Unani System Of Medicine Research Articles

Gaozaban (Borago officinalis L.): A review of its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities

Since ancient times the plant species are used for the therapeutic intervention. Due to its fewer side effects properties, hence it is preferred herbal therapies nowadays. A well-known Unani drug Gaozaban (Borago officinalis L.) of the family Boraginaceae described in the Unani System of Medicine with various therapeutic properties as exhilarant, expectorant, laxative, resolvent, diuretic, lithotriptic and tonic for principal organs of the body like the brain, heart and liver. Due to these properties, it is used in the treatment of Cardiac weakness, Palpitation, Anxiety, Melancholia, Schizophrenia, Catarrh, Cough, Asthma, renal calculi and healing of wounds etc. Mostly its leaves and flowers are used. Gaozaban is used as an important ingredient in many Unani compound formulations like Khamira Gaozaban, Khamira Abresham, Dawaul Misk, Mufarreh Barid, Sharbat Deenar, Arq Gaozaban etc. It is reported that it has multiple pharmacological activities such as antidepressant, anxiolytic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial, antifungal, antiaging, anti-asthmatic, anticancer, wound healing activity and as a memory booster. These pharmacological activities are due to the presence of a number of phytochemicals such as saponin, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinone, glycosides, phenolic compounds and gums. The aim of this review is to update comprehensive scientific information on pharmacological activities and traditional medicinal uses of Gaozaban to provide an insight to further research on its therapeutic potential.

Rare presentation of Ulcerative Lichen Planus (Bars-e-Aswad Quroohi) – A Case Study

Introduction: Lichen planus is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. It appears as pruritic, violaceous papules and plaques most found on the wrists, lower back, and ankles. This paper presents the case of 32 years old married female patient, who came to the National Institute of Unani Medicine OPD Bengaluru. Clinical presentation: Her chief complaints were severe pain, itching, and ulcerated lesions on the dorsal and plantar aspects of feet with loss of all the toenails for eight years. The lesions appeared as erythematous papules on dorsal surface of both big toes of feet and spread to the plantar aspect. Initially, lesions were violaceous, scaly and dry. Later, painful fissures developed with oozing of blood. As disease progresses, nails of feet are involved leading to anonychia. Diagnosis: The patient was diagnosed clinically as ulcerative lichen planus resembled to Bars-e-Aswad Qroohi in the Unani system of medicine. Interventions: The patient was treated with Joshanda Munzij Sauda (decoction) and Majoon Ushba (compound formulation) orally and Marham Asfeedaj for local application after foot bath from Safoofe Zaj. Outcome: Assessment of efficacy was done by physician global assessment (PGA) scales in three parameters (pruritus, pain, and fissure) before and after treatment. Conclusion: This Unani formulation effectively improves pruritus, pain, scaling, and fissures in Ulcerative lichen planus and may be considered for complimentary management of ULP.

Assessment of relative Salty taste of Unani drugs by serial dilution method and its relation with Mizaj and Pharmacological action

Introduction: Mizaj-e-Advia (Temperament of drug) is the central concept for drug action in traditional Unani medicine. Mizaj-e- Advia is determined by different methods, of them Qiyas (Analogy) and Tajriba (Experimentation) are the conventional one. Tajriba is applied to confirm the Mizaj-e-Advia of drugs and Qiyas is undertaken by comparison of different physico-chemical properties of drug substances with a known comparator drug. Organoleptic characters i.e.colour, taste, smell, weight, texture, etc., are the most important determinants to predict Mizaj-e- Advia in humans. Taste is considered as one of the strongest determinant in assessment of Mizaj-e- Advia. Since, they are very subjective indicators, so there is a need to assess them with an objective technique. The present study attempted to evaluate the relative saltiness of drugs with salty taste. Methodology: The taste of different salty drugs in relation to standard as prescribed in Unani system of Medicine i.e., Namak Ta’am (Sodium chloride, NaCl) was assessed by serial dilution method. The value has been expressed as a ratio with respect to NaCl. The Darjate- Mizaj (grades of temperament) of various salt tasting drugs was recorded from classical Unani literature and their correlation coefficient was calculated. Results: A positive moderate correlation was observed between the Darjat-e-Mizaj and the saltiness values of various drugs of salt taste. The observation from the data employed that there was variation in salt detection limit among various salt tasting drugs. Naushadar (Ammonium Chloride) was observed to have greater tendency to retain its saltiness value, and Namak-e-Sanbhar (Impure Sodium Chloride) was observed to have least saltiness value among the various salt tasting drugs. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 163-170

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan Yew): A Medicinal Plant Exhibiting Antibacterial Properties.

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. or the Himalayan yew is a gymnosperm growing along the Himalayan region of India and adjacent countries. Traditionally, this plant was extensively used by indigenous people for folk medicines for treating various diseases such as fever, headache, diarrhoea, fractures, problems of the nervous system etc. It is also practiced in the Unani system of medicine. The plant is rich in various bio-organic compounds and natural products, such as hydrocarbons, glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, terpenoids etc. In this research work, an effort has been made to highlight the valuable properties of T. wallichiana. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the secondary metabolites (flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids) and antibacterial potential of methanol extracts and the subsequent fractions of the leaves and fruit of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. In order to rationalise traditional use, methanol extracts from the leaves and fruit of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. were tested against five bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin was used as a standard. All extracts and fractions displayed significant anti-microbial effects. Taxus wallichiana leaves and fruit methanolic extracts showed a maximum zone of inhibition with Bacillus subtilis, which is 18±0.0mm, and Staphylococcus aureus, 19±0.2mm. The methanolic extracts of the leaves of Taxus wallichiana tested positive for glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, tannins and terpenoids, whereas the T. wallichiana fruit tested positive for flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. According to the research findings, it was identified that the methanol extract of Taxus wallichiana exhibited quite high anti-microbial activity as well as secondary metabolites, and with this quality, together with lots of its other values, this plant can very well become a source of medicine for the better management of a large number of diseases, including cancer, and value-added products.

Unravelling the significance of immunity in disease prevention and health promotion within the Unani system of medicine

Unravelling the significance of immunity in disease prevention and health promotion within the Unani system of medicine

Study of effect of beetroot juice in muscle damage recovery during anaerobic exercise with reference to unani system of medicine

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of beetroot juice in muscle damage recovery during anaerobic exercise in unani medicine because unani medicine claims that beetroot juice is Muhalil-e-waram and the term Muhalil-e-waram means to reduce the inflammation and to reduce the swelling. And according to modern science, beetroot juice is antioxidant and anti- inflammatory food because it has a high NO3- content. NO3- can be reduced to nitrite via bacteria in oral cavity and by special enzymes (Ex-Xanthine oxide) within tissues.There are several pathways to metabolize nitrite to Nitric oxide (NO) and other biological active nitrogen oxide. NO is signaling molecule formed in the endothelium by the enzyme endothelium NO synthase which triggers the vasculature to relax (vasodilatation) by interacting with vascular smooth muscle leading to increase blood flow. NO facilitates increased blood flow at rest and during exercise and hence it reduces inflammation and helps in improving muscle damage recovery in short time duration.

A Review of Kahu (Lactuca sativa Linn.): An Important Drug of Unani System of Medicine

Kahu Lactuca sativa Linn. is a botanical origin drug of Unani system of medicine that is reported to be useful in various hot temperament disorders Amrad Mizaj-i-Haarsquor due to its cold temperament. Because of the presence of sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds it functions as an anesthetic sedative hypnotic and anti-inflammatory. The goal of this study was to determine the morphological ethnomedicinal physicochemical and pharmacological qualities of Lactuca sativa Linn. in the treatment of a variety of diseases. The bibliographic databases PubMed Google Scholar Science Direct and Scopus were used to conduct a review of literature on Kahu. Lactuca sativa Linn. Kahu and Lettuce were among the keywords used to search the related information. Lactuca sativa Linn. has been used in single as well as in compound dosage forms for the treatment of different types of diseases. Traditional medicine practitioners have been using it since ancient times. Unani scholars claim that lettuce and its oil are beneficial in the treatment of insomnia pain and early stages of inflammation. Some clinical trials also point to the possibility of such an effect although more detailed and extensive research is needed to affirm such a claim.

Tukhme Alsi (Linum Usitatissimum) Linn: An Important Drug of Unani Medicine

Due to its cultural acceptance, superior compatibility with the human body, and less side effects, traditional medicine serves as the source of primary healthcare. Tukhme Alsi is an important medicinal plant in the Unani system of medicine (USM) due to its multiple therapeutic properties. In Unani system of medicine, it is either used as a single drug or as an ingredient in many Unani formulations which are used in the treatment of various ailments of the body. The review has been reviewed, compiled, and analyzed using references from major databases like classical text and indexed journals. The plant is known to treat different systemic ailments due to the presence of 30‐40% of fixed oil, 6% of Mucilage 25% of protein and small quantities of the cyanogenetic glucosides linaamarin and lotaustralin. In USM, the pharmacological actions of Tukhme Alsi are Habis-i-Dam (Hemostyptic), Mudirr-i-Bawl (Diuretic), Mudirr-i-Laban (Galactogogue), Mudirr-i-Hayd (Emmenogogue), Mu‘arriq (Diaphoretic), Maqawwi-e-Bah (Aphrodisiac), Mufattit-i-Hasah (Lithotropic)12,14 Musakkin-i-Alam (Analgesic) etc. Many pharmacological activities mentioned in Unani medicine are validated and many activities need further exploration due to the immense therapeutic scope in this drug Keywords: Unani System of Medicine, Tukhme Alsi, Formulations, Medicinal Plant

Botanical Identification of Ayush - Ayurveda and Unani Drugs and its Relevance in Quality Control

India has an age-old tradition of plant based health-care in the form of Ayush-Ayurveda, and Unani Systems of medicine. Nearly eighty percent of the formulations under these systems are plant based. Almost ninety percent of the raw materials of medicinal plants used by the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU) manufacturing units are sourced from the natural resources. Correct identification of a plant species is the most critical task, which demands application of knowledge and skill. The events of misidentification of the plant species, involuntary use of totally dissimilar species or by closely related inferior quality species can deter the therapeutic values and efficacy of the botanical drugs. Historically, the physician or the traditional healer was known to manage the whole supply chain, right from collection of herbs up to the preparation and dispensing of the medicine. The supply chain of crude drugs obtained from the medicinal plants has, however, become a multi-stakeholders activity, often lacks the botanical expertise to provide adequate documentation of the identification of plant materials whether wild-harvested or cultivated. The importance and different needs of plant collectors (WHO and NMPB guidelines) and manufacturers in regard to authentic botanical identification and its role in quality considerations; Quality Assurance (QA) are outlined and discussed. This review places emphasis on the importance of botanical identification, nomenclature, including its historical development and botany as a basic established discipline for valid identification of the plant origin drugs used in pharmacognostical research and quality control of the plant product.

ADMET-Evaluation, Pharmacokinetics, Drug-likeness and Medicinal Chemistry of GCMS Identified Bioactive Compounds of Moringa oleifera Natural-Ripened-Dried Methanolic Pod Extract (MOMPE) as a Potential Source of Natural Drug Frontrunner for Next Generation

Over centuries, Moringa oleifera has been used as an integral part of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine, besides this miracle tree has a wide range of nutritional and bioactive compounds, including proteins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and others. The miracle tree is endowed with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activities. However, deeper dimensions of authentic data on plant based natural products in relation to drug discovery, pharmacokinetics properties of biomolecules is far lacking. ADMET prospecting is eventually expected to contribute to success of MO based lead candidates in drug design, development program besides saving time and money. This study is the first of its kind reporting summative ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicology) properties of all bioactive compounds Moringa oleifera methanolic pod extract (MOMPE) as a potential source of natural drug lead using Swiss ADME. A total of 12 compounds namely - 7-Octadecyne, 2-methyl- (C19H36); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, me (C23H38O2); Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)- (C10H20O); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); Palmitic acid vinyl ester (C18H34O2); .γ.-Tocopherol (C28H48O2); Vitamin E (C29H50O2); Cholesta-7,9(11)-dien-3-ol, 4,4-dim (C29H48O); γ.-Sitosterol (C29H50O); Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol, (3.β.,24Z)- (C29H48O). Most of the MOPBNPs are non-substrate for both P-gp (P-glycoprotein) and CYP (Cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes). All the compounds were evaluated for properties viz., GI absorption, BBB permeant, Pgp substrate, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 inhibitors, Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, Muegge, rule and Bioavailability Score to provide baseline information on PBNPs in MONRD pod.
 Keywords: PBNPs; NGDDT; ADMET; Moringa oleifera; Secondary Metabolites MONRD pod

A REVIEW ON ḤARĀRAT-E-GHARĪZIYYA (INNATE HEAT): A KEY CONCEPT IN THE UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

The Unani system of medicine is based on certain fundamental principles and concepts. One such concept is Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya which is known as innate heat. According to Jalinoos and Razi, innate heat is an elemental heat that is produced by the Unsur-i-istihala (metabolism) of the human body. Ibn Sina considered it heavenly heat, which is gifted by God. According to Allama Ghilani, in human beings, the intermixing of elements results in the production of heat. As long as this heat remains in moderation, it is known as Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya. It is the body’s natural heat generated from blood, which is a substance of Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya. It requires rooh, which is produced from external air during respiration and is preserved by rutubat ghareeziyyah. It acts as a tool (machine) for tabiyat, which is considered the ultimate power in regulating and maintaining the functions performed by all organs of the body through various quwa (faculties). It is essential for the normal functioning of organs with respect to temperament and structure and for the maintenance of life in the body. Any morbidity or excess immoderation in Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya or its constituents causes illness and disease. Hence, its extinction means the extinction of life, i.e., the death of a person. This paper aims to explain the concept and importance of Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya for maintenance of health and the factors which affect and corrupt it; evaluated as well.

Bombyx mori Cocoon (Abresham): A potent Unani drug

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a highly domesticated and economically important insect which is the primary producer of silk. Apart from silk production by Bombyx mori had a lot of applications in biological and scientific research. The silk cocoon in Unani medicine is popularly known as Abresham Muqriz (muqriz mean’s cut). It is one of the most common animal origin drug used in Unani system of medicine (USM) for various diseases. Silk cocoons are extensively used as an ingredient of various Unani formulations. It is a natural fiber produced by silk worm and silk derived from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae), is widely exploited.

The efficacy of prolonged gentle massage with herbal oil versus dry cupping in nonspecific neck pain - a randomized controlled clinical trial

Dalk Layyin Kathīr (prolonged gentle massage) with Roghan Gul-i Ākh (herbal oil containing Calotropis procera as the chief ingredient) is a potent intervention for nonspecific neck pain in the Unani system of medicine, but scientific evidence is lacking. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of Dalk Layyin Kathīr with Roghan Gul-i Ākh versus Hijama bila Shart (dry cupping) in participants of nonspecific neck pain. This open-label randomized control trial was carried out on 40 eligible participants with nonspecific neck pain after obtaining written informed consent. In the massage group, Dalk Layyin Kathir with Roghan Gul-i Ākh was applied for 15–20 min on the neck region, while the Hijama group received dry cupping on the neck region for 8–12 min every fourth day for 21 days. The primary outcome measure was the change in neck disability index (NDI), and the secondary outcome measure was the change in neck pain severity measured on a 10-point customised visual analogue scale (VAS). The observed mean difference of NDI and VAS between both groups was -0.80 (95% CI: -3.10, 1.50, p = 0.485, Cohen's d = 0.22) and -0.10 (95% CI: -0.78, 0.58, p = 0.769, Cohen's d = 0.09) after completion of the protocol therapy, respectively. The study inferred that Dalk Layyin Kathir (prolonged gentle massage) with Roghan Gul-i Ᾱkh and Hijama bila Shart (dry cupping) have comparable efficacy and safety in reducing the non-specific neck pain.

Phlegmatic diseases: A review

Unani system of medicine is based on the doctrine of humoral theory. According to this concept, each individual has a unique humoral composition, consisting of a mixture of all four humours with an ascendance of one of them, which functions as the representative of all humours in the body, and is referred to as having a sanguine, phlegmatic, choloric, and melancholic temperament. Phlegm is regarded as the best after humour blood because, in the absence of blood, balgham transforms into blood and is replenishing the organs. Phlegm has a cold-moist disposition and might be normal or pathological. Normal phlegm tastes sweet. According to Galen, regular sweet phlegm does not have a particular reservoir. Because it is remarkably similar to blood and is required for every organ in the body, hence transported in the blood. When the demeanor and taste of phlegm alter, it becomes aberrant and causes a variety of ailments. The etiology, pathological alteration, appearances, and symptoms of aberrant phlegm have been reported by ancient Unani physicians. The study attempts to build a knowledge of abnormal phlegm and its accompanying diseases based on the description found in the Unani literature.

A molecular reinterpretation of Khilt-e-Balgham (Phlegm): A review of literature

The concept of four humours (Akhlat-e-Arba) in the Unani system of medicine is the premise of the concept of health and disease. This paper deals with elaborating the concept of Balgham (Phlegm), which is one of the four humours described in Unani literature. We argue that the structure of the molecule/chemical species cannot be used in the Akhlat-e-Arba, instead the physiological roles of the molecules will decide whether the molecule/chemical species is to be placed in a particular khilt (humour). This review is presented with a noteworthy insight into Unani concepts and a thorough study of classical Unani literature by Ibn Sina (10th century), Zakaria Razi (9th century), Ibn Rushd (12th century), Ibn al-Nafees (13th century), Ali Ibn Abbas Majusi (10th century), and Ismail Jurjani (11th century), and comparative detailed study of modern concepts of humours from literature databases, as well as Google, recent researches, and review articles of about 10 years. Our arguments in this paper are primarily in context of Khilt-e-Balgham.

MANAGEMENT OF HERPES ZOSTER (NAMLA) THROUGH UNANI MEDICINE: A CASE REPORT

Background and Aim: Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and is pain full infection prevalent worldwide. The inappropriate and delayed treatment causes prolongation of the disease with debilitating symptoms and postherpetic neuralgia. Combination therapy has shown a reduction in pain, burning, and arrest of the progression of the disease which was cost-effective and easy to apply. In the Unani system of medicine, herpes can be correlated with Namla or Sa’iya. Material And Method: A 60-year-old male patient, approached the outpatient department of the National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorder (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, with complaints of severe burning, itching, pain, blisters of the skin, and fever for 3 days. The examination of the skin revealed a herpes zoster (Namla). The patient was treated with the Unani compound formulations; Marham Safed Kafoori (topical) over infected skin, Habb-i-Asgandh 2 Tablet, Sharbat-e-Unnab 20 ml, Ma’jun Chobchini 5gm two times daily for 6 weeks. A rapid decrease in pain was observed after 7 days of treatment according to Zoster Specific Brief Pain Inventory (ZBPI) Questionnaire. Result: Lesions of Herpes Zoster were found completely crusted and healed within 6 weeks. Conclusion: Repeated topical application and oral administration of compound formulations gave complete relief. So, Unani medicine has potential efficacy in healing herpes zoster.

Pharmacological Study on Ipomoea carnea - A Review

The genus Ipomea contains a wide variety of species that can be found growing along road side in wastelands and along canals. Ipomoea carnea is a plant that grows up to 600 centimetres tall and is straight, woody, bushy and slightly cylindrical in shape with a greenish tint. It is also known as Besharm or bush morning glory, the stem of the Ipomoea carnea plant has different leaves. This plant is utilised as a folk medicine in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani system of medicine and literature suggest that Ipomoea carnea may have anti-oxidant, immunostimulant, anticancer, hepatoprotective and various other pharmacological activity. T2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2-(12-pentadecynyloxy) tetrahydro2H-pyran, 3-furanyl[2-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methyl-2-methylpropyl-cyclopentyl] methanone, 2,2-dideuterooctadecanal, hexadecanoic acid, Linoleic acid are chemical components of Ipomoea carnea. After conducting a thorough examination of the literature. Ipomea Carnea has been shown to be a safe, cost-effective, and potentially therapeutic herb for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Integrating its active components or extracts or fractions in suitable drug delivery system can be used to investigate its therapeutic potential. Keywords: Ipomoea carnea, Chemical Analysis, Pharmacological studies, Pharmacological studies

PHARMACEUTICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SARIVADI VATI: AN HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION FOR KARNA ROGA

Shir (head) is known as “Uttamanga” (Best organ) because many specialized sense organs are located. Karna (Ear) is an organ that is termed as “Srotindrya” as it is a specialized organ does work of Sravana (hearing). Pain and severe loss of hearing are found in most ear diseases. Abnormal sounds such as ringing or buzzing in one or both ears that may be regular or irregular may or may not be associated with hearing loss, especially in older adults. This disease is called ‘Karnanada’ and ‘Karnasweda’ in Ayurveda and ‘Taneen wa Dawi’ in the Unani system of medicine. Karnanada (tinnitus) is a disease mentioned under Karnarogas by various Ayurvedic Acharyas (scholars). Karnanada is the commonest Karna (ear) disease, affecting all age groups, especially elder patients. According to Acharya Charaka and Madhava, Karna is one of the Adhisthana of Vata Dosha, and Karnanada is a Vataj Nanatmaja Vyadhi. Sarivadi vati is the herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Bhaishjya Ratnawali in the management of Karnaroga. It was prepared by the classical method mentioned in Bhaisjya Ratnawali, and excipients were added as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. Pharmaceutical analysis of Vati (tablet) preparation was done according to the API and Protocol of drug testing of PLIM. The Pharmaceutical analysis of the tablet shows that it was light brown in colour and average wt. = 567.2 mg, LOD = 2.53, DT=20-21 min, AV=13.44, AIA= 1.91, WSE= 9.52, & ASE=3.54. The formulation is safe for use, as heavy metals were below the acceptable limit and free from any pathogenic microbes.

Study on Clinical Assessment of Central Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers, and its Relation to Clinical Phenotyping

The Unani system of Medicine is a holistic system of medicine and does not confine to molecular approach but refers to knowledge as a total recognition of the person and stresses on health of body, mind and soul. Unani medicine states that disease is a natural process and that symptoms are the reactions of the body to disease. The individual humoural balance is influenced by lifestyle factors. It employs the humoral theory which presupposes the presence of four akhlaat (humours) in the body – dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (yellow bile) and sauda (black bile). The Unani philosophy has 4 humours under clinical phenotyping such as Sanguine (Damavi), Phlegmatic (Balghami), Bilious (Safravi) and Melancholic (Saudavi). The 400 Healthy volunteers with 100 each from four different temperaments (balghami, saudavi, safravi, damavi) were selected.The present study validates some of the Unani concepts of humours or temperament with central hemodynamic parameters or Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA). A specially designed case record form as per the Unani classical text was designed for assessment of humours and the information obtained were recorded from healthy volunteers as subjects and determination of central hemodynamic parameters was performed by SphygmoCor technology (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). The temperament of the present study showed that the Pulse Wave Analysis in healthy volunteers although showed the results in physiological range but the analysis in safravi (bilious) subjects is found to be significant when compared to other clinical phenotypes.

Phytochemicaland pharmacological properties of Curcuma longa Linn

Turmeric is the rhizomatous, herbaceous, perineal plant having many traditional and medicinal uses. Traditionally turmeric was used for spices in food and traditional system of medicine as like Ayurvedic system of medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Unani system of medicine, Chinese System of medicine for the purpose of anti-microbial, antiseptic, anti-oxidant and in mild digestive problems.Turmeric consists wide variety of phytochemicals such as Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), Bis-Demethoxycurcumin (BDMC), Zingiberene, cumarin, cumarinol, turmerin, turmerone, turmironol, and other many components. Among them DMC & BDMC are responsible for yellow colour of turmeric. For the medicinal use, extraction is done by steam distillation, soxhlation, ultrasonic assisted extraction, enzymatic extraction, microwave assisted extraction. Thus, extracted components are separated and purified and use according to their pharmacological activities like anti-septic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic etc.