Unattended Vehicles Research Articles

Road Performance Analysis (Case Study: Jl. Kakialy Ambon City)

The number of residents in Ambon City every year has increased, therefore the number of increases in vehicle volume is directly proportional to the number of population growth, and in line with the increasing problem of traffic congestion. One of the traffic jams that occur in Ambon City is on the Kakialy road, which is caused by side obstacles due to unattended vehicle parking on the road, especially during rush hour or peak hours (during school and after school or commuting and returning from work). The existence of community facilities such as shops, fast food areas, hotels, and residential areas is also one of the triggers for road body parking which causes congestion on the Kakialy road section. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out how the performance of the Kakialy road section during peak and normal hours. The method used is a descriptive survey that uses data collection techniques in the form of observation and documentation studies for the calculation of capacity and speed on urban roads using the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) method. The results of data analysis show that the capacity of peak hours at 12.00-13.00 WIT) is 18,721 junior high school/hour and normal hours at 16.00-17.00 WIT is 15,037.8 junior high school/hour, with a vehicle density value (DS) at peak hours of 0.59. The average side resistance data in peak hours has a weighted frequency of 366.6 SMP/hour so it belongs to the medium side resistance class (M), and the average side resistance in normal hours has a weighted frequency of 148.7 SMP/hour, including the low side resistance class (L). So that after going through the calculation analysis process, it is concluded that the vehicle density value (DS) at peak hours (12.00 – 13.00 WIT) is 0.59 and is categorized in Level Of Service (LOS) C which means medium performance. While the vehicle density value (DS) during normal hours (16.00 – 17.00 WIT) is 0.45 and is categorized in Level Of Service (LOS) B which means good performance.

A survey on the acceptance of unattended trains

Due to increasing prices, growing environmental awareness, and resource scarcity, railway operations become increasingly more important. In today's conventional railway operations drivers are needed for driving trains. Drivers have a very responsible job to drive the trains safely. However, they work differently depending on the time of day. Due to illness and strikes, train journeys had to be cancelled in the past. Therefore, a driver takes a special role in today's railway operations. The operation in metros is different. Due to different system properties, unattended metro systems correspond the state of the art. In the future, technical developments will enable unattended operations on railway to substitute drivers, too. Although promising, several challenges need to be accomplished for a successful market launch of unattended trains. Next to several technical challenges, this could especially concern the acceptance among potential users. If a technology or a system is not accepted, it will most likely not be adopted. Most empirical literature regarding the acceptance of driverless or unattended vehicles is related to road and air, but not to railway transport. In this paper, we, therefore, present the results of an online survey that investigated the acceptance of unattended trains. The results of the survey indicate that people generally accept unattended trains. Numerous participants would use such trains. Furthermore, some sociodemographic factors, age, current usage of rail transport, and prior experience with unattended trains, affect the acceptance. However, the results show that people worry about cyberattacks. Overall, the implementation of unattended railway trains seems to be promising. This is an important finding for railway companies to drive the trend towards unattended trains.

WiCPD: Wireless Child Presence Detection System for Smart Cars

Child presence detection (CPD) is becoming a regulatory requirement for car manufacturers to save children’s lives when they are left alone in unattended vehicles. However, most of the existing solutions require dedicated devices and suffer from limited accuracy and coverage. In this article, we build WiCPD, the first-of-its-kind in-car CPD system using commodity Wi-Fi, which can cover the entire interior of a car with no blind spot. First, we introduce a statistical electromagnetic model which accounts for the impact of motion on all the multipaths inside a car, followed by a motion statistics metric indicating the ambient motion intensity and a signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) boosting scheme to extract the minute chest movement. Then, we design a unified CPD framework consisting of three target detector modules, including a motion target detector to detect a child in motion/awake, a stationary target detector to detect a stationary/sleeping child, and a transition target detector to detect a sleeping child with sporadic motion who is missed by both the motion and stationary target detectors. We implement a real-time WiCPD system by using commercial Wi-Fi chipsets, deploy it over 20 different cars, and collect data for multiple children aging from 4 to 50 months. The results show that WiCPD can achieve 100% detection rate within 8 s when the child is awake/in-motion and 96.56% detection rate within 20 s for a static/sleeping child. Extensive experiments also demonstrate that WiCPD can be easily deployed in minutes without calibration and enjoys very low CPU and memory consumption, thus promising a practical candidate for CPD applications.

Children Left Unattended in Parked Vehicles in India: An Analysis of 40 Fatalities from 2011 to 2020.

Fatalities in children left unattended in parked motor vehicles are being reported frequently in the last decade but little research has been done analysing the circumstances leading to such preventable deaths in India. To analyse circumstances leading to fatalities in children left unattended in parked motor vehicles in India. This study was a descriptive analysis conducted on the basis of an Internet search of published news in major Indian newspapers/channels using different combination of keywords. We extracted data from the published news using a pre-determined tool. Between 2011 and 2020, there were 23 incidents that resulted in 40 fatalities across India mostly in summer months. Majority of children were 4-6 years of age (26/40). Ninety percent of children gained access to unattended vehicles for playing and getting locked accidentally (36/40) while remaining cases involved being forgotten (3/40) or intentionally left behind (1/40). Majority of hyperthermia-related deaths occurred while children gained access to unattended vehicles for playing and getting locked accidentally.

Vehicular hyperthermia deaths in Indian children: a little recognised mode of fatal injury.

Parked vehicles can create deadly environments for young children who are left unattended. This study was a descriptive analysis to describe circumstances leading to death in children left unattended in parked motor vehicles in India. Between 2011 and 2018, there were 16 incidents that resulted in 28 fatalities across India, mostly in the summer months. The majority of children (19/28) were aged 4-6 years, of whom 25 (89%) gained access to unattended vehicles and became accidentally locked in. Hyperthermia-related deaths are a poorly recognised type of vehicular injury in India; there has been no analysis to describe circumstances leading to such fatalities.

Innovative complete solution for health safety of children unintentionally forgotten in a car: a smart Arduino‐based system with user app for remote control

This study describes an innovative complete car control system against children abandonment in unattended vehicles. Even if systems of this kind are already available in the automotive market, other solutions are currently object of intense researches by several important Research and Development centres or under patent procedure. In this study, a description of the technologies already adopted in the currently used car control systems and in those that are in research and testing phase too is provided. Then, it will be introduced to the proposed control system, which enables to improve all the described systems by providing innovative technologies and functionalities. The proposed system implements a microwave motion sensor, two infrared sensors, a carbon dioxide sensor, a temperature/humidity sensor, a vocal detector and a micro-camera. These acquisition devices are connected to a microcontroller board that is able to combine all acquired data for detecting the alarm scenario and consequently acting some warning procedures: alarm short message service transmission with vehicle Global Positioning System position, vehicle's horn activation and/or car windows lowering. Thanks to such a wide set of sensors, the system can correlate the acquired information in order to ensure a good detection capability in every condition in which it can operate.

Visible to long-wave infrared chip-scale spectrometers based on photodetectors with tailored responsivities and multispectral filters

Abstract Chip-scale microspectrometers, operational across the visible to long-wave infrared spectral region will enable many remote sensing spectroscopy applications in a variety of fields including consumer electronics, process control in manufacturing, as well as environmental and agricultural monitoring. The low weight and small device footprint of such spectrometers could allow for integration into handheld, unattended vehicles or wearable-electronics based systems. This review will focus on recent developments in nanophotonic microspectrometer designs, which fall into two design categories: (i) planar filter-arrays used in conjunction with visible or IR detector arrays and (ii) microspectrometers using filter-free detector designs with tailored responsivities, where spectral filtering and photocurrent generation occur within the same nanostructure.

Optimization of traction unit for low-cost automated guided vehicle

AGV system already known today is commonplace in any large-scale production, warehousing or supply process logistics. System is not only increasing process flexibility but also the quality of products and services. They are unattended vehicles designed for towing, guiding and carrying various types of cargo using peripheral devices designed for these vehicles. The paper describes the design of the traction unit of the automated guided vehicle (AGV). The main goal of this design is optimization of traction unit for a low-cost version of commercial AGV and thereby reducing overall costs of equipment. The traction unit must be designed so that the equipment that uses such a type of traction unit meets customer requirements.

Arduino-Based Solution for In-Car-Abandoned Infants' Detection Remotely Managed by Smartphone Application

This manuscript deals with V2V/V2I (Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) communication systems developed for smart city applications, with the aim to provide new services and tools for making driving safer and improving the human lifestyle. The considered systems can be supported by suitable software applications for making the services more accessible. In this context, research groups and automotive companies are currently developing systems against children abandonment in unattended vehicles and are installing them on new car models. In this paper, an innovative Arduino-based control system against children abandonment in cars is described. It introduces new functionalities respect to systems reported in literature or already on the market, in order to improve safety and reliability. The proposed system integrates a mobile app, which gives the possibilities of receiving alert or status messages, along with images directly acquired from car cockpit. In addition, the app allows to remotely control several car functionalities, such as horn activation, windows lowering and doors locking/unlocking.

ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE FOR THE PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC DEATHS DUE TO HEAT STROKE CAUSED BY BEING LEFT UNATTENDED IN VEHICLES

BACKGROUND: An average of 37 children die annually in the United States from heat stroke as a result of being left unattended inside a vehicle (pediatric vehicular hyperthermia, PVH). The majority of these deaths occur because a caregiver unintentionally leaves a child in the car, often referred to as forgotten baby syndrome (FBS). Other causes include children being knowingly left in vehicles and children getting into unattended vehicles on their own. The current rates of childhood deaths from PVH in Canada are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To review the rate of childhood deaths in Canada from PVH over the past 15 years and to provide pediatricians with anticipatory guidance strategies to help prevent deaths due to PVH. DESIGN/METHODS: Incidence data of PVH deaths in Canada were obtained from coroner’s offices and from news reports found on Factiva and ProQuest databases. A scoping review was conducted using key search terms related to PVH and FBS. RESULTS: In Canada, there have been numerous reports of children being left unattended in vehicles. There have been 4 confirmed deaths due to PVH in the last 15 years. Three of the four cases were attributed to FBS. There was one reported case due to a child climbing into an unlocked, unattended vehicle. CONCLUSION: Reports of children being left unattended either knowingly or unintentionally in vehicles in Canada are not uncommon. Stress, distractions and changes in routine can contribute to a shift in attention and FBS. To help caregivers prevent incidents of PVH in Canada, we suggest the following anticipatory guidance by physicians to all parents: 1) Caregivers should be advised to never leave a child unattended in a motor vehicle; 2) Caregivers should place essential items such as wallets and cellphones near their child in the back seat to serve as a reminder when exiting the vehicle; 3) Caregivers can place a reminder (i.e. a toy or diaper bag) in the front seat when an infant or child has been placed in the back seat; 3) Caregivers should make a habit of always checking the back seat before leaving the car; 4) Caregivers should request that childcare providers contact them in the event that the child does not arrive as anticipated; 5) Parked vehicles should be kept locked at all times and keys out of reach of children; 6) If a child is missing, check the car.

Development of comprehensive unattended child warning and feedback system in vehicle

In Malaysia, many cases of children get trapped and suffocated in the unattended vehicle were reported and the cases are in increasing trend. It is very surprising that the death caused by the non-moving vehicle keep increasing even though the awareness campaign on the safety of children in non-moving vehicle were carried out by government. The methods that were introduced by previous researchers to detect the present of the children in the unattended vehicle such as the usage of capacitive sensor, microwave sensor, pressure sensor and image sensor have yet to be effective to reduce the number of death in the unattended vehicle. Thus, the research is carried out to provide a comprehensive child detection and feedback system in unattended vehicle by combining the usage of human physiological signals such as voice and body odor with temperature and motion detection systems. The system will integrate all the detection signals and then provide the efficient feedback system by triggering vehicle alarm system and sending message to parents. If no response from parents or no response on vehicle alarm system, the proposed system then will integrate with the existing vehicle security system, ignition system and power window by activating those system. The proposed system is tested successfully to detect the voice, odor and motion of children in vehicle. The project is now at prototype stage and capable to detect the present of voice, odor, motion and temperature in the vehicle accurately and provide the efficient feedback system by sending the message to parents, activating the alarm system and controlling the window movement in order to release the high temperature and toxic gas from the vehicle. The outcome of the project will benefit the security and vehicle manufacturing industry due to the simple design, low cost and easy handling.

Unsupervised Children in Vehicles: A Risk for Pediatric Trauma

In this study, a series of instances of children injured by a motor vehicle set in motion by an unsupervised child are reviewed. During a 24-month period, nine such children were identified through a multihospital and coroner's office monitoring system in a single urban county. Injuries ranged from multiple abrasions and contusions to serious leg and head injuries. Three children died. The typical circumstance involved a child releasing the brake or placing the vehicle in gear in a private driveway which resulted in the vehicle striking or rolling over the victim. In four of the nine cases, the child who set the vehicle in motion fell or jumped from the vehicle and then became the injured victim. The extent of these unusual motor vehicle-related injuries is unknown because they are unlikely to be reported in official police statistics. According to the study findings, there is a need to educate the public and health professionals about the risks associated with leaving a child unattended in a motor vehicle and the hazardous environment of the private driveway. Preventive measures would include not leaving a child unattended in a vehicle, locking unattended vehicles to prevent access, and redesigning of private driveways.

Torts: Negligence: Automobiles: Owner's Liability after Leaving Ignition Key in Unattended Vehicle

Torts: Negligence: Automobiles: Owner's Liability after Leaving Ignition Key in Unattended Vehicle