Uncaria Gambir Research Articles

The Hepatoprotector Effect of Uncaria gambir Roxb Extract in Wistar Rats Induced by Paracetamol

Background: Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is known as the damage of liver cells due to chronic administrations of drug. The chronic administration of paracetamol could be trigger the damage of liver cells.The hepatoprotector agents are still limited worldwide. Gambier(Uncaria gambir Roxb) is an Indonesia’traditional medicine which have many benefits as antioxidant, antiseptic, antidiarrhoea, etc that commonly used in society. Method: The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotector effect ofgambier in wistar rats induced by paracetamol. The wistar rats were divided into seven groups and received the treatment orally for 12 days. Group I (aquadest), II(curcuma,400 mg/kgBW),III (gambier,26 mg/200gr), IV(gambier, 53 mg/200gr), V(gambier,106 mg/200gr),VI(gambier,212 mg/200gr) and VII(gambier,424mg/200gr). Termination, blood and liver organ collection were done after all group induced by paracetamol for two days. Histopatology changes of liver were examined using Hematoxycilline (HE) staining. AST and ALT levels were analyzed. Results: There were significant differentiation of AST levels among the groups, especially between group I and group IV and between group II and group IV. The ALT levels were statistically significant between group II and group V using Mann-Whitney test (p<0,05). In histopatology examination, there were significant differentiation between group I with another group, not only group II but also group III-VII (p<0,05). In the treatment group, group III and IV had been showed the improvement of liver cells damage than group I by using One-way Annova, post hoc Bonferroni (p<0,05). Conclusion: Uncaria gambir Roxb has hepatoprotector activity start at dose 53 mg/200grBWin rats. The hepatoprotector activity was not superior than curcuma. Keywords: hepatoprotector, Uncaria gambir Roxb, AST,ALT,histopatology

The identification of the components, molecular structures and quality of stamp ink from gambier extract

Stamp ink is a major product of gambier plant (Uncaria gambir) extracts. Its level of tannins is usually high, making it an ideal raw material in the production of dyes and stamp ink. Hence, it is necessary to identify these color forming components in stamp ink. The aim of this study was to identify the components, molecular structures, and the quality of gambier stamp ink complexed with FeSO4. Five samples of the ink were complexed with 30%, 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% FeSO4. The Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the optimum results with 25% FeSO4 treatment. It contained 11.44% pyrocatechol, 3.74% glycerol, and 2 Propanol, 1 Amina 81.98%, with clearer printings on paper compared with other treatments.

Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb: From phytochemical composition to pharmacological importance

Purpose: To present an overview of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of the ‘wonder’ plant, Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.Methods: The literature search for information on phytochemical composition and pharmacological importance of U. gambir was undertaken using diverse electronic search engines, including Google, Scopus, Web of Science, scientific literature, and databases (Pubmed, Springer and Science Direct). Other relevant literature sources include books, book chapters, conference papers, theses, and other scientific publications.Results: Uncaria gambir Roxb possesses significant medicinal potentials as an antioxidant, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and for the management of osteoarthritis. Interest has increased among researchers for the utilization of this plant in complementary medicine, for example, to relieve sore throat, spongy gum, and dysentery, to treat atherosclerosis and obesity, and to prolong sexual intercourse.Conclusion: Uncaria gambir demonstrates significant pharmacological properties. This review will be useful for prospective research and development of this ethnomedicinal plant into potentially valuable health products.
 Keywords: Anthelmintic, Antibacterial,Anti-Diabetic, Osteoarthritis, Uncaria gambir

The Potency of Catechin from Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) as a Natural Inhibitor of MurA (1UAE) Enzyme: In vitro and In silico studies

Background: Currently, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic and resistant bacteria are more challenging for anti-bacterial drug discovery. The discovery of new anti-bacterial agents developed in many mechanisms includes disruption of the bacterial cell wall formations. The MurA is a key enzyme contributing to the first step of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is, therefore, proposed as an effective bactericidal target. Objective: The purpose of this research is to identify anti-bacterial compounds from U. gambir Roxb and to predict the potential inhibitory activities against murA enzyme by in silico study. Materials and Methods: Investigation and discovery of new inhibitors of MurA enzyme were conducted on the medicinal plant of Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) and those that reportedly contained anti-bacterial agents. The anti-bacterial compounds were isolated by combinations of chromatography methods guided by anti-bacterial activity against bacteria of E. faecalis, S. mutans, and S. sanguinis. The structures of active compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods, and the anti-bacterial activity was evaluated by the microdilution method (in vitro) combined with molecular docking of the MurA enzyme (in silico). Results: The anti-bacterial flavonoids of catechin were isolated from U. gambir Roxb with MIC values of 6250 and 12500 ppm, respectively, against S. sanguinis and E. faecalis. The in silico study showed that catechin has a binding affinity of -8.5 Kcal/mol to MurA which is higher than fosfomycin as a positive control. Conclusions: The catechin is predicted to have potential as a new natural inhibitor of the MurA enzyme to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

Effects of Concentration and Temperature on Corrosion and Scale Inhibitive Behavior of Uncaria gambir Extract for Low-Carbon Steel in Cooling-Water Solution

The corrosion inhibition property of the Uncaria gambir extract (UGE) for the low-carbon steel was investigated in a prepared cooling-water solution using gravimetric analysis and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Anticorrosive effectiveness was tested at the UGE concentrations of 0–1500 ppm and temperatures of 40–60°C. The CaCO3 scale inhibition performance was evaluated following NACE standard TM 0374-2007 and ASTM D511-03. The surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that increasing the UGE concentration increased its anticorrosive effectiveness. A 70% corrosion inhibition efficiency and a 31% CaCO3 scale inhibition efficiency were observed during the use of 1500 ppm UGE. A change in the morphology of CaCO3 precipitate was observed due to the adsorption of the UGE, which suppressed the regular growth process. Increasing temperature decreased the effectiveness of the UGE. A higher corrosion potential and a reduction of anodic reactivity were also observed. The UGE acted as anodic inhibitor and conformed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Anti-mycobacterial activity of two natural Bisanthraquinones: (+)-1,1′-Bislunatin and (+)-2,2′-Epicytoskyrin A

Tuberculosis is considered one of the leading death causes in the world by a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The search for a new biologically active compound for the treatment of Tuberculosis is an urgent need due to the rise of multidrug-resistant phenomena. Endophytic fungi were known for a vast reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi, Diaporthe sp. GNBP-10 associated with gambier plant Uncaria gambier Roxb was able to produce two natural bisantharaquinone, (+)-1,1’-Bislunatin (Bis) and (+)-2,2’-Epicytoskyrin A (Epi), possessing strong antibacterial activities against the various pathogen. In this study, the biological activity screening of (Bis) and (Epi) will be extended by evaluating their activity against Mtb H37Rv. The in-vitro assay was conducted via determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), nutrient-starvation Mtb, Biofilm Mtb formation, and Mtb-infected macrophage assay. Meanwhile, the in-silico screening was done by docking and Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Exertion (ADME) studies. Bis and Epi showed promising anti-tubercular activity, as shown by the MIC value of Bis, which is the same as rifampicin (standard drug) at 0.422 μM. Meanwhile, Epi carried out the same MIC value as isoniazid (standard drug) at 0.844 μM. Further investigation on in-vitro assay resulted in Epi and Bis, which were observed for having the ability to combat nutrient-starvation and biofilm of the Mtb model with relatively moderate activity in bacterial reduction with log reduction between 1-2 folds. The cytotoxicity study revealed that Bis possessed high toxicity at all tested concentrations, while the toxicity of Epi decreased as the tested concentrations decreased. Both compounds could reduce the number of Mtb infected into macrophages in 2 folds log reduction. The in-silico result via docking study shows that both compounds have good affinity with pantothenate kinase (PanK) enzyme with a glide score of -8.427 kcal/mol and -7.481 kcal/mol for Epi and Bis, respectively. This study suggests that Epi displayed a potency to be developed further as an anti-mycobacterial compound as it is shown by in-vitro assay, cytotoxicity, and in-silico study. Despite possessing good anti-mycobacterial activity, further studies such as QSAR (Quantitative-Structure Activity Relationship) is needed to improve the physicochemical properties of Epi while maintaining its biological properties.

Flowering characterization and its relation to the type of pollination on gambier (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb.)

This article reports on some of the flowering characteristics that are related to the type of pollination that occurs in the gambier plant. The observation has been carried out in the Gambier Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. The research used descriptive method which observes flowering characteristics in ten plants using ten selected flowers within plants. Results from the observation showed that the bud inititation, small-bud, large-bud, anthesis, and fruit development phases occur in 19, 33, 6, 4, and 58 days. All phases complete in 120 days, ranging from 106-134 days. Anthesis occur at 18:30 – 05:00. The receptivity of the stigma and maturity of pollen occur before anthesis, while the highest receptivity occur at 00:00. Cleistogamy mechanism happens in the gambier plant. Self-pollination (both autogamy and geitonogamy) and cross-pollination (xenogamy) exist in gambier.

Organic carbon sequestration at gambier (Uncaria gambier L.) cultivation in sloping area under wet tropical region

Organic carbon (OC) is an important factor for soil and the environment. This research aimed to identify OC sequestration under different age of gambier crops in central Gambier, Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra. Soil samples were taken from different crop ages ( 2, 5, and 10 years old), and then under secondary forest nearby as a comparison at 0-30 cm soil depth. The results showed that, in general, soil OC content was considered low to very low either under Gambier crops (<2%), or under forest land use (2.11%). Then, the OC stock increased by increasing crop age from 2 to 10 years old. The OC stock at ten years old Gambier reached 90% of that at the forest on the top 30 cm soil depths. Rate of OC sequestration was approximately 1.03 Mg ha-1 y-1 and 4.88 Mg ha-1 y-1, respectively, for crop age between 2 and 5 as well as between 5 and10 years old. This low soil organic carbon (SOC) content combined with fine soil particles caused the soil had medium-high soil BD, low-medium total soil porosity, rather slow-medium hydraulic conductivity rate, and unstable-rather stable soil aggregate stability. The study concludes that SOC sequestration under Gambier plantation in the sloping area was quite slow, especially during the first five years due to new crop establishment and the leaves harvested.

High antibacterial properties of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using Uncaria gambir Roxb. leaf extract and triethanolamine

High antibacterial properties of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using Uncaria gambir Roxb. leaf extract and triethanolamine

Evaluation of natural plant extracts as antioxidants in a bovine in vitro model of oxidative stress

Oxidative stress contributes to many inflammatory-based diseases of dairy cattle especially during periods of increased metabolic activity such as around calving. Endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining normal inflammatory responses, but they are especially susceptible to macromolecule damage during times of oxidative stress. Therefore, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were used to study the effect of natural tannin-based extracts on oxidative stress that may improve health and well-being of cattle. Tannins are secondary metabolites in plants with potent antioxidant activity that have been used as natural feed additives for food-producing animals. However, there is little information on how tannin-rich plant extracts may affect oxidative stress in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum; PMG), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa; TA), chestnut (Castanea sativa; CH), and gambier (Uncaria gambir; GM) natural extracts using an in vitro BAEC model of oxidative stress. Natural extracts were tested at a concentration of 80 μg/mL. Viability, apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and isoprostanes were determined on cultured BAEC treated with different plant natural extracts. No changes in cell viability was detected following PMG and GM treatments. In contrast, there was a 30% reduction of BAEC viability following treatment with CH or TA extracts. Intracellular reactive oxygen species production was significantly less abundant in cells treated with natural extracts than with the lipopolysaccharide control. Moreover, antioxidant activity varied according to the tested extract, showing a reduction of 63, 45, 51, and 27% in PMG, GM, CH, and TA, respectively. The formation of isoprostanes as a consequence of lipid peroxidation after induction of oxidative stress also were significantly decreased in PMG-treated cells when compared with the untreated cells. Theses findings suggest that PMG extract has the potential to mitigate oxidative stress without detrimental effects on cell viability. Further in vitro and in vivo research is warranted to explore the antioxidant potential of PMG extract as a dietary supplement to control oxidative stress in dairy cattle.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BAJAKAH KALALAWIT (UNCARIA GAMBIR ROXB) BIOACTIVITY AS ETHNOMEDICINE

Indonesia has more than 25.000-30.000 plant species. The Indonesia tropical forest is a huge source for secondary metabolite compounds that are beneficial for health and life. One of the treasures is Bajakah (Uncaria gambir roxb), a plant endemic to Borneo that has been hereditarily believed to cure tumors and cancers. This research belongs to an educational study that reconstructed scientific knowledge about secondary metabolite compounds' bioactivities of Bajakah as ethnomedicine and aimed at reestablishing scientific research on bioactivities of Bajakah for cancer and tumor medication. The wood and root of Bajakah Kalalawit of the National Conservation Forest, Samarinda, Indonesia, were taken as the sample. The root and wood powder was isolated and extracted for their secondary metabolite compounds using water, ethanol + water, and ethanol + hexane as the solvents. The resulted isolates were tested for the phytochemical, structure, and bioactivity towards Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (E.Colli). The results were supported by structure tests with FTIR spectroscopy, which showed the appearance of uptake of functional groups for hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatics that corresponded to secondary metabolite molecules. The analysis of the obtained data concluded that the Bajakah root and the wood extract contain the inhibitory activity of cancer cells and tumors because they contain compounds of secondary metabolites, including terpenes, phenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The secondary metabolite compounds from the Bajakah isolates were able to inhibit the activity of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (E.Colli).

PENGARUH BEBERAPA CARA PEMANGKASAN TAJUK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI GAMBIR (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effect of pruning on the growth and yield of gambir (Uncaria gambir)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gambir is harvested by pruning Uie branches, twigs and leaves. Improving pruning method in harvesting Ihe crop may cnchancc (o increase the yield of dry gambir where al prcscnl (he yield was 632 kg/ha. Therefore, different techniques of pruning were studied, including : table, clean, and deep prunnings, and pruning technique adapted by farmers as the control The study was conducted in the Laing Experiment Farm, Solok, from April 2000 to February 2001. The experiment was designed as a randomized block in 6 replicates. Results showed that pruning conducted al harvest improved the growth of plant and increase the yield of dry gambir. The highest yield of dry gambir compared with table pruning produced 735,25 kg/ha, significantly higher than deep pruning (371, 25 kg/ha), clean pruning (464.40 kg/ha) or pruning adapted by farmer (521 kg/ha). The last three methods were not signiicantly different in terms of the yield.&lt;/p&gt;

Design of Catechin-based Carbon Nanodots as Facile Staining Agents of Tumor Cells

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) have widely received great attention as a result of favorable optical, electrical, optoelectrical, biocompatible, and non-toxic properties these nanoparticles possess. However, the exploration of nanoparticle from natural raw material was limited. In present work, the carbon dots were produced from catechin isolated from Uncaria gambir through a simple and facile process. Carbon nanodots were further produced by the pyrolysis process of catechin, which allowed it for carbonization. Owing to its unique properties such as photoluminescence with an emission peak at 500 nm (lex = 380 nm), average size diameter about 5 nm and non-toxic; Cat-CNDs were incredibly potential for staining targeted tumor cells. The staining ability by confocal microscopy observations showed their green fluorescence images which meant that the CNDs easily penetrated HeLa cells via endocytosis. The resulting CNDs which were analyzed using some significant techniques approved that the prepared Cat-CNDs were tremendously dispersible and water-soluble, good colloidal stability, excellent biocompatibility, favorable hydrophilicity, high photostability, and non-toxicity.

ANALISIS USAHATANI GAMBIR DI SUMATERA BARAT (STUDI KASUS KECAMATAN HARAU, KABUPATEN 50 KOTA)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Analysis of gambir farming system (Uncaria gambir Roxb) in West Sumatra (case study of Harau Sub District, 50 Kota District)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prospect of gambir cither for domestic or export markets is very potential. However, this prospective cash crop, is not immediately followed by the improvement of its productivity and farmers income. This condition, may due to the fact thai until now farmers have used Ihe recommended technology for cultivation and processing and the farmers, have limited capital for developing gambirs farming system. The objective of this research was to study the feasibility and contribution of gambir farming system (o the farmer prosperity, and the constraint of developing gambirs farming system in this region. The research was conducted al Kelinggian villages, Harau f&amp;gt;ub District. 50 Kola District. West Sumatra in November 1999 using survey method. Thirty respondents were taken by simple random farmers income was analyzed through income analyses. While the feasibility of farming system was analyzed through Beneit Cost Ratio, Net Pesent Value (NPV), and Internal Rale of Retun (IRR). The results of feasibility analysis, based on discount factor of 15%. showed thai a gambir farming system at len years old had that B/C Ratio 1.22, NPV Rp. 3 657 433, and IRR 43% At discount factor of 18%. B/C ratio was 1.20, NPV was Rp 2 890 075, and IRR 43%. The share of gambir farming system to farmers income was Rp. 1 1 548 750 or Rp. I 154 875 per hectare per year Based on Ibis study, it was concluded that gambir farming system in Kelinggian Village. Harau Sub Distict, 50 Kota Dislriel was proitable and feasible lo be developed. Recently, the limited capital. becomes a problem for developing gambir farming. This resulted the farmers unable to adopt the technology for cultivation and processing. More over, the bargaining position of farmers is also weak, due to buycr- up system. It is, therefore, suggested that the Village Cooperative Unit (KUD) is supported, in order to supply the production inputs and the product.&lt;/p&gt;

BARKOD DNA PADA TANAMAN GAMBIR (Uncaria gambir(Hunter) Roxb.) BERDASARKAN GEN matK DAN rbcL

Gambir ( Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb.) is a superior commodity of West Sumatra that has many benefits and has been used as a drug. Plant identification carried out morphologically has many weaknesses, with the development of electronic and genetic technology now a new method of species identification has been developed. plants and animals, namely DNA barcoding technology that uses standard short pieces of DNA Species identification methods have been agreed to using standard DNA barcodes are rbcL genes and matK genes. The purpose of this study is to find out DNA Barkoding candidates between matK and rbcL which can identify gambier ( Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb.) Which is good. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is used to amplify rbcL and matK gene sequences through universal primers. The DNA sequences of the MATC sequence in the GR sample (Riau Gambir) produced a similarity rate of 98.79% with Nauclea diderrichii , for the rbcL sequence GC (Cubadak Gambir) samples produced a similarity rate of 99.81% with Uncaria macrophylla , and GR (Gambir Riau) samples produced the similarity rate was 96.84% with Uncaria macrophylla based on analysis with BOLD Systems. This similarity indicates the low variation in intraspecific genetics for the identification or confirmation of gambir species

Enhanced structural, optical and morphological properties of ZnO thin film using green chemical approach

In this work, ZnO thin film is fabricated by a green chemical approach using Uncaria gambir leaf extract on a glass substrate. The hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO does not change with the use of extracts. While ZnO fabricated without extract does not show preferred orientation, the ZnO prepared with extract shows c-axis orientation. The crystallite size is also significantly reduced from 41 nm to 32 nm. The visible transmittance increases from 71% to 76%, while the bandgap energy increases from 3.66 eV to 3.70 eV. The intensity of infrared transmission of ZnO with extract is lower than ZnO without extract because of the smaller crystallite size. The surface morphology of the film with extract is smoother, flatter, more homogeneous, and has smaller grain sizes, and uniform distribution.

The physical properties, color direction and color difference of stamp ink from gambier (Uncaria gambir roxb) with complexing Al2(SO4)3 compound

The raw materials of stamp ink are usually made from synthetic materials and are toxic that can damage human health. This research uses gambier which is material from the local natural resource. The purpose of this study was to see the influence of Al2(SO4)3 on the direction and difference of color, pH, and density of the stamp ink. The study was conducted in several stages, namely the making of gambier extract, the dissolving process of raw gambier with water, drying, reducing the particle size of 100 mesh, and extracting the gambier powder with an alcohol solvent. The complexing compound Al2(SO4)3 and other supporting materials were added into the gambier extract to produce stamp ink. The stamp ink was examined the direction and difference of color, pH, and density. The optimum treatment was obtained at a concentration of 30% Al2(SO4)3 with the results of test pH 4.053; density 1.16 g/cm3; and color direction L* 41.579; a* 13.023, b* 21.132. The result of the stamp test on white paper showed that the color of the ink is visible, compact, unified and does not expand.

The Mechanically Extraction Process of Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) from Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera and Its Antioxidant activity

The extraction process from leaves and twigs of gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb)plant was conducted mechanically by using traditional hydraulic press, conventional screw press, and modified twin-screw press. The leaves and twigs of gambier plant was obtained from traditional farmer in Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The water, ash and catechin contents of the gambier extracts were analyzed based on SNI 01-3391-2000 using spectrophotometry and thermogravimetry method. Antioxidant activity analysis of the extracts was also performed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) method and compared tovitamin C as a standard antioxidant. The analysis results showed that the extracts contain no ash. Meanwhile, the catechin and water contents of the extracts were approximately 50 and 13% thus the extracts were classified as quality gambier 2. Other than that, analysis result of catechin and epicatechin contents of the extracts using HPLC and compared to the reference materials showed that catechins contents of the extracts using traditional hydraulic press, conventionalscrew press, and modified twin-screw press give catechin content in about 94.296-95.030%. However, epicatechin was detected in a trace amount. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were 2.5 times stronger than reference. The IC50 value of 4.37-4.52 µg/mL and was categorized as active antioxidant.

Cleaner sheep leather tanning process using uncaria gambir: the influence of rebating on leather properties

Black-cube-gambir (pale catechin) is a processed gambir (Uncaria gambier) extract. Containing condensed tannin, black-cube-gambir could be used as a vegetable tanning agent in the leather making process. Some industries in Indonesia use pickled hide/skin as raw material for the next process that the previous bating process is uncontrolled. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of rebating in the re-pickle stage on the leather tanned with Uncaria gambir. For alum-gambir tanned leather, rebating increased its softness, tear strength, and hydrothermal stability, while for glutaraldehyde-gambir tanned leather, rebating increased its tensile strength, degree of tannage, and tannin bound. The broad DSC peak revealed that the distribution of collagen molecules of all samples was unequal. Rebating could increase and decrease the quality of leather.

Identification of gambier plant [Uncaria gambir [Hunter] Roxb] pollination system

The gambier plant pollination system needs to be understood for a breeding program to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of self-pollination [autogamy and geitonogamy] and cross-pollination, both natural and artificial allogamy, in these plants. This research was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang and used a survey method [identifying samples, conducting pollination, observing samples and collecting data obtained in the field] together with non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Observations made include pollen adhesion to the stigma and fruit formation. Data were analyzed using simple statistics. Fruit production was highest following artificial allogamous cross-pollination [86%], followed by natural allogamous cross-pollination [51%] and geitonogic self-pollination [22%]. Autogamic self-pollination failed to produce fruit. Gambier plants are cross-pollinating plants able to undergo geitonogamous but not autogamous self-pollination.