and intensive culture systems to prevent uncontrolled reproduction and to obtain fast growing male. Production of all male tilapia is being practiced by the hatcheries of Bangladesh mainly by administering androgen hormones (particularly 17-α-methyl-testosterone) with feed in a mixture of undifferentiated fry for about a month. The direct application of hormone to such food chain often arises question in respect to public health and safety. The alternative to this is the production of putative supermales, a rather safe but longer procedure to obtain all male progeny. However, sex determination system in tilapia is fairly complex. Recent developments have resulted in a linkage map and genetic markers that can be used to analyze the sex determination system. For genetic analysis of different genotypes of fish, microsatellite DNA marker ARO120 and ARO121 were used for studying the inheritance pattern for possible sex linkage using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In case of ARO120, it was observed that the Dam XX was heterozygous; 11 out of 22 female progeny and 10 out of 22 male progeny were found to be heterozygous. In case of ARO121, it was observed that the Dam XX was heterozygous; 16 out of 22 female progeny and 20 out of 22 male progeny were found to be heterozygous. Though the marker polymorphisms were observed in this study, these were excluded from the sexlinkage study due to limited extent of information as sex-linked markers in Nile tilapia BFRI strain. This study provides a baseline for further research using other suitable polymorphic markers for assisting marker-assisted selection.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(1): 143-151, April 2019

Mathematical Modeling of the Regulatorika of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

This article is devoted to the analysis of research work conducted using methods of mathematical modeling of the activity of the thyroid gland. The article gives a brief review of various methods of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of the thyroid gland. Most authors have indicated a mathematical modeling of the dynamics of the thyroid gland. Mathematical modeling of regulator of regulation of thyroid gland cells and computer model using Runge-Kutta method on the basis of mathematical model. Based on experimental experiments using a computer model, characteristic regimes of the dynamics of the regulatory mechanisms of the thyroid gland cells were analyzed. Qualitative and quantitative study of equations of mathematical models of cellular regulatory mechanisms community of a follicle of the thyroid gland showed the presence of a steady state modes sustainable, stable self-oscillating behavior, irregular functioning (chaos) and the effect of sudden destructive changes (black hole) in the number of cells in the follicle of the thyroid gland. Irregular vibrations and a “black hole” can be identified by uncontrolled reproduction and a sharp destructive change in thyroid follicle cells. Parametric portrait, which clearly highlights areas of homogeneous solutions of the model equations cellular regulatory mechanisms community of a follicle of the thyroid gland, was presented.

Notas sobre a presença dos gatos domésticos nas cidades médias

The expansion of urban areas is leading people to adopt cats as pets as they are better adapted to the modern lifestyle, require smaller spaces, and could stand alone for longer periods compared to other animals such as dogs. However, environmental groups are concerned about the increasing population of felines in urban areas, as they believe that cats threaten the lives of wild birds and small mammals that may be extinct. This research note presents the pros and cons of cats’ presence in cities as to how to handle them. Correct management of these animals is necessary since the greatest environmental risk related to their presence is their uncontrolled reproduction and consequent abandoning of undesirable pups by their tutors.

Phenomenological Computational Model for the Development of a Population Outbreak of Insects with Its Bifurcational Completion

The article discusses the model scenario of a sharp increase in the number of phytophagous insects, a dangerous and poorly predictable phenomenon. The scenario is based on the possibility of an increased reproduction efficiency of the state of the population in the range limited from above and from below. A time-limited local outbreak begins after overcoming the threshold equilibrium point. The slowdown in the rate of loss of generations is caused by the attenuation of the customary mechanisms of density regulation. The developed redefined computational structure takes into account the structure of various vulnerabilities of life stages before entry into the fertile age, which is established for the European corn borer. Reduction of the role of mortality factors will be unevenly distributed in the ontogenetic stages of the insect. The sudden start of the regulation mechanism due to the exhaustion of resources, which is strengthened because of the indirect competition between the adult and larval stages, is implemented by a special supplement on the right side in the equation of the population size decrease. The described variable effect of mortality regulation leads to a tangential bifurcation, which completes the phase of uncontrolled reproduction. In conclusion, we consider an example of a real situation of spontaneously decaying outbreaks of a pest vulnerable for its enemies corresponding to the derived characteristics of a dynamical system.

Local poultry populations in Chlef (Algeria): phenotypes, rearing systems and performances.

The local chickens represent a very important source of income and high quality protein for rural households all over the world and especially in the poorest African countries. In Algeria, the local poultry populations is a valuable source of income and play a significant cultural role; they are thus offered as gifts and used during ritual sacrifices or ceremonies. Despite their economic and cultural importance, Algerian local breeds being exploited only in family farms, remain poorly known. In order to document and identify the phenotypic characteristics of the local poultry populations in the region of Chlef, several surveys were conducted on 72 families. Socioeconomic results showed that all women (100%) were housewives; and they were the key player (80%) in the chicken-farming activity. The chickenrearing conditions were very rudimentary, characterized by an inadequate housing (73.5%), insufficient quantity of food (75%), uncontrolled reproduction scheme and a complete lack of veterinary assistance, leading to significant losses mainly due to diseases (52%) and predation (31%). The observation and analysis of 677 animals led to the identification of several phenotypes; the white, straw, red and golden were the most dominant plumage colors, the smooth feathers was the most frequent (92.8%) type of plumage and the normal distribution of plumage prevailed with 83.8%. The average weight comparison showed a very significant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.0001) in favor of males. The improvement of rearing conditions remains the best solution to improve productivity.

Copyright Infringement for Academic Authorship in Uganda: Implications on Exemptions of Fair Use for Educational Purposes in Universities

Like any other property, copyright as a form of Intellectual Property must be respected, and remunerated to address the socio-economic needs of society. Notwithstanding the different licensing systems and copyright protection avenues, educational and information institutions have continued to advocate for open access to information resources, under the legal exceptions for fair use. A survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted in educational institutions, libraries and archives in Uganda to assess the state of copyright infringement in Uganda. This paper recognizes a continued advocacy to open access to information resources, under the legal exceptions of fair use for educational purposes. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled reproduction of copyright works in educational institutions and information institutions, have contributed to copyright infringement robbing authors of their potential economic earnings and limiting their academic innovativeness and creativity. This paper attempts to underpin a need for a strategy to balance copyright protection and access to information. Thus, a strategic alliance by the Collecting Society, government, universities and right holder organisations to work together and institute a programme to address copyright protection and access to information is pertinently required.

Artificial Immune Systems for Identifying Malignant Breast Cancer

Cancer is a gene disruption based disease in which, body’s cells behave abnormally. These cancerous cells start uncontrolled reproduction and usually offend organisms, and a mass of cancerous cells is called tumor. Epidemiological studies have revealed that breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality among female population. Owing to the essence of natural lipid masses in breast, identification of tumor type from mammographic images is challenging. In this sense, almost patients are supposed to have biopsy operation which might lead wide variety of side effects. On this basis, a novel expert system based on negative selection and fuzzy sets is proposed to save assistantship functionality for specialists and physicians. In some sense, multiple pattern repositories are injected into the infrastructure of artificial immune systems. To verify and validate the proposed approach, several computational simulations have been performed. Simulation results prove that proposed method provide more accurate results in identifying malignant tumors in comparison to traditional pattern recognition techniques as such artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy systems.

Suitability of Microsatellite DNA Marker UNH995 in Sex Linkage Study of Nile tilapia <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> L

The Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) is one of the most commonly farmed species all over the world including Bangladesh. Monosex (male) tilapias are preferred to prevent uncontrolled reproduction by females and for the faster growth of males in case of intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture. In most of the tilapia hatchery of Bangladesh hormonal sex reversal are practiced indiscriminately by feeding androgen hormone to fry starting from their first feeding stage up to 30 days. To avoid public health concern due to direct administration of hormone in food chain, recent YY technology has become an acceptable model to produce genetically all male tilapia (GMT). However due to the plastic nature of sex determination system, the monosex production approach in Nile tilapia is yet to be practical in commercial venture. The present study was performed to analyze the suitability of sex-linked microsatellite DNA marker UNH995 for the identification of polymorphocity and informatory on allelic discrimination with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in three different families (HRT23, HRT26 and HTZF824) of Nile tilapia. Locus duplication was observed in the progeny of HRT23 and HRT26 families. In family HRT23 two alleles were equally distributed in male as well as in female offspring. Offspring of Family HRT26 contained more 231bp in female offspring, less in male offspring and totally absent in putative YY males. This information could be investigated thoroughly in future broodstock and their offspring for undertaking a monosex production approach in Nile tilapia.

MENTAL ECOLOGY OF SOCIAL EPIDEMIES

In the article, there have been separated factors and tendencies of changes of mental ecology in the modern world, augmentation of anomia and permissiveness, deformation of personality and social identity leading to wider and uncontrolled reproduction of social troubles and dependent disorders creating a threat to national security in the form of social epidemies. There have been described the structure and fractal ontogenetic dynamics of the demoralization syndrome. There has been grounded the synergetic approach to organization of an effective response in the form of development of a pilot model of systemic monitoring and a mental health service allowing to provide new quality of medico-psycho-socio-spiritual defense of the nation’s mental health and treatment of mental illnesses.