Unbalanced Mixture Research Articles

Discovery unbalanced DNA mixtures and evaluation mixing ratio via a droplet digital PCR method.

Small amounts of DNA from a perpetrator collected during crime-scene investigations can be masked by large amounts of DNA from the victim. These samples can provide important information for the perpetrator's conviction. Short tandem repeat (STR) detection system is not sensitive enough to detect trace amounts of minor components in unbalanced mixed DNA. We developed a system using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) capable of discovering trace components and accurately determining the ratio of mixed DNA in extremely unbalanced mixtures. The non-recombining regions of the X chromosome and Y chromosome were quantified in the DNA of male and female mixtures using duplex ddPCR. Absolute quantification of low-abundance portions of trace samples and unbalanced mixtures was done using different mixing ratios. The ddPCR system could be used to detect low-abundance samples with < 5 copies of DNA components in an extremely unbalanced mixture at a mixing ratio of 10000:1. The high sensitivity and specificity of the system could identify the mixing ratio of mixed DNA accurately. A ddPCR system was developed for evaluation of mixed samples of male DNA and female DNA. Our system could detect DNA quantities as low as 5 copies in extremely unbalanced mixed samples with good specificity and applicability. This method could assist forensic investigators in avoiding the omission of important physical evidence, and evaluating the ratio of mixed male/female trace samples.

PENERAPAN MODEL LEARNING CYCLE 5E BERBANTUAN VIDEO ANIMASI PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP SISWA

This study aims to determine the increase in students' understanding of concepts on various energy materials and their changes through the Learning Cycle 5E learning model assisted by Learning Animation Videos. This study used a mixed method or mix methods type of concurrent embedded (unbalanced mixture), with a pretest-posttest control group design research design. Sampling technique with simple random sampling technique, the sample of this study was class X TKJ 2 students as an experimental class and class X DPIB as a control class with the number of each class was 20 students. The average N-Gain score for the control class was 0.37 including the medium category. The N-Gain score for the experimental class is 0.7 including the high category. The results of this study show that the application of the Learning Cycle 5E model assisted by learning animation videos can improve the understanding of the concepts of grade X students on various materials

MODEL OF PARTICIPATION AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION OF THE MATARAMAN SOCIETY OF EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

This study aims to describe the model of participation and political affiliation of the Mataraman people of East Java, Indonesia. The method used in this study is a combination method using an unbalanced mixture model (Concurrent embedded). The subjects in this study are the Mataraman people, namely people who live in the City/Regency of Madiun, Magetan, Nganjuk, Ponorogo, Ngawi, Trenggalek, and Pacitan. To collect data from existing subjects, the methods used are interviews, observations, and documentation and questionnaires. Meanwhile, to analyze the data, Miles and Huberman interactive technique was used, as well as descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that the political participation model of the Mataraman community can be categorized as high. In terms of political behavior, the political participation model of the Mataraman community can be grouped into three categories, namely active, passive, and apathetic. The results of this study also show that the practice of money politics (money politics) in political celebrations in the Mataraman community is still quite high. Meanwhile, the ideological affiliation of Mataraman voters can be grouped into four, namely religious/religious-based ideological affiliation, nationalist-based ideological affiliation, nationalist-religious-based ideological affiliation, and change or program-based voter affiliation.

Analysis of customer satisfaction using Total Quality Management (TQM) junior high school

To develop the potential of students must be supported by quality education. Total Quality Management becomes a management approach centered on quality for long-term success through customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to find out how customer satisfaction is assessed from aspects of tangibles (direct evidence), reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. This research uses mixed methods with the Embedded Concurrent model (unbalanced mixture), applied to students with a sample of 90 students as respondents chosen randomly with 25 items of questions, observations, interviews, documentation. The findings of these study address customers getting satisfaction with the services provided by schools. With responsiveness aspects that are more prominent than other elements.

Identification of injuries and its prevention in physical education at elementary schools in Sukadana, Ciamis, West Java, 2020

&lt;em&gt;The main problem in identifying the injuries and its prevention in the Physical Education at elementary schools in Sukadana is the nescience of the level of the risk for injury and the injury management steps during the Physical Education subject. Some factors contributing on the nesciences are condition of facilities and infrastructure, school environmental conditions, student behavior and teacher’s conversance. Therefore, this research is purposed to determine the injuries that have occurred and the knowledge of teachers about injury management during Physical Education subject at elementary schools in Sukadana district. This research analyzes the injury management done by the Physical Education teachers at elementary schools in Sukadana district and the injuries that have occurred using some theories related to types and factors of injuries, as well as the proper steps of injury management. This research is a combination research model concurrent embedded (unbalanced mixture), namely a research method that combines qualitative methods and quantitative methods by mixing the two methods unequally. This research uses two kinds of data, primary and secondary data. The technique of collecting data in this research is saturation-sampling technique with the Physical Education teachers in Sukadana district as the informant. The validation of the data, collected from the result of questionnaire and passive participant observation, are then analyzed and tested using member check technique. The result of this research shows that teachers have significant role on diminishing the risk of injury and treating injured students during the Physical Education at the elementary schools in Sukadana district. Generally, the teachers have already had adequate conversance in treating wounded students. Moreover, the injuries occurred are dominated by minor injury. This is due to the learning materials that are still on the basic level. Furthermore, some moderate injuries are caused by student’s health condition, such as medical history and the fitness of the student, that is different one to another.&lt;/em&gt;

The evaluation of Regional Medium Term Development Plan Policy of Cianjur regency

Local Government Policies are the main foundation that directs the development process in Cianjur Regency. To achieve the common goal of improving the welfare of the Cianjur community. This policy is expected to be able to respond to changes that occur and provide solutions to any existing problems, because policies that are implemented can be viewed from the effectiveness of the achievements that have been set. Therefore, researchers focused their research on how to evaluate the Cianjur Regency Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) Policy in 2011-2016. The research objectives, among others; to describe and analyze the Cianjur Regency Mid-term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD) 2011-2016 Policy Evaluation. The research method uses descriptive, and the research approach uses mixed methods, through a concurrent embedded design model (unbalanced mixture). The results reveal that the success of the RPJMD policy evaluation is empirically determined by the dimensions or aspects of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and dimensions of appropriateness. This study concludes that the evaluation of the Cianjur Regency RPJMD policy in 2011-2016, especially related to the development of road infrastructure based on tourism has not been running optimally, so it has implications for the welfare of the community, especially those in the South Cianjur Region.

The effect of Cikarang Bekasi Laut Project to fisherman livelihood

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the main effect of inland waterways, Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) and Boro Boro project at Huripjaya estuaries, Bekasi. The purpose of this study, is to see the relationships between coastal fishermen and local investors and their workers as a migraine in managing marine resources, thus resulting in a decrease in fish catches by fishermen. This study uses a concurrent embedded model combination method (unbalanced mixture) where qualitative research methods as the primary method and quantitative methods as a secondary method. The purpose of using this combination method is that the data will be more complete, meaningful and accurate. The results of the study, based on the results of in-depth interviews and focused discussions, concluded that there was no agreement between the interests of traditional fishermen and project managers. It was shown that he did not pay attention to the fate of fishermen, but lately, information from the Head of the Kadus Dua had begun to record about 100 fishermen as prospective workers in one of the Cikarang Listriklindo projects. However, for other traditional fishermen do not know their fate, so the involvement of the local government.

SNP-STR analysis for non-invasive paternity test for fetus

The existence of cell-free fetal (cff) DNA in maternal plasma through the process of pregnancy, makes it possible to do noninvasive paternity test for a woman who got pregnant as a result of a sexual assault. However, the cff DNA in a high background of maternal DNA could not be easily detected. The SNP-STR markers, developed for analyzing the minor component in a two-man unbalanced mixture, were used for noninvasive paternity identification during pregnancy. Six SNP-STR loci, rs4847015-D1S1656, rs6736691-D2S1338, rs25768-D5S818, rs7786079-D7S820, rs2246512-D10S1248, rs11642858-D16S539, were screened based on autosomal STRs of Expanded U.S. Core Loci, and the corresponding primers were designed by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method. The primers for every loci consisted of two forward primers targeting the genotype of SNP and one reverse primer, and each forward primer was amplified with the reverse one respectively. The amplicons of the six loci were all less than 210bp. The cff DNA of plasma samples from ten pregnant women at 16 to 22-week was detected using the informative makers selected from the analysis of maternal and biological paternal DNA by SNP-STR PCR. The results demonstrate the availability of SNP-STR in the noninvasive paternity test.

Robust estimation of unbalanced mixture models on samples with outliers.

Mixture models are often used to compactly represent samples from heterogeneous sources. However, in real world, the samples generally contain an unknown fraction of outliers and the sources generate different or unbalanced numbers of observations. Such unbalanced and contaminated samples may, for instance, be obtained by high density data sensors such as imaging devices. Estimation of unbalanced mixture models from samples with outliers requires robust estimation methods. In this paper, we propose a novel robust mixture estimator incorporating trimming of the outliers based on component-wise confidence level ordering of observations. The proposed method is validated and compared to the state-of-the-art FAST-TLE method on two data sets, one consisting of synthetic samples with a varying fraction of outliers and a varying balance between mixture weights, while the other data set contained structural magnetic resonance images of the brain with tumors of varying volumes. The results on both data sets clearly indicate that the proposed method is capable to robustly estimate unbalanced mixtures over a broad range of outlier fractions. As such, it is applicable to real-world samples, in which the outlier fraction cannot be estimated in advance.

SNP–STR polymorphism: A sensitive compound marker for forensic genetic applications

Many routine STR and SNP multiplex kits can analyze a large number of markers but cannot type STRs and SNPs in the same reaction. We have explored a method for typing STRs and SNPs in a single reaction named SNP–STR that links SNPs from a flanking region with the STR polymorphism. This allows defining subtypes of STR alleles based on the linked SNP allele observed in the flanking region. The SNP–STRs are widespread in the genome and the genotyping techniques are the same as for routine STR profiling. Pairs of SNPs and STRs linked to each other and at a distance of less than 500bp were selected from the UCSC genome browser. The method amplifies the target SNP using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). The two forward allele-specific primers are labeled by different fluorescent and the reverse primer is located at the other flanking region of the STR which is linked to the SNP. Through this method, both alleles of the STR and the SNP can be genotyped by the size of the amplicons and the different colors of the amplicons in one reaction. The rs25768 is located 12bp from the D5S818 which is frequently used in forensic identification. Two allele-specific primers for rs25768 were designed according to the requirement of ARMS-PCR which were labeled by JOE and 6-FAM at the 5′-terminus respectively, and the reverse primer located at the other side of the STR sequence. To increase the specificity, a deliberate mismatch was introduced to the allele-specific primers at −1 and −2 from the 3′-terminus. The DNA samples were extracted from 95 unrelated European individuals through EZ1. 1ul DNA was amplified and profiled by Genetic Analyzer ABI 3130. A set of two-person unbalanced mixture were generated artificially from 1:40 to 40:1, and the lowest concentration is 0.05ng. We used the both two allele-specific primers and only one of them separately to genotype the mixtures.

Universal and nonuniversal features of the generalized voter class for ordering dynamics in two dimensions

By considering three different spin models belonging to the generalized voter class for ordering dynamics in two dimensions [Dornic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 045701 (2001)], we show that they behave differently from the linear voter model when the initial configuration is an unbalanced mixture of up and down spins. In particular, we show that for nonlinear voter models the exit probability (probability to end with all spins up when starting with an initial fraction x of them) assumes a nontrivial shape. This is the first time a nontrivial exit probability is observed in two-dimensional systems. The change is traced back to the strong nonconservation of the average magnetization during the early stages of dynamics. Also the time needed to reach the final consensus state T(N)(x) has an anomalous nonuniversal dependence on x.

QoS routing in wireless sensor networks—a survey

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a one made up of small sensing devices equipped with processors, memory, and short-range wireless communication. Sensor nodes, are autonomous nodes, which include smart dust sensors, motes and so on. They co-operatively monitor physical or environmental conditions and send the sensed data to the sink node. They differ from traditional computer networks due to resource constraints, unbalanced mixture traffic, data redundancy, network dynamics, and energy balance. These kinds of networks support a wide range of applications that have strong requirements to reduce end-to-end delay and losses during data transmissions. When large numbers of sensors are deployed in a sensor field and are active in transmitting the data, there is a possibility of congestion. Congestion may occur due to buffer overflow, channel contention, packet collision, a high data rate, many to one nature, and so on. This leads to packet loss which causes a decrease in throughput and lifetime. Maximum throughput, energy efficiency and minimum error rate can be achieved by minimizing the congestion. A number of quality of service (QoS) techniques has been developed to improve the quality of the network. This article gives an overview of existing QoS techniques and a parametric comparison made with recent developments. This article mainly concentrates on network congestion in WSN environment.

TMHF: Transmit Max Hop First forwarding Strategy to Optimize the Performance of Epidemic Routing Protocol

Tolerant Networks vary from conventional networks in that they have reserve constraints, unbalanced mixture traffic, data redundancy, network dynamics, and energy balance. Moreover due to node mobility DTN suffers from unpredictable connectivity and limited transmission duration. A mobile node in DTN routing may not be able to transmit all messages from its forwarding queue; therefore the order in which messages are transmitted becomes very important. In this paper, we propose forwarding queuing mechanisms named Transmit Max Hop Count first (TMHF) in which when the connection opportunity arises, the node will transmit the message with max hop count.

2004–2005 GEP proficiency testing programs: Special emphasis on the interlaboratory analysis of mixed stains

The 2004–2005 GEP proficiency testing programs consisted of a simulated paternity case and a simulated forensic criminal case each including 3–5 reference samples (saliva or blood) and 2 forensic samples (mixed stains and clean or contaminated hair shafts). In the 2004 forensic test a mixture stain was analysed and apparently inconsistent results were observed between autosomal STR profiling and mitochondrial DNA sequencing results. In 2005, the forensic challenge was an unbalanced mixture stain of saliva and blood from two related contributors (sharing maternal and paternal lineages). Due to the stain characteristics, no lab detected the minor component in the mixture. This evidences the fact that the detection of a minor contributor in a mixture is still a key outstanding in forensic investigation. Also hair shafts contaminated with blood have been sent to be analysed and the results showed the influence of the extraction procedures applied.

TileMap: create chromosomal map of tiling array hybridizations

Tiling array is a new type of microarray that can be used to survey genomic transcriptional activities and transcription factor binding sites at high resolution. The goal of this paper is to develop effective statistical tools to identify genomic loci that show transcriptional or protein binding patterns of interest. A two-step approach is proposed and is implemented in TileMap. In the first step, a test-statistic is computed for each probe based on a hierarchical empirical Bayes model. In the second step, the test-statistics of probes within a genomic region are used to infer whether the region is of interest or not. Hierarchical empirical Bayes model shrinks variance estimates and increases sensitivity of the analysis. It allows complex multiple sample comparisons that are essential for the study of temporal and spatial patterns of hybridization across different experimental conditions. Neighboring probes are combined through a moving average method (MA) or a hidden Markov model (HMM). Unbalanced mixture subtraction is proposed to provide approximate estimates of false discovery rate for MA and model parameters for HMM. TileMap is freely available at http://biogibbs.stanford.edu/~jihk/TileMap/index.htm. http://biogibbs.stanford.edu/~jihk/TileMap/index.htm (includes coloured versions of all figures).

Homochiral supramolecular polymerization of an "S"-shaped chiral monomer: translation of optical purity into molecular weight distribution.

An "S"-shaped chiral motif of a p-xylylene-bridged bis(cyclic dipeptide) (1), having four hydrogen-bonding amide functionalities, formed a homochiral supramolecular polymer in solution. X-ray crystallography of a slightly modified version of 1 for an enhanced crystallinity showed one-dimensional columnar assemblies via four double hydrogen-bonding interactions. Model studies with half-protected analogues of 1 indicated a nearly perfect enantioselectivity in hydrogen-bonding dimerization. When 1 was not racemic but enriched in either of the enantiomers, a supramolecular polymer with a bimodal molecular weight distribution resulted, due to the formation of two homochiral polymers with different molecular weights. By taking advantage of this, separation of optically pure 1 from an enantiomerically unbalanced mixture was possible by means of size-exclusion chromatography.

General toxicity testing: Sense and non-sense, science and policy

The dramatic increase in the number and variety of industrial chemicals in addition to natural compounds, and the increased public concern about their health effects, has in the last few decades led to a remarkable development in number and types of toxicity tests employed to assess safety of chemicals. Not too many years ago, toxicity tests were relatively simple in design and conduct. They were sometimes inadequate in a number of aspects. Toxicity testing has now become an unbalanced mixture of sound science and policy. Many times companies wishing to market products internationally are faced with a plethora of different national regulatory requirements. In this presentation attention is given to requirements for toxicity data and the need for harmonization in guidelines while avoiding rigid protocols. The wisdom and necessity of conducting all currently required tests will be considered. The relevance of certain biochemical, hematological, and pathological parameters is discussed as is the relevance of Good Laboratory Regulation for toxicity testing. The importance of a scientific evaluation of all chemical biological data derived from modern sensibly designed toxicity tests with respect to extrapolation and safety assessment is emphasized. Future development in certain areas of toxicity research is stressed and examples are given.

New Intrinsic Cholesteric Lyomesophases from Potassium l-N-LauroyIserinate. I. Type I Systems: Textural and Magnetic Characterization

Abstract Type I intrinsic cholesteric lyotropic mesophases were prepared from potassium l-N-lauroyl-serinate. This chiral amphphde was synthesized by the acylation of l-serine amino-group with lauroyl chloride. Lyomesophases were obtained from mixtures of amphiphile, electrolyte (KC1), n-decanol and water whose pH was controlled by KOH addition. The resolved form or an unbalanced mixture of the amphiphile were used for cholesteric mesophase preparation. The cholesteric properties were investigated by deuteron NMR and characterized by optical microscopy under polarized light. The magnetic behavior was similar to that reported for induced and intrinsic cholesteric systems. For these type I mesophases, textural investigations on oriented samples were essential for the identification of the cholesteric properties since these mesophases were untwisted by the applied magnetic field.

Multiple Systems Organ Failure

Amino acids and dextrose infusion were given for short periods of time to a young man whose basal state is characterized in the previous paper in this series, and their effects were documented in terms of plasma concentrations and splanchnic extraction. The basal state measurements show in the acute trauma state and its subsequent starvation state a largely balanced splanchnic extraction of amino acids but at a decreasing rate. Amino acid (FreAmine) infusion at low rates on this background produced a large increase in extraction of a largely balanced mixture of amino acids but a minimal change in glucose release. The septic state is characterized in both the basal and amino acid infusion state by splanchnic extraction of an unbalanced mixture of amino acids which is deficient in branched-chain amino acids and in relative excess of glucogenic amino acids with increased glucose release and increased utilization of amino acids for gluconeogenesis. In early sepsis this state can largely be repaired by exogenous amino acid infusion but in late sepsis can only be partially repaired. The data suggest that the patient in late sepsis should have a branched-chain rich amino acid mixture and that the hepatic failure of sepsis is strongly associated with peripheral release of an unbalanced mixture of amino acids secondary to enhanced branched-chain catabolism. Infused glucose produces a large increase in the plasma glucose but also improves the balance of the splanchnic amino acids extracted. The statistical validity of the preceding statements are examined in detail in the manuscript.

Stimulated amino acid imbalance and histidine transport in rat brain slices.

Histidine concentration in the brain decreases rapidly when rats are fed a low protein diet in which an amino acid imbalance is created by addition of an amino acid mixture devoid of histidine. Competition for histidine transport into the brain was suggested as an explanation for this effect. Therefore, animo acid mixtures simulating composition of plasma from rats fed basal or histidine-imbalanced diets were added to media to evaluate their effects on uptake of histidine by brain slices during a 60-min incubation period. At the concentrations actually found in plasma, the unbalanced mixture decreased histidine uptake significantly more than did the basal mixture. Two distinct inhibition patterns were observed with different groups of amino acids: a linear decrease in histidine uptake with a mixture of the small neutral, hydroxyl, basic, and acidic amino acids, and a hyperbolic decrease with a mixture of large neutral amino acids, and a hyperbolic decrease with a mixture of large neutral amino acids. Inhibition of histidine transport by the complete mixtures reflected these two effects. Plasma patterns and concentrations of competitive amino acids as well as the concentration of histidine appear to be factors involved in decreasing histidine transport into the brain.