Uncaria Gambir Research Articles

Analysis of Total Flavonoid Content in the Extract of Bajakah Kalalawit Root (Uncaria gambir Roxb) Infunded Results

Bajakah kalalawit is one of the plants that has been empirically used in traditional medicine. The roots of Bajakah kalalawit (Uncaria gambir Roxb) have phenol and antibacterial content and have a high enough content of flavonoid compounds so that they have pharmacological activity as an anticancer. This article examines the content of flavonoid compounds contained in the extract of Bajakah Kalalawi root and also examines the total levels of flavonoids contained in the roots of Bajakah Kalalawi. Bajakah kalalawit root extract was obtained by the infundation extraction method using a water solvent (1:10). Examination of the characteristics of the sample is carried out by macroscopic and microscopic identification. The qualitative test of flavonoids was carried out by color reaction tests in two treatments. Determination of flavonoid levels in the root extract of bajakah kalalawi was carried out by the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. From the results of the study showed that the levels of flavonoids in the root extract of Bajakah Kalalawi in sample A were 33.2% and in sample B by 44.8%. The results showed that the roots of Bajakah Kalalawi were shown to contain flavonoid compounds.

Cytotoxic Activity of Gambier Leave (Uncaria gambir) Ethyl Acetate Extract on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell (NIH-3T3) using MTT Assay

Background: Uncaria gambir or gambier is one of the plants widely found in Indonesia. Gambier is locally known as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent because it has high catechin content. Ethyl acetate extract of gambier leaves has been investigated to contain the highest catechin content than other extraction solvents. Fibroblasts are often used in biomaterial viability and toxicity tests because they have a highly reproducible growth rate and biological response. NIH-3T3 is commonly used as a substitute for human gingival fibroblasts. However, no study has been conducted on the cytotoxic activity of gambier extract on fibroblast cells. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the cytotoxic activity of gambier ethyl acetate extract (GEE) exerts on NIH-3T3 cell lines using MTT assay. Methods: The cytotoxic activity of gambier extract was evaluated in three incubation periods. The cytotoxicity test was conducted using an ethyl acetate extract of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) leaves. The NIH-3T3 cell was treated by GEE in ten concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) for 24-, 48, and 72-hour incubation periods. Cell viability was determined with MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS based on ANOVA, followed by Tukey HSD post hoc with p<0.05 and ANOVA paired sample T-test with p<0.05, and the CD50 value was measured by Sigma Plot software. Results: GEE at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 ppm have cell viability >80%, and cell viability was observed to be increased based on the incubation period. GEE at 1000 ppm significantly decreased the cell viability from GEE at 0 ppm in 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation periods (23.83%, 30.14%, and 19.02%, respectively). Moreover, GEE at 500 ppm became toxic by significantly decreasing the cell viability in 48- and 72-hour incubation (40.43% and 23.03%, respectively). The CD50 value of GEE at 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation was found to be 578.03 ppm, 488.63 ppm, and 470.70 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: GEE at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 ppm were not found to be toxic to NIH-3T3 cells for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation periods.

Utilization of Uncaria gambir Roxb leaf extract as a reducing agent in the green synthesis of Ag/TiO2 composites and its application for multifunctional towels

Unhygienic use of towels can cause bacterial infections. Therefore, it is necessary to develop anti-bacterial, self-cleaning, hydrophilic towels. TiO2 photocatalyst modification with Ag nanoparticles can add these properties to towels. However, the problem is the process of reducing Ag ions, which usually uses chemical reducing agents that are dangerous, toxic, and expensive. This study aims to utilize gambir leaf extract as an alternative reducing agent so that Ag/TiO2 synthesis can be carried out using a green process. The results of field emission scanning electron microscopy characterization showed that the use of gambier leaf extract as a reducing agent did not cause aggregation or agglomeration. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis showed that the bandgap energy of Ag/TiO2 prepared using gambir leaf extract as the reducing agent was only slightly higher than that of its counterpart. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization showed an increase in the number of OH groups on the Ag/TiO2 towels compared to the blank towels. This proves that Ag/TiO2 towels have superior hydrophilic properties. The results of the anti-bacterial, self-cleaning, and hydrophilic tests showed that the optimal Ag loading in various tests was 3%, which could disinfect up to 33% of the bacteria and possessed the best self-cleaning, absorption capacity, and drying rates.

Synthesis of Ester Derivatives of Catechin Isolated from Uncaria gambir and their Anticancer Activity

Synthesis of Ester Derivatives of Catechin Isolated from Uncaria gambir and their Anticancer Activity

Role of Herbal Extracts of Catechu from Uncaria gambir in the Treatment of Chronic Diabetic Wounds.

Catechu is a dried decoction from twigs with the leaves of Uncaria gambir. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities have been previously reported because of its high catechin and epicatechin content (>21%). It is also one of the components used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, “Jinchuang Ointment,” which has excellent efficacy in treating chronic diabetic wounds. An in vivo zebrafish embryo platform and an in vitro cell-based tube formation assay were used to measure the angiogenic activity of catechu extracts. Interestingly, for the first time, catechu extracts stimulated angiogenic activity on both platforms. The expression of the IL-8 gene was induced in HMEC1 cells after treatment with catechu extracts for 1 h only. In contrast, the upregulation of FGFR2, FGFR3, NF-κB, STAT3, and vimentin persisted for 24 h. A summary of the possible mechanisms underlying the angiogenic activity of catechu extracts in HMEC1 cells is shown. Unexpectedly, catechu extracts inhibited the migration of HaCaT cells. These results can account for the intense blood flow flux in porcine excisional wound sites in our previous studies, which provides insights into the therapeutic activity of catechu extract in chronic diabetic wounds.

Effects of Tannin-containing Supplement on Enteric Methane Emissions, Total Digestible Nutrient, and Average Daily Gain of Local Indonesian Beef Cattle

Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is one of the most critical goals in ruminant nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of concentrate and tannin supplementation on the mitigation of methane gas in Indonesian local beef cattle. The current study was conducted in vivo using 12 Bali cattle using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates. Cattle were fed a basal ration with field grass (control), the addition of concentrate 25% dry matter (DM) ration no tannin as well as tannin supplemented in concentrate at levels of 0.12% and 0.18% of DM concentrate. The concentrate contains 7.5% crude protein and 71.25% total digestible nutrients and tannin supplementation using gambir (Uncaria gambir Indonesia) tannin extract. The parameters measured were apparent digestibility, total digestible nutrients, methane production, and average daily gain. The results showed that concentrate addition significantly increased DM consumption, crude protein digestibility, and total digestible nutrients. Supplementation of 0.18% tannin in concentrate can mitigate 49.7% methane gas production resulting in energy efficiency, which was reflected in the weight gain rate of 0.75 kg/day. In conclusion, present results suggest that the supplementation of 0.18% gambier tannin extract in concentrate could be considered a suitable feed additive to mitigate methane gas production and increase the average daily gain of Indonesian local beef cattle.

Effect of sonication to the stability properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/uncaria gambir extract water-based lubricant

This study examined the effect of sonication on FTIR and stability at various temperatures in water-based lubricants with a mixture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (1wt%) and Uncaria Gambir extract (1wt% and 2wt%). The sample was prepared by mixing the two materials into distilled water using a magnetic stirrer and sonicator with time variations of 5 and 10 minutes. Before mixing, the Uncaria Gambir extract solution with water is first centrifuged to remove the dregs in the Uncaria Gambir extract powder. Stability was carried out in an open room (28oC), drying oven (50oC), and refrigerator (5oC). The stability test results showed that the mixture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Uncaria Gambir had good stability at all temperatures after sonication for a short duration. The longer sonication duration could fuse the fibrils of Carboxymethyl Cellulose, leading to increasing particle size. FTIR results also show that there is no chemical reaction that occurs. After adding the gambier, there was a new peak at wave 800-1300 cm-1, corresponding to the gambier. The results of this study indicate that the Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Uncaria Gambir solution can be a potential lubricant additive. The Carboxymethyl Cellulose can be a viscosity modifier, while Uncaria Gambir extract for corrosion inhibitor.

Formulation of Gambir Extract Nanoemulgel with Maggot Oil as Oil Phase

Gambir is the result of extraction from the leaves of the gambier plant (Uncaria gambir Roxb)which contains polyphenolic compounds. The polyphenolic compounds contained in this gambier extract are catechins which act as antimicrobials and antioxidants. The nanoemulgel formulation in this study used an active ingredient, namely gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) with a concentration of 9% containing flavonoids which have good antibacterial activity. In the manufacture of oil phase nanoemulsions from the use of 1% Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot oil which has characteristics such as VCO which is commonly used. Emulsification method wascarried out using a magnetic stirrer with a spontaneous mixing technique. Several nanoemulsion characterization tests using the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) included particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential results obtained according to the nano criteria, namely 382.27 ± 72.28 nm, 0.29 ± 0.14, respectively. and -0.57 ± 1.28 mV. In the nanoemulgel formulation of gambir extract, several tests were carried out such as organoleptic, homogeneity, pH (6.23 ± 0.31),dispersion (5.83 ± 0.15 g.cm/s), and adhesion (7.33 ± 0.90 s) that meet the criteria for nanoemulgel preparations. Keywords: Gambir extract; maggot oil; nanotechnology.

Physical Chemical Characterization, Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Gambir Claw Herbal Tea (Uncaria gambir)

Uncaria gambir is a member of Rubiaceae family. Information related to antioxidants and the use of this plant in the food and cosmetic industry has been widely reported. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties, phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of herbal tea made from gambir claw, which was collected from the Pontianak City area of ​​West Kalimantan. Determination of physicochemical properties is based on measuring the parameters of pH, water content, ash content and organoleptic including taste, odor and color when dissolved in water. Phytochemical screening was carried out using specific reagents to determine the presence of flavonoid compounds, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Antioxidant activity was determined using the free radical scavenging method 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). From the results of the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of gambir claw herbal tea, the pH, ash content, moisture content and powder conditions met the requirements of SNI No 3836 of 2013, phytochemical screening showed positive results for flavonoid and tannin compounds, and antioxidant activity was obtained at 88,398 ppm, classified as a strong antioxidant.

The Enhanced Moisture Absorption and Tensile Strength of PVA/Uncaria gambir Extract by Boric Acid as a Highly Moisture-Resistant, Anti-UV, and Strong Film for Food Packaging Applications

There is an increasing demand for food packaging materials that are safe for the environment and human health. Pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film is non-toxic and transparent but has poor UV-light shielding, thermal and moisture resistance, and antibacterial activity. Our previous work prepared and characterized a biofilm derived from PVA and edible Uncaria gambir extract (UG). The film has antibacterial properties and is anti-UV and flexible. However, UG is hydrophilic, making this film have low moisture absorption. To improve these properties, we trialed adding boric acid (BA) and UG into the PVA. This present study aims to characterize pure PVA film and blend films resulting from mixing PVA (10%), BA (0.5%), and UG (1%). It was found that the PVA/UG/BA film presented the best performance in terms of UV light absorption, tensile properties, thermal and moisture resistance, and antibacterial activity. This blend sample absorbs about 98% of the UV light at 400 nm wavelength without significantly sacrificing transparency. These findings indicate that UG and BA could be advantageous in the preparation of moisture and thermal-resistant UV shielding films with low toxicity and high antibacterial properties based on PVA. They were also found to be strong enough for food packaging applications.

Uji UJI EFEKTIVITAS GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% GETAH GAMBIR (Uncaria gambir. Roxb) dan BETADINE TERHADAP LUKA SAYAT PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) GALUR

Gambir (Uncaria gambir. Roxb) contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids that can help heal wounds. One of the main ingredients that gambir contains is catechins . Catechins are flavonoid compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties derived from Gambir. This study aimed to compare wound healing time between ethanolic extracts of 70% gambir resin gel (Uncaria gambir. Roxb) with betadin preparations in male Sprague dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). A total of 9 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) strain Sprague dawley were divided into 3 groups, a negative control group for gel base treatment and a positive control group for gambir sap gel preparations (Uncaria gambir. Roxb) betadine comparison group. This study was conducted by experimental method with a post-trial controlled group design. Each group is colored with group preparations, the treatment is carried out 3 × 1 every day. Wound healing time was analyzed by a one-way Anova test on spss. Healing ingroup I was 10.6 days, in group II, 10.3 days in group III and 9.3 days.

The Potency of the Genus Uncaria from East Borneo for Herbal Medicine Purposes: A Mini-review

Uncaria is a genus of plants that are widely distributed in the tropics. There are about 5 of the 38 species of this genus growing in the tropical rain forests of East Borneo, Indonesia. For a long time, Uncaria is commonly used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases by the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan, traditional people believe that Uncaria may be cured cancer, tumors, mioms, and cycts. Based on previous studies, the activity of the genus Uncaria has been widely reported such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and thrombolytic activities. This article aims to summarize the potential of the Uncaria genus, focusing on 5 species from East Borneo, namely Uncaria nervosa, Uncaria longiflora, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria cordata. The method used in this article is a literature study by collecting previous research articles related to the Uncaria genus. The results of the literature study show that the Uncaria genus in East Borneo has many secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures that show good biological potential so that they can be used as broad and promising insights for drug discovery and development. This paper is also expected to provide input for the policy of conservation of medicinal plants in the forests of East Borneo.

Potensi Ekstrak Daun gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) sebagai Pestisida Nabati untuk Mengendalikan Hama Ulat Api (Sethotosea asigna van Eecke)

Gambir (Uncaria gambir) is a herbaceous plant that has alkaloid level sin the form of chemicall compounds suchas catechins, tannin catecu (tannin/tannat), querchitin, flouresin, and several other compounds. The aim of this study is to deterine the effectiveness of the concentration of gambir leaf extract (U. gambir Roxb), against the mortality of fire caterpillarpest (S.asigna). Research was arrenged in anonfactorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 treatments, namely U0: No Application (Control), U1: Application with 8% gambier leaf extract, U2: Application with 16% gambier leaf extract, U3: Application with 24% gambier leaf extract and U4: Application with 32% gambier leaf extract. The results showed that effective application of gambier leaf extract was at concentration of 32% where at 5 days after the application the mortality rate offire caterpillar had reached 100% and suppressed the intensity of leaf attacks by14.28%. Keywords: Botanical Pesticide, Uncaria gambir extract, Setothosea asigna.

The effect of chewing-betel habits on blood glucose levels in the Karo ethnic community, Karo district

Background: The chewing Betel habit is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak-Karo tribe, Indonesia. Karo people believe that chewing betel habit is their unifier. The chewing-betel habit process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with or without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts (Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels(BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district. Methods: In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without chewing betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit; III. T2DM participants without chewing-betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. The data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasting and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test, Independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p-value <0.05. Results: This study showed that fasting BGL condition in group-I compared to group II (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00±4.84) mg/dl and group-III compared to group-IV (196.25±104.81 vs 150.00±42.45) mg/dl had no significant difference. Also, the BGL of 2hPP condition in group-I compared to group-II (111.25 ±22.62 vs 108.33±18.99) mg/dl, and group-III compared to group-IV (314.92±128.97 vs 229.25±58.26) mg/dl, in statistically there was no difference (p>0.05). Although the data showed that group-III was higher than group-IV. Conclusions: This study concludes that with or without chewing-betel habits affect blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes subjects (Groups III and IV).

Current Research of Phytochemical, Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Uses of Uncaria gambir Roxb.: A Review.

Uncaria gambir Roxb. is a plant from Southeast Asia and is widely used as an alternative medicine with various applications. This plant has been widely used in traditional medicine. This paper aims to provide information on U. gambir, a summary of data on phytochemicals and on medical and nonmedical activities. Phytochemical studies reveal biologically active constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids. Various studies have shown that extracts and compounds obtained from U. gambir have medical uses for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-helminthic, anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperuricemic, anti-lipid peroxidation, antihyperlipidemic and other properties. In addition, this extract has other uses, such as adsorbent for dyes and metal ions, as well as corrosion inhibition. Thus, U. gambir, which is commonly used in traditional medicine, is a potential plant for many therapeutic applications and prospects for drug development as well as other applications such as adsorbent and corrosion inhibition.

Nanoparticulate System for the Transdermal Delivery of Catechin as an Antihypercholesterol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations.

Gambir (Uncaria gambir, Roxb.) contains catechins that is often empirically used to treat various diseases. Catechins can reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting coenzyme HMG-CoA reductase that plays a role in cholesterol metabolism. Research has been carried out covering the optimization of transethosomal catechins, the formulation of Transethosomal Catechin Gel (TCG) and Non-Transethosomal Catechin Gel (NTCG), which were then tested for catechin permeation from these gel preparations in vitro using Franz’s diffusion cell with PTFE membranes. The anti-hypercholesterol activity test was carried out with Simvastatin orally as a positive control using 25 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The catechin transetosomes have a size of 176.1 ± 5.8 nm, Zeta potential −11.6 ± 5.28, and Entrapment Efficacy of 96.77% ± 0.05. The result of cumulative catechins that permeated from TCG and NTCG were and 172.454 ± 5.287 and 112.741 ± 2.241 μg respectively. Permeation test graphs showed similar permeation and flux profiles. TCG can reduce total cholesterol and LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) values in rats by 39.77% and 51.52% respectively during 14 days of use.

The effect of betel habits on blood glucose levels in the Karo ethnic community, Karo district

Background: Betel habit is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak-Karo tribe, Indonesia. Karo people believe that betel habit is their unifier. The betel process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with/ without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts (Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels(BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district.Methods: In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with betel habit; III. T2DM participants without betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. Data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasting and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data analyzed by paired t-test, Independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p-value <0.05.Results: This study showed that fasting BGL condition in group-I compared to group II (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00±4.84) mg/dl and group-III compared to group-IV (196.25±104.81 vs 150.00±42.45) mg/dl had no significant difference. Also, the BGL of 2hPP condition in group-I compared to group-II (111.25 ±22.62 vs 108.33±18.99) mg/dl, and group-III compared to group-IV (314.92±128.97 vs 229.25±58.26) mg/dl, in statistically there was no difference (p>0.05). Although the data showed that group-III was higher than group-IV.Conclusions: This study concludes that with/without betel habits affect blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes subjects (Groups III and IV).

Analisis Green Growth Petani Gambir di Kecamatan Bukik Barisan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Sumatera Barat

Green growth strategies need attention to various aspects that can support strategy implementation. Green growth is environmentally friendly economic growth aimed at alleviating poverty along with the reduced availability of natural resources and climate change. One of the most important commodities in the plantation sub-sector which includes green growth is gambier (Uncaria Gambier Roxb). This study aimed to analyze the gambier production process by applying green growth analysis in Bukik Barisan District using quantitative descriptive analysis through questionnaires and interviews distributed in Bukik Barisan District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The results of this study indicated that by using two production processes, such as the planting process starts from the land clearing process, seeding, planting, maintenance, picking gambier leaves and processing. The post-harvest gambier production process is carried out from boiling gambier leaves, pressing, precipitation, draining, printing and drying which shows that gambier plants are green growth plants or eco-friendly plants.

Fibropreventive and Antifibrotic Effects of Uncaria gambir on Rats with Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis causes scar tissue formation that disrupts the functioning of the lungs. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb (hereafter gambir)—a plant native to West Sumatra in Indonesia—contains flavonoid (+)-catechin, which has strong antioxidant activity and can be used to combat pulmonary fibrosis. This random in vivo experimental study analyzed the antifibrotic effect of gambir on the lungs of rats with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. The subjects were 10 groups of 10-week-old male rats weighing around 200–250 g. All groups were terminated at the end of the seventh week or on day 50. The lungs were cleaned, and tissues were taken to analyze inflammatory cell counts and TGF-β1 levels using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with ELISA; type I collagen and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) levels using immunohistochemistry (IHC); and activation of NF-κB using ELISA and Western blot assays. The most severe histopathological characteristic based on the modified Ashcroft score was in the bleomycin group (BG), whereas the mildest was in the 262 mg/kg of the bodyweight antifibrotic gambir-dosed group (AF G262). The results showed a significant difference in the BAL inflammatory cell count (p=0.017; p < 0.05). AF G262 differed most from the other antifibrotic groups in terms of the number of inflammatory cells (0.63), TGF-β1 levels (3.80), and NF-κB levels (0.48), followed by the 131 mg/kg of the bodyweight antifibrotic gambir-dosed group (AF G131), which also differed most from other antifibrotic groups in terms of NF-κB (0.48), TIMP-1 (11.74), and collagen I (14.50) levels. Western blot analysis showed that the fibropreventive and antifibrotic groups had a specific band size of p65, whereas no specific band binding existed in the control group. This study concluded that the administration of AF G262 could improve fibrosis by lysing the extracellular matrix (ECM) in rat lungs.

The Quality of Cream Formulated From Gambier Leaf Extract

Gambier (Uncaria gambier (Hunter) Roxb) is one of the natural ingredients which have quite a lot of empirical use. Many pharmacological compounds have found Gambier extract, one of which is as an antioxidant. The most dominant compound content is phenolic compounds. The present work was to evaluate the characteristics of the cream formulated from Gambier extract and its antioxidant properties. The research method was carried out in several stages, including extraction of Gambier leaf, formulation, and analysis of the characteristic of the product. The experimental design was completely randomized with 2 replications. The physical stability test was carried out by observing the cream stored at three different temperatures, namely 4 ± 2°C, 27 ± 2°C, 40 ± 2°C. The stability parameters observed were visual, pH, and viscosity. Determination of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) suppression method based on the DPPH inhibition value (IC50). The result showed that the cream has a homogeneous with a greenish yellow color to green, pH ranging from 7.62 to 7.80, and viscosity in the range of 1500 to 5000 cP at a speed of 2 rpm. After storage 6 weeks, the viscosity tends to increase, particularly in speed at 2 rpm. Meanwhile, stability testing of 3 level temperature storage, there was no changing its homogeneity, odor, and texture. The concentration of extract Gambier leaf in the formula affected the % inhibition of product. The addition of Gambier leaf extract with different concentrations to the cream is thought to affect the physical stability of cream. The inhibition of product was ranging from 44.2 to 72.9 ppm