Unani System Of Medicine Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review of Quba and Its Correlation with Dermatophytosis

Background: In the Unani text, the disease described by the name Quba matches the conventional description of Dermatophytosis, commonly referred to as Tinea or Ringworm. Although there is a slight variation in the disease etiology and pathogenesis, the clinical picture and the individual manifestations are by and large the same. This review elaborates on the Unani description of dermatophytosis (Quba) and highlights the relationship between the two entities. Methods: This review article was compiled after surfing thoroughly the available classical Unani literature and published articles in reputed journals. Result: This article comprehensively analyses both Quba and dermatophytosis as per their etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management. Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection whereas Quba is identified to be caused by viscid humours (Ghaleez Ratubaat) and morbid matter (Fasid Mawaad). As per the Unani principles of treatment, the disease Quba is treated using purgatives of black bile (Mukhrij Sauda), resolvent (Muhallil), and moderator (Muaddil) drugs along with some physical modalities like Leeching (Irsale Alaq) and Venesection (Fas’d), which is entirely different from the conventional treatment modality which includes the fungistatic and fungicidal antifungal agents for systemic as well as topical use Conclusion: This article tries to elaborate on various aspects of the disease Quba and dermatophytosis and to establish a correlation between the two terms. It also puts forth a potential alternative to the conventional treatment of dermatophytosis (Quba), provided by the Unani system of medicine.

A Comprehensive Review on Applicability and Bioactivity of Rogan-I-Kunjad (Sesamum indicum L-Oil): Unani Prospective

Sesame oil has a long history of usage as a food and medicine. It is the most used oil as a medicine or as a base oil for preparations of many compound drugs in the Unani system of medicine. It has a wide range of biological activities as mentioned in Unani classical text; this review highlights its pharmacological activities and their possible mode of action. Searched many Unani classical literature online and offline and simultaneously did parallel search on databases like PubMed, and Science Direct, and extraction of data related to sesame oil, sesame seeds with its pharmacological activities, mode of action, then interpretation and summarization of all related data. Sesame oil possesses many biological activities like anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, analgesic, emollient, antipruritic, and wound healing effects, which were scientifically demonstrated as mentioned in Unani literature. Sesame oil has a hopeful effect on modulating diseases with no significant toxic effect; so, there is a need to identify its safety and efficacy on human subjects to develop a new potential drug.

A review of little-known medicinal plant Premna herbacea

Premna herbacea Roxb. (family- Lamiaceae) is well documented for its therapeutic potential in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani system of medicine. The species has been identified as a pyro herb based on its gross morphological features and fire regulated ecology as its likely survival strategy in habitats that experience repeated fires. The available knowledge on its ecology, phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties, which is limited in nature, was critically reviewed to provide evidence and justification to its ethno-medicinal claims and research prospects respectively.

Principles and Practices of Geriatric in the Unani System of Medicine

As the population ages, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and complex medical conditions will have profound implications for the future healthcare system. Soon the world will have more population of older people than children and more people at extremely old age than ever. Therefore, the importance of maintenance of health and well-being in older age is increased many folds to reduce dependency and disability. In today’s world research on health issues related to aging is being done and the need for Geriatric i.e., care of the aged is being addressed at national and global levels. In this scenario, the Unani system of medicine (USM) can do wonders if its regimes and lifestyle modifications that are explained under Tadābīr-i-mashāyikh (geriatric) are adopted. Geriatric is explained based on the concept of aging in USM. Aging is described based on the amount of rutūbat gharīziyya (innate moisture) and its ability to protect ḥarārat gharīziyya (innate heat). Literature related to this topic is collected from classical books of Unani medicines and their translations as well as modern medicine, journals, reports, etc. The aim of this paper is to highlight the approach of Unani physicians to geriatric. Keywords: Tadābīr-i-mashāyikh; Geriatric; Aging; Unani Medicine

Antioxidant Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Moringa oleifera Seeds Using DPPH Assay

Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) which grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, has long unani system of medicine with ayurvedic history. The seeds are known to possess high medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of M. oleifera seeds, extracted with different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. This research was carried out using different concentrations of methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/mL). Vitamin C was also used as standard antioxidant control. The percentage of inhibition and IC50 were measured. The results showed that the DPPH free radicals were scavenged by all seed extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the IC50 values for DPPH radicals with methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of the M. oleifera seeds were found to be 30.77, 44.77 and 45.04 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the IC50 value of all the extracts revealed very active antioxidant activity but lower than the standard vitamin C due to their IC50 values < 50 mg/mL. The order of activity for all the assay was methanol > ethyl acetate > n-hexane. The results suggested that methanol extract of M. oleifera seeds has the most active antioxidant activity.

An Overview on Vegetable Origin Drugs Used in Ayurveda, Included in the Schedule (E1) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945

The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 are the rules which Government of India framed under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940. The objective of the act is to regulate the quality, safety and efficacy of the drugs and cosmetics sold in India. Schedule (E1) of the rules enlist the poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic (including Siddha) and Unani Systems of Medicine. The present work is an overview on the vegetable origin poisonous drugs used in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Methods: A thorough evaluation of literature was done, including the relevant portions of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, authoritative text books of Ayurveda, published research papers in reputed journals. Results: Schedule (E1) is related to Rule 161(2) of The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945; which instructs that if an ASU medicine contain any one of the Schedule (E1) drug as an ingredient, its label must contain a caution note, warning the user that it should be taken only under medical supervision. 14 vegetable origin drugs are categorized under the list of poisonous substances in Ayurvedic system. All these drugs have promising therapeutic utility which was also proved by various researches. Even though included in Visha-Upavisha varga (group of poisonous substances), these drugs are not toxic as Ayurveda advocates the unique processing method of Shodhana (purification) before using them therapeutically. Effect of Shodhana (purification) was also proved by various researches. Conclusion: Ayurvedic medicine, containing Schedule (E1) drug as an ingredient should be sold and used only under valid prescription of a registered physician. They are to be manufactured only after proper Shodhana (purification) of the poisonous ingredient. Caution label should be there on the medicine bottle. Physicians must ensure judicious usage of these medicines by giving proper patient education regarding the dosage and duration of administration.

MASSAGE THERAPY- MASSAGE AND HEALTH

Ilaj bit tadbeer is one of the effective modes of treatment that has been described in Unani system of medicine, in classical text about sixty four different types of regimens like Hammam, Dalk, Riyazat, Fasd, etc. are described. Among them, massage is one of the famous regimens practiced all over the world since antiquity. Massage therapy is increasingly becoming an integral part of a growing number of peoples holistic health regimens. More and more medical doctors are prescribing massage therapy to treat a broad range of medical conditions. Unani scholars have provided a detailed description of the massage under the category of Dalk. It has an effect on both body and mind and is a system of stroking. A manual literature survey obtained from classical Unani texts such as Kulliyat Nafisi, Kulliyat-e-Qanun, Kitabul-Kulliyat, Al Qanoon-Fit-tib, Kamilus Sana, Canon of Medicine and online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science etc. The current review designed to give an overview on massage therapy that can provide several benefits to the body like improved blood flow, reduced muscle pressure, neurological excitability, and increased sense of well-being. Although scientific studies have successfully found many benefits of massage therapy, in recent years massage has gain international attention due to its wide range of effectiveness in management of different types of diseases.

Prevention and Control of Anaemia by Unani Intervention

Anaemia is still common in India, and its prevalence has increased across all age groups. The prevalence of anaemia has increased by 2–9% among infants, pregnant and non-pregnant women, and men, according to data from the National Family Health Survey 5 (NFHS-5)released on November 24, 2021. For over 2000 years, the Unani system of Medicine (USM) a unique and comprehensive medical system, has ruled in terms of theory and practise. Its beliefs and practises differ from western medicine and may not be completely associatedwith it, but they are still significant because they are well-considered, comprehensive, and advocate for a holistic approach to health care. The data was collected from 17 ancient Unani books, the Indian Pharmacopoeia of Unani, and other manuscripts. Unani systemrecommends specific diet and Unani drugs for the prevention and intervention of Anaemia.

Illustration of skin diseases in the Unani clinical research OPDs

These are the nine Figures taken in Unani research OPDs related to skin disease as Unani System of medicine has significant result in dermatology and cosmetics fields. Patients who had taken treatment from the specialist did not cure moved to Unani treatment. Here the purpose is only to present the cases of skin diseases with special peculiarities what met in the Unani Research Centre.

An illustration of clinical warts before and after treatment with the unani kit medicines in general OPD A case study

The Unani system of medicine is an ancient, rich, and comprehended system of medicine, with knowledge propounded in the course of complicated, chronic, and rare disease treatments. The aim of this study is to bring its effectiveness and safety outcomes to light. This is a case study based on a 9-year-old body, with complaints of a small growth on the little finger, which was cured with 100% effectiveness with the Unani kit medicine of Majoon Ushba and Habbe Musaffi khoon and sprinkling powder of Mazu (Quercus infectoria Oliv), Shibbe-yamani (Alum), and sandal wood powder. It creates a hypothesis to bring a clinical trial to a large scientific scale for better and more significant results.

Illustration of skin diseases in the unani clinical research OPDs

These are the nine images taken in Unani research OPDs related to skin disease as Unani System of medicine has significant result in skin and cosmetics fields. Patients who had taken treatment from the specialist did not cure moved to Unani treatment

Concept of dementia (Nisy ā n) in Unani system of medicine and scientific validation of an important Unani pharmacopoeial preparation 'Majoon Vaj' for its management: a review.

This review focused on the concept of dementia in the Unani system of medicine and comprehensive, updated information on Majoon Vaj about the phytochemistry, nootropic, CNS activities and provide insights into potential opportunities for future research. The classical literature on Majoon Vaj for its anti-dementic properties, and therapeutic uses were gathered from nearly thirteen classical Unani books including Unani Pharmacopoeia. The information of pharmacognosy, phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Majoon Vaj and its ingredient was collected by browsing the Internet (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley online library, Google Scholar, ResearchGate). The relevant primary sources were probed, analysed, and included in this review. The keywords used to browse were Majoon Vaj, Dementia, Nootropic, Acorus calamus, Piper nigram, Zingiber officinalis, Nigella sativa, Carum carvi, Plumbago zeylanica, and β-asarone. Relevant Sources were gathered up to July 2021, and the chemical structures were drawn using ACD/ChemSketch software. The species name and synonyms were checked with WFO (2021): World Flora online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) an updated version of 'The Plant List.' Majoon Vaj contains an excess of bioactive compounds e.g., alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes, coumarins, carbohydrates, and fixed oils and its ingredients possess broad pharmacological properties, including cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The literature of Unani medicine is quite rich in discussing the pathophysiological basis of memory disorders. It argues that memory, retention, and retrieval are regulated by a complex process involving various faculties. Majoon Vaj seems to have great potential for therapeutic applications in the treatment of dementia and thus encourage more preclinical and clinical trials in this field.

A REVIEW ON LEECH THERAPY (TA‘LIQ AL-‘ALAQ): HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN MODERN MEDICINE

The Unani system of medicine, rooted in the principle of balancing the body's humours, has long believed that imbalances in these humours lead to various illnesses. Restoring the equilibrium of humours is considered vital for promoting good health. Classical texts on Unani medicine delineate three distinct methods for treating diseases: pharmacotherapy, regimenal therapy, and surgery. Among regimenal therapies, leech therapy (Ta‘liq al-‘Alaq) has emerged as an exceptionally effective and distinctive method of bloodletting. By utilizing this traditional technique, leech therapy facilitates the evacuation of morbid humours from the body, addressing the underlying cause of ailments. Over time, leech therapy has transitioned from a traditional practice to gaining recognition as a valuable treatment modality in evidence-based medicine. The safety and efficacy of leech therapy have been supported by clinical reports and pharmacological experiments, demonstrating its potential in healing chronic wounds and managing various ailments. This study explores the historical perspective and potential applications of leech therapy in modern medicine.

“Perspective of Ischemic Heart Disease (Iqfari Marad-i-Qalb) with reference to Unani Medicine”

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) also known as coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. IHD is caused by obstruction of one or more coronary arteries. Among the various causes of obstruction atherosclerosis is the leading cause. Physical inactivity, smoking, saturated fat rich diet, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis which ultimately results in IHD. In this article we will discuss the disease in the light of Unani system of Medicine and how to manage it depending on the understood concepts Methods: A number of classical Unani textbooks were referred for description of various heart diseases and various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Research Gate were cited for recent advancements using the key words IHD, atherosclerosis, cardio-protective herbal drugs, etc. Conclusion: Owing to the irreversible damage due to IHD it is better to prevent myocardium damage by minimising the risk factors at its earliest. In Unani system of medicine many cardio-protective drugs have been described which when combined with lifestyle modification can play vital role in keeping cardiac diseases at bay. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 475-481

Humma-e-Yaum (Ephemeral Fever): A Unique Concept of Humma (Fever) in the Unani System of Medicine

Humma-e-Yaum (Ephemeral Fever): A Unique Concept of Humma (Fever) in the Unani System of Medicine

Therapeutic Potential and Traditional Values of Frequently used medicinal plant Berberis aristata DC. (Rasaut): A Comprehensive Review

Berberis aristata DC. (Rasaut) is a frequently used herbal drug in Unani and other traditional system of medicine. It is an erect spinous and deciduous evergreen shrub belonging to the family Berberidaceae. It contains mainly berberine alkaloids which is well known for isoquinoline, that is commonly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also used as an antibiotic agent. In Unani System of Medicine (USM) it is externally used in hot temperament inflammations, Otorrhea, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis and many of eye diseases viz Stye, Blepharitis, Epiphora, eyes itching etc. while internally used in bleeding piles, intestinal ulcers, various skin diseases alone and with other blood purifier drugs, ophthalmia, melasma, paronychia, hemorrhage, herpes, eczema, hemoptysis, splenomegaly, diarrhea, malaria, intestinal ulcers, diphtheria, dysentery, chronic leucorrhea, pruritus ani, anal fissures, menorrhagia and jaundice. Different type of active phytoconstituents have also been evaluated from Rasaut which includes alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, steroids, E-caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, carbohydrate, volatile oils, fixed oils and fats. The present work is based on search available about review and analysis of related articles published in various reputed journals using the phrases “Rasaut or Berberis aristata”, “Rasaut and Unani Medicine” “Rasaut research paper”, and “Rasaut used in traditional medicine” in electronic searches of the Google Scholar advanced search, PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Web of Science and AYUSH Research Portal etc.In this review, it is tried to compiled all the available information till date from both Unani and other published scientific papers and textbooks regarding the therapeutic properties, pharmacological activities and traditional values of Berberis aristata, which will be fruitful for researchers to design further in vitro and in vivo scientific studies to explore the more medicinal values along with biomolecules of Berberis aristata DC.

A Comprehensive Review on Carum Carvi Linn: Botany, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Aspects

Traditional medicine serves as the foundation of primary healthcare since it is socially and culturally acceptable, works better with the human body, and has fewer adverse effects. Due to its numerous therapeutic characteristics, carum carvi, a well-known culinary spice, is a significant medicinal herb in the Unani system of medicine (USM). Carum carvi is known for its diuretic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer properties, among other things. The pharmacological, phytochemical, and therapeutic characteristics of Carum carvi Lin are examined in this study. Caraway fruits contain phenolic acids (caffeic acids), flavonoids, protein (20%), glucose (15%), fatty acids (10-18%), petroselinic, linoleic, and oleic acids, as well as essential oil (3-7%). (quercetin, kaempferol) Caraway seeds contain essential oils, and caraway aqueous extract contained tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Due of the drug's broad therapeutic potential, many of the pharmacological activities listed in unani medicine have been verified, while others still require more study.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF BILIOUS DISEASES: AN OVERVIEW

Human being has always been suffering from diseases. Before the beginning of Ṭibb (medicine) (300Bc), superstitions were considered as the cause of disease. Therefore, Gods and Goddesses were worshipped to cure disease and regain health. Since the existence of medicine, the material is considered a cause of disease. Accordingly, treatment shifted towards the material. In 500 BC Buqrat (Hippocrates) started the discussion of health. He established the views of structure, composition, properties and functions, health and disease in respect of the human body. So, the goal of Greek medicine is to protect health to the possible extent and cure disease. Hippocrates proposed the concept of AkhlāṭArbaa (four humours/four fluid) these are Khilṭ-i- Dam (sanguineous humour), Khilṭ-i-Balgham (phlegmatic humour), Khilṭ-i-Ṣafrā (choleric humour) and Khilṭ-i-Sawdāʼ (melancholic humour). He also proposed that the harmonious state of four humours is responsible for health. And, disharmony results in disease. Every humour is attributed to specific qualities, characteristics and some specific and general functions. But the main function of these Akhlāṭ (humours) is to provide nutrition and replenishment of every organ of the body according to their temperament. Choleric humour is synonymously called yellow bile or bilious humour. Yellow bile is one of the four humours, responsible for health and disease. In abnormal state yellow bile can produce a number of diseases called bilious diseases. In U.S.M. (Unani System of Medicine) bilious diseases are discussed under the heading of Sū-i-MizājMāddῑ (morbid temperament associated with substance). In this paper, a brief explanation of yellow bile along with it relates is given. Pathophysiology of bilious diseases is given in detail.

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ZIGHTUDDAM QAWI (HYPERTENSION) IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

In Unani System of Medicine, the concept of Zightuddam Qawi (Hypertension) is described under the heading of Imtila (Congestion of fluid in the body) by many Unani physicians. Hypertension is basically a disease of blood vessels in which vessels have elevated pressure. The possible causes of this disease mentioned in Unani system of medicine are Sue Mizaj Damvi (abnormal sanguineous temperament), Sauda-e-Muhatriqa (burnt melanin) and Mizaj Haar Yabis (hot and dry temperament). In modern medicine, Hypertension is enlisted in the category of lifestyle disorders. The factors which predispose Hypertension include obesity, excessive salt intake, alcohol and smoking etc. In the view of Unani medicine, the non-pharmacological management of Hypertension can be achieved by Ilaj-bil-Ghiza (Dietotherapy) and Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer (Regimenal Therapy). The therapies which can be beneficial in the Hypertension are Fasd (Venesection), Hijamah (Cupping), Riyazat (Exercise), Dalak (Massage) and Hammam (Turkish bath/ Steam bath).

Prophylactic aspects and therapeutic potential of Turbud (Operculina turpethum L) in Unani medicine: An evidence-based appraisal

Abstract 
 Turbud (Operculina turpethum L.) belongs to the family Convolvulaceae, a potent and well-known medicinal herb, used in Unani system of medicine to treat several diseases. It is a large perennial twinner with milky juice. Roots are long, slender, fleshy, and much branched. In classical text it is mentioned that the Turbud which is white in colour, light weighted and having resin on both ends is of good quality. In Unani system of medicine, its main actions are expectorant and laxative and used in several diseases like arthritis, ascites, gout, hemiplegia etc. According to Ibn Sina use of Turbud along with zanjabeel is more effective. It has been used as an important component in many compound formulations such as Itrifal Ustu-khud’dus, Itrifal Zamani, Itrifal Muqil, Itrifal Mulaiyyin. The major chemical constituents present are turpethin, glucoside, jalapine, convolvulin etc. Operculina turpethum L. is validated for its different pharmacological actions like anti-inflammatory effect, and ulcer protective etc. The present review comprehensively embodied its phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacognostic description.