Abstract
Abstract Chip-scale microspectrometers, operational across the visible to long-wave infrared spectral region will enable many remote sensing spectroscopy applications in a variety of fields including consumer electronics, process control in manufacturing, as well as environmental and agricultural monitoring. The low weight and small device footprint of such spectrometers could allow for integration into handheld, unattended vehicles or wearable-electronics based systems. This review will focus on recent developments in nanophotonic microspectrometer designs, which fall into two design categories: (i) planar filter-arrays used in conjunction with visible or IR detector arrays and (ii) microspectrometers using filter-free detector designs with tailored responsivities, where spectral filtering and photocurrent generation occur within the same nanostructure.
Highlights
Recent history has seen the rapid miniaturization of optical components through the development of nanophotonic optical elements with functions akin to conventional optics such as lenses [1, 2], color filters [3, 4], polarizing beamBroadly, recently demonstrated chip-scale microspectrometers can be placed into one of two distinct design categories: (i) the filter-array-detector-array (FADA) microspectrometer and (ii) the filter-free microspectrometer
This review will focus on recent developments in nanophotonic microspectrometer designs, which fall into two design categories: (i) planar filter-arrays used in conjunction with visible or IR detector arrays and (ii) microspectrometers using filter-free detector designs with tailored responsivities, where spectral filtering and photocurrent generation occur within the same nanostructure
Some of the nanophotonic spectral filters used in FADA microspectrometers include thin film bandpass or linear variable filters with transmission bands in the visible [32,33,34,35,36], and infrared [37], plasmonic nanoantennas [38, 39], plasmonic nanoapertures resonant in the mid- and long-wave infrared (M/LWIR) spectral bands [40, 41], photonic crystal (PhC) slabs [20, 42], on-chip waveguide coupled disordered scattering media [43, 44] and colloidal quantum dot (QD) optical absorption based filters [45]
Summary
Recent history has seen the rapid miniaturization of optical components through the development of nanophotonic optical elements with functions akin to conventional optics such as lenses [1, 2], color filters [3, 4], polarizing beam. Other examples consist of sets of structurally colored silicon PIN photodiodes comprised of either arrayed vertical nanowires [47] or high contrast gratings (HCGs) [48], where each pixel in the spectrometer has a unique responsivity, tailored through control of the geometry. These three filter-free designs represent in some sense the ultimate miniaturization of spectrometers, as they consist of only one component. FADA and filter-free microspectrometers can often have transmission or responsivity spectra that are broadband and of a highly dispersive, but deterministic, form In this case a direct photoresponse read-out of each pixel or a simple Fourier transform cannot recover the incident spectrum. The responsivities of each pixel have as little cross-correlation as possible [53]
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