Uncertain Interpretations Research Articles

Global geologic expert system and database for predicting carbonate reservoirs from seismic: Application to the Upper Jurassic

Carbonate systems are influenced by a great variety of physical and biological controlling factors that operate from global to local scales. The resulting intrinsic complexity of carbonate platforms makes them difficult to predict, especially when data are limited. Predicting geologic geometries and properties based on limited sampling or uncalibrated seismic data generally relies on a priori knowledge and equivocal interpretations that are marked by geologist perception and personal experience. To overcome these uncertain interpretations of such a complex natural system, which can become critical in frontier exploration, we developed an expert system that relies on a process-based method and a standardized data set using normalized information and parameters. The main innovation relies on the realization of knowledge- and process-based synthetic carbonate stratigraphic architectures that support seismo-stratigraphic interpretations. The workflow consists of four steps: (1) bibliographic compilation of a geologic database for each case study supported by quantitative parameters (e.g., sedimentation duration and thickness) and qualitative parameters (geodynamic context, seismic architecture, and facies model); (2) statistical analyses to establish consistent geologic classes and spatiotemporal trends; (3) process-based modeling to simulate stratigraphic architectures associated with carbonate sedimentation processes in a physically constrained numerical environment and testing different geologic hypotheses; and (4) realization of a predictive palaeogeographic map representing the global distribution of carbonate stratigraphic architectures, and estimation of controlling parameters for unconstrained case studies. The expert system is based on 77 case studies of Upper Jurassic carbonate platforms, which reveal the resemblance of these carbonate systems, in response to uniform global palaeoclimatic conditions and sea level. Significant local differences in stratigraphic architectures are related to specific geodynamic contexts and subsidence trends. The thickest carbonate platforms are developed in extensive/passive geodynamic settings such as the Central Atlantic Ocean margins, while thinner platforms form in intra- and peri-cratonic settings such as those of the Arabian region.

EP408: Prioritizing variant reanalysis based on ClinVar discrepancies can reduce the number of uncertain interpretations

Current ACMG guidelines recommend periodic reassessment of variant classifications with current information. However, with the ever-increasing size of a laboratory's variant database, periodic reassessment can become a burden. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are the classification category most likely to change on reassessment due to increased population data, new studies regarding pathogenicity, and evolving classifications standards. ClinVar is a government website developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information that allows laboratories to submit variant classifications.

From Taiwan New Cinema to Post-New Cinema: The Transition of Identity in Cape No. 7 and the Naming Issue of Post-New Cinema

Abstract In 2008, Taiwan’s cinema began to get back on its feet after an extended lull, with several directors successively releasing critically acclaimed first works. Compared with the well-known Taiwan New Cinema, this new film trend works within the conventions of genre and often focuses on local issues and ordinary life. In doing so, critics and scholars call it Post-New Cinema. Yet, its naming brings difficulties to our understanding on this epoch-making wave, since it neither intends to innovate the paradigm and the framework established by New Cinema, nor does it completely inherit the legacy left by it. Therefore, these uncertain interpretations motivate us to review the legitimacy of this naming. This essay will evaluate firstly the genealogy from the Taiwan New Cinema to the Post-New Cinema in aesthetic and historical–cultural representation, to further propose the paradox about the naming of Post-New Cinema. Secondly, we attempted, by comparing the two most representative films of the two periods, Cape No. 7 and A City of Sadness, an initial look at the transition and the transformation in terms of aesthetical demonstration, historical representation, and ethnic politics, to argue that a subtle change in identity has been created in Taiwanese cinema since 2008.

3D crustal-scale structure of the West Iberia margin: a novel approach to integrated structural characterization of passive margins

Hyperextended margins are very heterogeneous along the entire length of the margin, so the definition of tectonic domains made exclusively from 2D seismic sections presents serious limitations. In this work we present an approach of the 3D crustal-scale structure of the West Iberia margin (WIM) by modelling eight lithospheric sections, using seismic, wells and gravity data. The continuous nature of gravity data allowed us to propose a new map of tectonic domains within the WIM. Maps of total horizontal (THD) and vertical gradients (dZ) of Bouguer anomaly have been calculated and compared with other criteria such as the crustal structure and thinning factor. This comparative analysis has been carried out on a section proposed as a model for the Western Iberian Margin (Tugend et al. in Tectonics, 2014; Cadenas et al. in Tectonics 37:758–785, 2018), and on four 2 + 1/2D gravimetric models transversal to the margin. The results point out a significant variation in the absolute values of Bouguer anomaly, thinning factor and crustal structure along the margin and, therefore, of the position of the different domain boundaries. Clear patterns that correlating the Bouguer anomaly signal and its derivatives to the tectonic domain are evidenced. Most significantly, the necking-zone and its transition to the hyperextended domain are characterized by high values of the THD of the Bouguer anomaly. The observed patterns in Bouguer anomaly and its derivatives provide a solid constraint for mapping the boundaries between different tectonic domains along the margin, even in those areas where limited deep seismic information could lead to uncertain interpretations. The results of this work can also inform on the general kinematics of the WIM.

Choosing between Gaussian and MPS simulation: the role of data information content\u2014a case study using uncertain interpretation data points

Integration of geophysical data with information such as from boreholes and expert domain knowledge is often performed as cognitive or explicit geological modeling when generating deterministic geological models of the subsurface. However, such cognitive geological models lack the ability to express the uncertainty of layer boundaries. To remedy the shortcomings of this strategy we propose a novel stochastic methodology combining the efforts of probabilistic data integration and cognitive modeling. We treat geological interpretation points from the cognitive model as uncertain “soft” data. These data are then combined with analogous geology in a probabilistic model. We test two ways of combining and sampling from such a probabilistic model. Firstly, a high-entropy setup based on Gaussian distributions simulation. Secondly, lower entropy (and conceivable more realistic) geological solutions are obtained from multiple-point geostatistics (MPS). We apply both ways of solving the problem at a study site near Horsens, Denmark, where airborne transient electromagnetic measurements, seismic data, and borehole information are available and interpreted in cognitive modeling. We explain the complete framework for integrating the uncertain interpretations in geostatistical simulation. Results show that both the Gaussian simulation and multiple-point geostatistical approach allows satisfactory simulations of uncertain geological interpretations and are consistent with prior geological knowledge. Our results suggest that the number of uncertain data points and their information content play a pivotal role in selecting the most appropriate simulation method for the given framework. MPS simulations allow connectivity in scenarios with few data points due to the low entropy of the model. When the number of soft data increases, Gaussian simulation is less prone to produce simulation artifacts, faster to apply, and could be considered preferential to using MPS simulation.

Reinterpretation of Chromosomal Microarrays with Detailed Medical History

To investigate the utility of a detailed medical history in the interpretation of chromosomal microarrayresults for pediatric patients with a constitutional disease. A retrospective review and reinterpretation of test results from chromosomal microarrays performed from 2011 to 2013. Previously reported genetic variants were reanalyzed after review of the patient's complete electronic medical record (cEMR). A 3-tier system was used for reclassification of variants: pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP); variant of uncertain significance (VUS); or benign or likely benign (B/LB). Over an 18-month period, 998 patients with chromosomal microarray results were identified. The most common reasons for chromosomal microarray testing were developmental delay (n=336), autism spectrum disorder (n=241), and seizures (n=143). Chromosomal microarray testing identified 1 or more variants in 48% (482 of 998) of patients; 516 patients had a negative report. For the 482 patients with variants, the original interpretations were composed of 19.3% P/LP (93 of 482), 44.8% VUS (216 of 482), and 35.9% B/LB (173 of 482) variants. Afterreview of the cEMR, 34% of patient results (164 of 482) were changed in interpretation. One case changed from B/LB to VUS, 7 VUS were upgraded to P/LP, and 156 VUS were downgraded to B/LB. No P/LP variants had a change in interpretation. Overall, 16.4% (164 of 998) of patients with chromosomal microarray testing had a change in interpretation. Access to the patient's cEMR improves the interpretation of chromosomal microarrays by decreasing the number of uncertain (VUS) interpretations.

A critical analysis of J.C. Smuts’ theory of holism

IntroductionDue to the lack of a clear definition, the word holism has become a vague and unexplicit concept open to uncertain interpretations. In view of the increasing interest in holistic medicine and healthcare solutions, as well as the frequent labelling of non-reductive research models as holistic, a more specific definition of holism is essential to provide a structured foundation of the concept. MethodsIn order to reach a more explicit definition of the word holism, an integrative literature review methodology was utilised to critically analyse J.C. Smuts original theory of holism as presented in his book ‘Holism and Evolution’. ResultsThe results point to a diverted theory with one part presenting an advanced view of the physicality of reality, while the second part lacks a logical foundation. ConclusionIn line with current biological systems theories and neurological research, a new definition of holism is suggested, taking into consideration the element of evolution through a mainly intrinsic process, with an emphasis on individual abilities of self-maintenance and resilience towards the impact of psychosocial stressors.

Earth and planetary aeolian streaks: A review

Abstract Wind streaks are abundant aeolian features that have been observed on planetary surfaces by remote sensing means. They have been widely studied, particularly on Mars and Venus and to a much lesser extent on Earth. In imagery, these streaks appear as elongated features that are easily distinguishable from their surroundings. Geomorphologically, these streaks have, thus far, been interpreted as the presence or absence of small loose particles on the surface, deposited or eroded, respectively, by wind. However, the use of different (optical and radar) remote-sensing tools to study wind streaks has led to uncertain interpretations of these features and has hindered their geomorphological definition. Since wind streaks indicate the prevailing wind direction at the time of their formation, they may be used to map near-surface winds and to estimate atmospheric circulation patterns. The aim of this article is to review the main studies focusing on wind streaks and to present the most up-to-date knowledge on this topic. Moreover, a new perspective for wind streak research is suggested: As ‘wind streak’ is a collective term for a variety of aeolian features that when viewed from above appear as distinctive albedo surface patterns, we suggest that the term should not be used to refer to a geomorphological feature. Since the definition of wind streaks is constrained to remote sensing rather than to geomorphology and is affected by the inherent biases of remote sensing methods, we suggest that ‘wind streaks’ should be used as a collective term for aeolian surfaces that are discernable from above as bright and dark patterns due to alterations in the characteristics of the surface or to the presence of bedforms. To better understand the mechanisms, time-frames, climate compatibility of wind streaks and the influences of remote sensing on their appearance, we have compiled a new database containing more than 2,900 Earth wind streaks. A comprehensive study of these Earth wind streaks will make far-reaching contributions not only to the understanding of wind streaks but also to Earth and planetary climate research.

Seismic prism waves generated by seafloor canyons and their effects on subsurface imaging

SUMMARY Complex seafloor bathymetry can create significant challenges for subsurface imaging and geologic interpretation of seismic exploration and monitoring data. Steep seafloor canyons that cut through continental shelf areas can produce very strong seismic wavefield distortions. Neglecting such wavefield complexity can result in inaccurate velocity models, significant imaging errors, misleading amplitudes and uncertain geologic interpretations. In this paper we investigate the kinematic and dynamic effects of seismic “prism waves” generated by seafloor canyons. Prism waves are waves that undergo multiple primary reflections at scattering interfaces before propagating to the recording sensor array. We demonstrate that strong prism waves can be generated for realistic seafloor canyon geometries, and show how their adverse effects can contaminate the seismic imaging process.

Plutonium as a chronomarker in Australian and New Zealand sediments: a comparison with 137Cs

The construction of high resolution chronologies of sediment profiles corresponding to the last 50–100 years usually entails the measurement of fallout radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs. The anthropogenic radionuclide, 137Cs, originating from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing can provide an important “first appearance” horizon of known age (1954–1955), providing much-needed validation for the sometimes uncertain interpretations associated with 210Pb geochronology. However, while 137Cs usually provides a strong signal in sediment in the northern hemisphere, total fallout of 137Cs in the southern hemisphere was only 25% that of the north and the low activities of 137Cs seen in Australian and New Zealand sediments can make its horizon of first appearance somewhat arguable. Low 137Cs fallout also limited the size of the 1963–1964 fallout peak, a peak that is usually seen in northern hemisphere sediment profiles but is often difficult to discern south of the equator. This paper shows examples of the use of nuclear weapons fallout Pu as a chronomarker in sediment cores from Australia (3 sites) and New Zealand (1 site). The Pu profiles of five cores are examined and compared with the corresponding 137Cs profiles and 210Pb geochronologies. We find that Pu has significant advantages over 137Cs, including greater measurement sensitivity using alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometric techniques compared to 137Cs measurements by gamma spectrometry. Moreover, Pu provides additional chronomarkers associated with changes in the Pu isotopic composition of fallout during the 1950s and 1960s. In particular, the 238Pu/ 239+240Pu activity ratio shows distinct shifts in the early 1950s and the mid to late 1960s, providing important known-age horizons in southern hemisphere sediments. For estuarine and near-shore sediments Pu sometimes has another significant advantage over 137Cs due to its enrichment in bottom sediment relative to 137Cs resulting from the more efficient scavenging of dissolved Pu in seawater by sediment particles.

Correlation of Head Trauma and Traumatic Aneurysms

Subarachnoid hemorrhage following severe trauma to the head is relatively common. In most cases the bleed originates from superficial veins and occasionally from arteries. Following the replacement of cerebral angiography with CT in the diagnostic evaluation of head traumas fewer traumatic aneurysms have been observed. This may indicate that some traumatic aneurysms are missed if angiographic procedures are not performed in patients with severe head injury. Trauma patients admitted to our institution are submitted to CT including a bone algorithm. In case of subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially in the basal cisterns, CT-angiography is performed. Digital subtraction angiography is performed as well in cases with uncertain interpretations. During one year 81 patients were admitted with subarachnoid hemorrhage following head trauma. Thirteen (16%) of them underwent CTangiography and in five (6.2%) with SAH in the basal cistern traumatic aneurysms were found. Four of these cases had a skull base fracture including fractures through the clivus. Four cases were embolized and one very small extradural aneurysm is still not treated. One small pericallosal aneurysm was operated. A traumatic aneurysm should always be suspected n patients with skull base fractures and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns.

Interests in a Region and Opinions on Europe: The 1992 Referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in Aquitaine

The article deals with the expression of social interests during the referendum campaign on the Treaty of Maastricht (1992). The analysis is based on a comprehensive content analysis of national and regional newspapers read in Aquitaine and it reconstructs the main structure of political arguments developed by actors who made their stand in the region. It introduces a survey of a posteriori uncertain interpretations and a tentative account of the durable political effects of the referendum. In a wider context, the analysis reconsiders the conditions of representative democracy during the remaking of polities, which makes problematic the expression of particular interests.

Cross-reactions betweenCorynebacterium sepedonicum andArthrobacter polychromogenes in immunofluorescence staining

In a comparative serological study using indirect fluorescence antibody staining (IFAS) on three strains ofCorynebacterium sepedonicum and eleven strains of the genusArthrobacter, onlyA. polychromogenes cross-reacted withC. sepedonicum. The antiserum titre was 1∶2000 and its dilution was critical for identifying cross-reactions. At dilutions higher than 1∶500, onlyC. sepedonicum showed intense fluorescence and sharp edges of the walls; species ofArthrobacter gave reactions of uncertain interpretations.

A Group of Hypotheses Bearing on Climatic Changes

WHILE the atmosphere is the most active of all geological agencies, it has received the least careful study from geologists. Its very activity destroys its relics almost as soon as formed and gives them peculiar evanescence. This has invited the neglect of geologists laudably prone to concentrate their attention upon agencies which have left enduring and unequivocal records. The atmospheric element in geological history bids fair to long remain obscured by elusive factors and uncertain interpretations. None the less it is an element of supreme importance and should be persistently attacked until it yields up its truths. This must be my excuse for offering a paper which, I am painfully aware, is very speculative in many of its parts. All our attempts at the solution of climatic problems proceed on some conscious or unconscious assumption concerning the extent and nature of the atmosphere at the stage involved. These assumptions are too often unconscious and the conclusions reached command a confidence which might not be reposed in them if the underlying assumptions were frankly stated. It may not be unwholesome, therefore, to raise some radical doubts respecting current assumptions regarding the early stages of the