Unbiased Position Research Articles

Training managers to ensure employees’ engagement and well-being in a remote working environment

Purpose Given the massive increases in remote work, a new need has emerged for managers’ training focused on employees’ engagement and well-being. This viewpoint provides recommendations for this training. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review on the effects of remote work on employees’ engagement and emotions and on the experiences of those in my professional and personal circles who work in a remote environment, this viewpoint argues for the need to train managers to ensure employees’ engagement and well-being in this new mode of remote work. Findings In this viewpoint, I provide several solutions that managers can use to address the effects of remote work, aiming to maximize individual and organizational performance. Originality/value From an originality perspective, the article combines contradictory research findings about employees’ engagement and emotions in a remote working environment, demonstrating my unbiased position. Based on them, it generates substantial solutions for managers to tackle the negative impacts of remote work on their employees’ well-being and engagement.

Ranging-Based Localizability Optimization for Mobile Robotic Networks

In robotic networks relying on noisy range measurements between agents for cooperative localization, the achievable positioning accuracy strongly depends on the network geometry. This motivates the problem of planning robot trajectories in such multirobot systems in a way that maintains high localization accuracy. We present potential-based planning methods, where localizability potentials are introduced to characterize the quality of the network geometry for cooperative position estimation. These potentials are based on Cramér Rao lower bounds (CRLB) and provide a theoretical lower bound on the error covariance achievable by any unbiased position estimator. In the process, we establish connections between CRLBs and the theory of graph rigidity, which has been previously used to plan the motion of robotic networks. We develop decentralized deployment algorithms appropriate for large networks, and we use equality-constrained CRLBs to extend the concept of localizability to scenarios where additional information about the relative positions of the ranging sensors is known. We illustrate the resulting robot deployment methodology through simulated examples and an experiment.

Applying the Self-Organizing Map in the Classification of 195 Countries Using 32 Attributes

Many organizations such as World Bank, UN, Wikipedia and others have tried to classify countries as under-developed, developing, developed and highly developed countries based on certain criteria but these criteria aren’t robust enough. In most cases, they used one to three criteria. This research classified 195 countries using 32 attributes (features/ criteria) with the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm. This is a robust classification because 32 features are considered for the classification. SOM is an unsupervised learning algorithm which reduces high dimensional data to 2 dimensions. The SOM classifies the 195 countries into 5 categories, implying that it is possible to classify countries with SOM algorithm. There is no benchmark to measure the accuracy of the SOM algorithm because most classifications are based on at most three criteria which are not robust enough, but comparing the results of the SOM algorithm with these weak classifications still show the flawlessness of the SOM algorithm. This research will help scientist, students, lecturers, teachers, organizations and countries to have a robust knowledge about the state of their countries from an unbiased position and will also help organizations and countries to make concrete decisions about business establishment in viable places all over the world. The key limitation is the reliability of the data and the number of attributes, which could be increased in future researches for better results.

Historical Memory of the Lithuanian Anti-Soviet Partisan War in the Narratives of the Third Generation

The article focuses on the historical memory maintained by the families of the members of the partisan armed anti-Soviet resistance in the 1944–1953. This memory is reconstructed on the grounds of the narratives by the third generation family members born in 1985–1989. The author discusses ways that memory of the partisan war is revealed by the generation born in the eve of restoration of the Lithuanian independence (which was proclaimed in 1990): how it was transferred in the families, and how experiences of the family members impacted and shaped the values and personal attitudes of the third generation towards the struggles for Lithuanian freedom. The analysis enables appreciating the influence that narratives established in the public discourse had in shaping the reflections of the family experiences, and pointing out, which images of the struggle for freedom are recognized by the third generation as suitable for the historical perception. It is noted that stories by the third generation make use both of the family narratives and the available public information.The interviewed informants usually do not remember the moment when they first learned of their family members’ participation in the armed resistance and their subsequently suffered repressions. For many, it was an inherent part of their daily life that shaped their attitudes towards the history of deportations, imprisonments, and Holocaust. Usually, the biographical facts of the family members were highlighted in various situations of the daily life, and their authentic and real stories reminded those of the fictional heroes. Narratives maintained in the family were accepted as very important to the family members; however, their certification or supplementation required other sources. The third generation can be characterized by their attempts to seek the historical truth and strive for justice. They attempt at getting to know the “un-heroic” picture of the postwar resistance, uncovering the obscure historical details, and ensuring continuation of the memory, which they try to pass on not only to the younger generations of the family, but also to the outsiders. This generation performs the role of mediator between the first and the second ones in their attempts both at understanding the past and at reconciliation with it.This generation exhibits an ambivalent attitude towards the history of the partisan war. On the one hand, they try assuming an unbiased position, but evidently, the family past strongly influences their values and behavior. The third generation displays considerable empathy towards participants of the historical events and their diverse fates. The narrators tend to emphasize their patriotism and appreciation of this land and its freedom, of gaining inner strength from the historical struggles for freedom. In some cases, the narrators describe themselves as belonging to the partisan community. All the narratives are characterized by enhanced importance of freedom as a universal value, which content, however, depends on the individual experience and understanding. Active involvement of this generation into the commemoration of the partisan resistance is encouraged not only by their family history, but also by the public opinion.The generation that grew up in the independent Lithuania had an unrestricted access to the history of the armed resistance. Nowadays its representatives willingly and openly share not only their own experiences, but also those of their family members. In spite of their declared unbiased attitude, they display pride in their family history and readiness to foster it.

CRITICAL THINKING AS THE BASIS OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENT PERSONALITY

The article postulates that the formation of critical thinking in the individual is a significant challenge of the modern education system, which should offer the latest methodology for personal development of relevant skills to acquire new knowledge and critically evaluate various information flows under the influence of modern man. It is argued that the formation of a strong, conscious personality of the student is identical to the formation of a conscious citizen, which is actually aimed at the New Ukrainian School. First of all, it is expressed in the direction of the development of logic and critical as well as creative thinking. All these three important areas of the learning process contribute to the student's self-reflection and the formation of his personal life position. It is noted that today the public inquiry requires the skills to independently analyze information, to constantly conduct search activities. Learning ceases to be memorization, it appears as a conversation with the teacher, which leads to qualitatively new judgments. That is, modern learning is a triad: search, direct conversation and judgment. Assertive behavior is suggested as the optimal, most constructive way of interpersonal interaction in the learning process. In addition, the personality is formed on the principles of assertiveness, which has critical thinking, expresses its own "I", much less likely to be manipulative. It is concluded that the development of critical thinking is not just an integral part of the modern educational process. The student's ability to think critically, to express his own opinion, unbiased position, is a necessary learning outcome that allows modern man to form a reality-appropriate type of worldview.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Piece in the Puzzle of COVID-19 Treatment.

COVID-19 is a disease characterized by a strong inflammatory response in severe cases, which fails to respond to corticosteroid therapy. In the context of the current COVID-19 outbreak and the critical information gaps regarding the disease, several different therapeutic strategies are under investigation, including the use of stem cells. In the present manuscript, we provide an analysis of the rationale underlying the application of stem cells to manage COVID-19, and also a comprehensive compendium of the 69 clinical trials underway worldwide aiming to investigate the application of stem cells to treat COVID-19. Even though data are still scarce, it is already possible to observe the protagonism of China in testing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for COVID-19. Furthermore, it is possible to determine that current efforts focus on the use of multiple infusions of high numbers of stem cells and derived products, as well as to acknowledge the positive results obtained by independent groups who publicized the therapeutic benefits provided by such therapies in 51 COVID-19 patients. In such a rapid-paced field, up-to-date systematic studies and meta-analysis will aid the scientific community to separate hype from hope and offer an unbiased position to the society and governments.

СПІВВІДНОШЕННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ «ПРОКРАСТИНАЦІЯ» З ІНШИМИ КОНСТРУКТАМИ, ЩО ВКАЗУЮТЬ НА СХИЛЬНІСТЬ ІНДИВІДА ДО ДИЛАТОРНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ

У представленій статті розкрито актуальність дослідження прокрастинації як стійкої особистісної властивості в умовах динамічного соціально-економічного розвитку суспільства. Вказано основні напрямки вивчення цього феномену в межах психологічного знання. Висвітлено труднощі операціоналізації поняття, що призводять до термінологічної плутанини. Обґрунтовано необхідність формування чіткої та неупередженої позиції вчених щодо співвідношення терміну «прокрастинація» з іншими конструктами, які вказують на схильність особистості до дилаторної поведінки. Детально проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо конотації терміну «зволікання». Сформульовані на цій основі теоретичні узагальнення вказують, що це поняття охоплює як дисфункціональні, так і функціональні аспекти дилаторної поведінки індивіда, а, відтак, у порівнянні з концептом прокрастинації є значно ширшим за своїм змістом, адже дефініція прокрастинації була введена у науковий обіг виключно для пояснення деструктивної форми відкладання справ. Окрім цього, авторами проаналізовано співвідношення досліджуваного поняття із конструктами ліні, аергічності, акразії, астенії. Відповідно до результатів теоретичного узагальнення відзначена неузгодженість поглядів вчених щодо вказаного питання. Значна їх частина констатує наявність концептуального перетину цих феноменів, що складає підґрунтя для припущення про їх синонімічність. З іншого боку, ряд науковців фіксує наявність відмінностей, що підтверджує доцільність позиціонування цих термінів як взаємопов`язаних, проте не тотожних. Перспектива подальших досліджень, в контексті окресленої тематики, полягає у емпіричній перевірці двох вказаних гіпотез з використанням валідного діагностичного інструментарію.

News You Can Use or News That Moves?

This study investigates how journalists covering international humanitarian crises make decisions regarding what types of information to include in stories. Specifically, the inclusion/exclusion of solutions-oriented information is addressed, since crises represent a key time during which the potential for international engagement is discussed in the mainstream media. Interviews with journalists covering hunger crises in Africa reveal an internal tension between maintaining a neutral, unbiased position and writing in a way that supports engagement and action. Ironically, perhaps, journalists find that including solutions-oriented information amounts to unethical and biased coverage, despite the fact that inclusion of solutions to social problems is an accepted and institutionalized aspect of the US news media’s mandate to the public. Reasons for this seeming contradiction are discussed, and I argue that solutions-oriented information not only can be included without demonstrating bias, but that it ought to be included to support ethical coverage that properly informs citizens about potential paths for political engagement.

Does RAIM with Correct Exclusion Produce Unbiased Positions?

As the navigation solution of exclusion-based RAIM follows from a combination of least-squares estimation and a statistically based exclusion-process, the computation of the integrity of the navigation solution has to take the propagated uncertainty of the combined estimation-testing procedure into account. In this contribution, we analyse, theoretically as well as empirically, the effect that this combination has on the first statistical moment, i.e., the mean, of the computed navigation solution. It will be shown, although statistical testing is intended to remove biases from the data, that biases will always remain under the alternative hypothesis, even when the correct alternative hypothesis is properly identified. The a posteriori exclusion of a biased satellite range from the position solution will therefore never remove the bias in the position solution completely.

Weighted least squares algorithm for target localization in distributed MIMO radar

In this paper, we address the problem of locating a target using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with widely separated antennas. Through linearizing the bistatic range measurements, which correspond to the sum of transmitter-to-target and target-to-receiver distances, a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) for target localization is formulated. The solution of the QCQP is proved to be an unbiased position estimate whose variance equals the Cramér–Rao lower bound. A weighted least squares algorithm is developed to realize the QCQP. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed MIMO radar positioning approach.

Efficient Bi-Iterative Method for Source Position and Propagation Speed Estimation Using TDOA Measurements

This paper develops an efficient bi-iterative source location and propagation speed estimation method utilizing time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements. The source location and propagation speed estimation is a nonlinear problem due to the nonlinearity in the TDOA measurement equations. The newly developed bi-iterative method computes the source location and propagation speed alternately. The asymptotic convergence of the new bi-iterative method is theoretically analyzed. First-order perturbation analysis is applied to the newly developed solution to derive its bias and variance. The first-order analytical results show that the proposed method provides approximately unbiased source position and propagation speed estimates for low noise levels and the accuracy of these estimates approaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The extension of the new bi-iterative method to the more general situation where the sensor locations are subject to random errors is also presented. Simulation studies are given to show the good performance of the proposed method.

Coarse Grain Simulations Reveal Movement of Synaptobrevin C Terminus in Response to Piconewton Forces Suggesting a Novel Fusion Pore Mechanism

Fusion of neurosecretory vesicles with the plasma membrane is mediated by SNARE proteins, which transfer a force to the membranes. However, the mechanism by which this force transfer induces fusion pore formation is still unknown. The neuronal vesicular SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 (syb2) is anchored in the vesicle membrane by a single C terminal transmembrane (TM) helix. In coarse grain molecular dynamics simulations self-assembly of the membrane occurred with the syb2 TM helix inserted as expected from experimental data. The free energy profile for the position of the TM domain in the membrane was determined applying harmonic potentials to the peptide in its unbiased position, pulling it towards new biased equilibrium positions. The energy profile determined in this way predicts the energy landscapes for pulling syb2 towards the extravesicular side as expected for SNARE complex zippering. Applying a constant pulling force of 160 pN detaches the synaptobrevin C terminus from the vesicle's inner leaflet lipid head groups within ∼100ns and pulls the C terminus deeper into the membrane. This C terminal movement should occur on the physiological millisecond time scale at ∼120 pN force. It is facilitated and hindered by specific mutations in parallel with experimentally observed facilitation and inhibition of fusion. These results suggest a mechanism where fusion pore formation is induced by movement of the charged syb2 C terminus into the hydrophobic core of the membrane in response to the force generated by C terminal zippering of the SNARE complex. This displacement of the charged C terminus is expected to destabilize the membrane providing a plausible pathway to fusion pore formation. Supported by NIH grants R01GM085808, R21NS072577, EDICT Project grant 201924, an MRC fellowship and the Wellcome Trust.

Cramér-Rao Bound Study of Multiple Scattering Effects in Target Localization

The target position information contained in scattering data is explored in the context of the scalar Helmholtz operator for the basic two-point scatterer system by means of the statistical estimation framework of the Fisher information and associated Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) relevant to unbiased position estimation. The CRB results are derived for the exact multiple scattering model and, for reference, also for the single scattering or first Born approximation model applicable to weak scatterers. The roles of the sensing configuration and the scattering parameters in target localization are analyzed. Blind spot conditions under which target localization is impossible are derived and discussed for both models. It is shown that the sets of sensing configuration and scattering parameters for which localization is impeded are different but equivalent (they have the same size) under the exact multiple scattering model and the Born approximation. Conditions for multiple scattering to be useful or detrimental to localization are derived.

Orbit Determination with Improved Covariance Fidelity, Including Sensor Measurement Biases

O RBIT determination algorithms based on the minimum variance (or Kalman) filter provide unbiased position and velocity estimates when sensor measurements contain only random errors. TheKalman filter covariancematrix is usually consistent with the bias-free estimation error statistics, indicating good covariance fidelity, when random error statistics are accurately characterized. However, sensor measurements often contain unmodeled static and dynamic measurement biases, or low-frequency systematic errors, that cause biases in the position and velocity estimates. In this situation, the Kalman filter covariance usually underestimates the error statistics, indicating poor covariance fidelity, because the measurement bias statistics are not characterized during the filtering process. Covariancefidelity is important for correlation and fusion of tracks provided by multiple sensors [1,2]. Optimistic covariances often cause failures in track-to-track association because covariance uncertainty regions do not overlap. Covariance fidelity may be improved by direct estimation (and removal) of bias parameters in the system dynamics, in the measurements, or in both [3–8]. Depending on the number of bias parameters, algorithms that jointly estimate bias parameters with position and velocity states are computationally intensive, and the system covariance matrix can become numerically ill conditioned, especially when the bias states are poorly observable. Covariance inflation is a simpler alternative to joint bias estimation. As its description suggests, the uncertainty region is increased (inflated) using mathematical models that approximate the measurement bias effect on position and velocity estimates, thereby improving chances for successful track-to-track association. However, a posteriori covariance inflation does not characterize state-bias correlations that occur during the filtering process. A bias characterization filter, which is an application of the Schmidt–Kalman filter [9–11], improves covariance fidelity in the presence of sensor measurement biases. As it explicitly models biases in the estimation process, its covariance matrix is more consistent with the statistics of the biased errors in the estimates comparedwith an extendedKalman filter covariance. It is shown that the bias characterization filter provides the most consistent filter covariance, or best covariance fidelity, compared with several excursions in the Kalman filter, including elevated measurement noise, velocity process noise, and a posteriori covariance inflation. Although similar to considering filtering techniques [12,13], bias characterization is optimal, whereas the former is not. This Note is organized as follows. A nonlinear bias characterization filter with measurement biases is formulated (Sec. II). Radar measurement and bias models are provided for orbit determination (Sec. III). Nonlinear prediction models for the state, bias, and covariances are formulated from the radar models (Sec. IV). The recursive filter is initialized with an iterated batch filter version of the same algorithm (Sec. V). Satellite orbit determination accuracy and covariance fidelity are demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations (Sec.VI). Conclusions regarding estimation accuracy and covariance fidelity are provided (Sec. VII).

Inelastic impact dynamics of ships with one-sided barriers. Part II: experimental validation

This paper is the second part of a two-part study of impact interaction of a ship roll motion with one-sided ice barrier. The first part was devoted to analytical and numerical simulations for the case of inelastic impact. The analytical approach was based on Zhuravlev and Ivanov non-smooth coordinate transformations. Extensive numerical simulations were carried out for all initial conditions covered by the ship grazing orbit for different values of excitation amplitude and frequency of external wave-induced roll moment. The basins of attraction of safe operation revealed the coexistence of different response regimes such as non-impact periodic oscillations, modulated impact motion, period added impact oscillations, chaotic impact motion and roll-over dynamics. This part presents an experimental investigation conducted on a small ship model in a tow tank. In particular, the experimental tests reveal complex dynamic response characteristics such as multi-frequency wave motion caused by the wave reflection from the tank end wall. Measured results show a good agreement with the predicted results by for small angles of the barrier relative to the ship unbiased position. However, deviation becomes significant as the angle increases. This deviation is mainly attributed to the uncertainty of the coefficient of restitution, which is found to depend on the velocity of impact in addition to the geometry and material properties of the model and barrier.

Viscosity measurements on micron-size scale using optical tweezers

We describe how a single optical tweezer can be used as a quantitative tool to perform absolute and accurate viscosity measurements on a micrometer-size scale. Our method combines an unbiased position detector calibration procedure and frequency analysis of the Brownian motion of optically confined polystyrene microspheres. The position detector used to monitor the displacement of the particle is properly calibrated using the same trapped particle. With respect to the standard calibration method based on beads attached over the cover slip surface, our approach eliminates bias caused by surface effects and spherical aberrations. We apply our method to pure water samples determining their viscosity with a precision of 12%.

Preface: Advancing Our Understanding of the Ethics of Schizophrenia Research: The Contribution of Conceptual Analyses and Empirical Evidence

Schizophrenia is a devastating illness affecting millions of people throughout the world. The suffering associated with this neuropsychiatric disorder creates a tremendous need for scientific inquiry: to understand the nature of schizophrenia; to learn about its prevention and treatment; and to address its effects on ill individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole. Nevertheless, as a disorder of the mind that disrupts cognitive abilities and erodes personal strengths, relationships, and societal roles of ill individuals, schizophrenia produces potential vulnerabilities that may be exploited in the context of human research. For this reason, scientific investigation of schizophrenia naturally raises important ethical questions. How do we diminish the burden of schizophrenia without ever diminishing the dignity of the people living with this illness? More positively, how do we strive to help people with schizophrenia, now and in the future, while fully honoring their personhood, value, and importance in our society? How may schizophrenia research be conducted respectfully, beneficently, and justly? More concretely, how do we conduct research involving people with schizophrenia with correct procedures and adequate safeguards? People with good will, good hearts, and good minds will disagree on the answers to these questions. Some individuals will place greater importance on pushing the science forward in an effort to help others in the future; other individuals will place greater importance on the need to protect potentially vulnerable research volunteers. People living with these illnesses may hold different perspectives from those who do not know what it is like to “walk in the shoes” of a person with schizophrenia. People whose focus is on historical examples of scientific exploitation may disagree with people whose focus is more forward-looking. People with different life experiences and values will view things differently. Yet, just as schizophrenia affects our society as a whole, all of us have a stake in finding a positive resolution to these questions. It will take all of the skills and strengths we possess in our society to address these concerns constructively and in a manner that is not dismissive of other points of view. The scientific community will need to bring valuable approaches to the investigation of schizophrenia in pursuit of meritorious scientific questions that may be translated into genuine benefit for people living with serious mental illness. The professions will need to bring clearly defined values, guidelines, and standards to the task. Government leaders, policy makers, and advocates will need to bring a commitment to progressive and unbiased positions, policies, regulations, and laws to the task. The general public will need to bring a willingness to examine attitudes toward mental illness and to commit resources to the scientific study of this major public health problem. The scholarly community will need to bring rigorous conceptual analyses and empirical evidence to the task of building an authentic, shared understanding of the ethics of schizophrenia research. This special feature of Schizophrenia Bulletin seeks to advance the field of schizophrenia research ethics by fulfilling this last aim—of bringing rigorous conceptual analyses and empirical evidence to bear upon the complex and challenging ethics questions that arise in the study of schizophrenia. The collection is filled with commentaries, reviews, and data-based papers that, taken together, help illuminate and clarify key questions in schizophrenia research ethics. Insights from the literature, as well as landmark papers and historical documents, are articulated and appraised. Data derived from people with schizophrenia, people with prodromal schizophrenia, clinical trial participants, psychiatrists, healthy comparison volunteers, and the general public are included. The manuscripts are informed by the expertise of multiple disciplines, and they are enriched by the experiences and perspectives of diverse “stakeholders.” The collection marks a milestone in the development of this new and important field of schizophrenia research ethics. It is my hope, and I imagine the hope of all of my colleagues whose contributions populate this issue of Schizophrenia Bulletin, that this collection will serve as the platform for common understanding and future dialogue in our field.

An unbiased approach to iterated fusion by weakening

Many approaches to handle inconsistent knowledge require some information to be dropped in order to ensure logical consistency. In this paper, a syntax-based technique that simply weakens the conflicting information by means of semaphores is proposed and analyzed in the context of the fusion of several possibly mutually conflicting knowledge sources. The proposed approach basically adopts an unbiased position with respect to two knowledge sources in the sense that it does not conduct one source to predominate the other one. However marking a preference for one source and retracting this preference is easy. When the fusion process is iterated, it is shown that semaphores can conduct sources to become actually rejected. Conditions preventing such a drawback are investigated. It is also shown how this problem can be solved when all sources are available simultaneously and how a preference for less-contradicted sources can be realized as well.

Design of kinematic DGNSS filters with consistent error covariance information

Consistent and realistic error covariance information is important for position estimation, error analysis, fault detection, and integer ambiguity resolution for the applications of global navigation satellite systems. In designing a position domain carrier-smoothed-code filter where incremental carrier-phases are used for time-propagation, formulation of consistent error covariance information is not easy due to correlation of successive propagation noises. To provide consistent and correct error covariance information, two recursive filter algorithms are proposed based on carrier-smoothed-code techniques: the stepwise optimal position projection filter, and the stepwise unbiased position projection filter. A Monte Carlo simulation result shows that the proposed filter algorithms actually generate consistent error covariance information and the neglecting of carrier-phase noise induces optimistic error covariance information. It is also shown that the stepwise unbiased position projection filter is attractive since its performance is good and its computational burden is moderate.

In space, the past can be recast but not the present.

We address the relationship between perception and spatial, working memory. Specifically, we argue that perceptual experience following the creation of a representation of target location affects it in a systematic way. We designed a motor task in which observers had to point to the initial or final position of a horizontally drifting target embedded in a vertically drifting background. The target was perceived as having an illusory motion component in a direction opposite that of the inducer dots [Duncker, 1938, Source Book of Gestalt Psychology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co)]. For both positions, there was an identical time delay before the observer could respond. Nonetheless, estimates of the initial target position were significantly biased by the illusion in a direction opposite the perceived target motion, and both bias and variability were significantly greater than those of the target's final position. In prior studies on positional accuracy with induced displacement, a delay before a pointing response led to an unbiased position estimate obtained without delay to become biased, leading investigators to argue for a long-lasting, inaccurate cognitive system that overrules an accurate, nonetheless transient, motor one (Bridgeman et al, 1997, Perceptual Psychology 59 456-469). Since the same motor task with identical delay on either position yielded different outcomes, a hypothesis based on distinct motor and cognitive representations of visual space is untenable here. Instead, we argue that an online representation of the target's original position is updated in an ongoing fashion in order to reconcile the perceived illusion with the veridically perceived present (current target location).