Unani Medicine Research Articles

Effects of Biofertilizers in Improving the Growth and Development of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Aloe vera L. (Aloe barbadensis Miller)

Abstract: Aloe vera L. (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a very common water deficit-resistant plant which has immense medicinal properties. It is a fleshy plant belonging to the Liliaceae family. Aloe barbadensis has enormous medicinal value. According to historical records, it has been used in folk and traditional medicine in different parts and regions of the world for ages. Aloe vera is widely used in Ayurvedacharya and Unani medicine. The plant is a rich source of potent medicinal phytocomponents, each with pronounced medicinal properties. Primarily, Aloe gel is considered one of Mother Nature’s magical formulations for treating and curing various health ailments, including skin diseases, hair fall, indigestion, inflammation, and many others. Studies revealed that the use of biofertilizers significantly improves the growth and development of the Aloe plant. The quality and quantity of the constituents of Aloe vera gel are also reported to improve significantly with the use of biofertilizers. Biofertilizers, when used alone or in combination, are reported to influence the length, width, biomass, and phytoconstituents of the leaves of the plant. Biofertilizers, which are environment friendly and more effective on Aloe, can thus be considered a better substitute for other fertilizers for boosting the qualitative and quantitative yield of the magical medicinal plant, Aloe barbadensis.

The Perspective of Unani Medicine in Understanding Melasma – A Review

Abstract: Melasma, a prevalent hyperpigmentation skin disorder, poses significant challenges in dermatology clinics. Despite its global impact, conventional treatment options often entail potential side effects and limitations, necessitating the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. : This narrative review aims to advance the understanding of melasma from the perspective of Unani medicine, an ancient healing system recognized by the World Health Organization. It seeks to explore potential therapeutic avenues within the Unani medical paradigm by synergizing ancient wisdom with contemporary perspectives. : The review delves into the Unani scholars' understanding of melasma, known as Kalaf, drawing from the wisdom of renowned scholars. Their insights into the multifactorial etiology of melasma, including pathogenesis, treatment approach, and recommended prescriptions, are discussed. : The descriptions of melasma by Unani scholars have documented the etiopathogenesis, risk factors, and management in detail and emphasize personalized interventions based on the pathological concepts of Unani medicine. Moreover, some of these interventions were also investigated in recent clinical trials and found to have comparable efficacy with standard treatment options. : This review fosters the understanding of the pathogenesis of melasma according to Unani concepts and a holistic approach to the management of melasma, drawing from the timeless legacy of the Unani system of medicine. This review may serve as a reference point for future research, enabling the planning of subsequent studies on this disease with a comprehensive understanding of the previous investigations conducted in this field.

Inter-Rater Judgement analysis for Item Selection in the Development of the Questionnaire to Determine Mizaij-i-Insani

Background and objective Mizajis one of the basic concepts of the Unani system of medicine upon which diagnosis and line of treatment of disease are based. According to Unani medicine, each person has uniquely Mizāj recognized by physiological, psychological, and therapeutic features. Mizāj plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well. Unani scholars describe several parameters for Mizaj assessment. Some relate to the structure, and others to the functions. Due to the lack of scientific validation, no standard method or tool is available to determineMizāj in conducting research and in medical practice. The objective of the present study is to develop a practical tool in the form of a questionnaire for the determination of individual Mizāj on the human body, so based on a thorough literature scan about Mizaj, items of the questionnaire were framed, and the inter-rater judgment analysis was carried out to validate the items.
 Methods Survey of available literature, especially classical Unani books, journals, theses, dissertations, etc.
 Results The result was evolved based on the questionnaire for assessing Mizāj-i-insani. The questionnaire was evaluated by ten experts in Unani medicine, and their marks were set; the data analysis showed significant agreement in selecting one of the items in respect of the determination of Mizāj-i-insani.
 Conclusion: The questionnaire formulated based on available literature in Unani medicine consists of items for which there was substantial agreement between the experts for item validation.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 429-437

A Comprehensive Review of Tamaric gallica Linn.: A Herbal Haemostat with special reference in Unani Medicine

Background and aim: Tamarix gallica L. is commonly known as “Jhau”. These deciduous, herbaceous, twiggy shrub or small tree reaching up to about 5 meters high and mainly found in the salty regions and is found between interdunal areas of the desert. It has enormous potential and having a broad spectrum of activity on a variety of illnesses such as leukoderma, eye diseases, teeth disorder, any type of hemorrhage, spleen disorders etc. This review aims to compile maximum information available, regarding its various traditional uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities to enrich our knowledge about this plant.
 Materials and methods: A manual literature survey of classical Unani texts such as Khazā’in al-Adwiya, Tanqīh-al-Mufradāt, Bustān-al- Mufradāt, Muḥīṭ-i-A‘ẓam and online literature survey from Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, science direct was conducted to collect the information available on the plant Tamarix gallica. 
 Result and discussion: The findings of the literature survey on the basis of previous phytochemical analyses of this plant revealed the presence of a number of components, some of which are tannin, tannic acid, tamarixin, significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidants like carotenoids and essential oils which are extracted from various parts of the plants. Its reported pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic activity and hepatoprotective activities.
 Keywords: Tamarix gallica, phytochemical analyses, tannin, antioxidant, pharmacological activities, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiproliferative, antibacterial.

Ghafis (Agrimonia eupatoria): An In-depth Review of its Historical Context, Therapeutic properties, Ethnopharmacological applications, and Scientific research

Agrimonia eupatoria, commonly known as Ghafis, holds a significant role in traditional herbal medicine across different regions. This perennial plant, part of the Rosaceae family, has been used in Unani medicine for its various healing properties since ancient times. Ghafis is known for its abilities as a demulcent, stomachic, blood purifier, diuretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, and astringent agent. Traditionally, it has been employed to treat liver and spleen inflammation, fevers, ulcers, jaundice, wounds, and gastrointestinal disorders. Ethnopharmacological practices have also recognized its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and diuretic effects. Recent scientific studies have further explored its potential in managing diabetes, neuropathic pain, oxidative stress-related disorders, and protecting the liver. This review aims to provide an overview of Ghafis, covering its description, habitat, traditional uses, and recent scientific studies. Ghafis emerges as a valuable herbal remedy with ongoing relevance in herbal medicine and Unani pharmacotherapy. Keywords: Ghafis, Agrimonia eupatoria, Agrimony, Unani Medicine

Unani perspective of Saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) beyond a spice

Background: Saffron is a significant medicinal herb that has a lot of potential for use in the development of new drugs. Since ancient times, saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been associated with various health benefits in various parts of the world. Some of these applications have been overlooked over time. However, interest in naturally occurring active compounds has rekindled interest in saffron's past applications and the best applications for saffron today can be aided by knowing its various historical uses. It was prized as a culinary spice as well as a perfume, color, and medicinal herb. It was used medicinally in many different cultures to treat a wide range of ailments, from genitourinary to eye problems. In many countries, it was also used as an antidepressant and tonic substance.
 Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the traditional and modern uses of Crocus sativus, with particular attention to its chemical makeup, pharmacological characteristics, and ethnobotanical description.
 Methodology: Scientific databases and publications about the chemical profile, biological activity, and historical use of saffron were included in the literature search.
 Results: Saffron is bitter, acrid, fragrant, stimulant, tonic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, diuretic, laxative, galactagogue, and helpful in treating bronchitis, vomiting, fever, melancholia, hepatomegaly, etc. it is widely used in alternative medicine, such as the Unani System of Medicine, Ayurveda, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Saffron has been the subject of numerous phytochemical and biochemical studies due to its extensive use in traditional medical systems. These studies have revealed that saffron contains a number of constituents, including crocetin, safranal, and crocins, the latter of which is primarily responsible for pharmacological actions.
 Keywords; saffron, medicinal herb, unani medicine, crocetin, safranal, emmenagogue.

Clinical study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Boozidaan (Pyrethrum indicum) in the management of Niqris Muzmin (Chronic Gout)

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to observe the Efficacy of unani pharmacopoeial formulation Boozidan (Pyrethrum indicum) for the management of Niqris Muzmin (Chronic gout) and to observe any concomitant and adverse effects of formulation.
 Methods: This single blind, randomized and standard control clinical study was conducted between April 2021 to October 2021 for a period of 28 days. 60 patients diagnosed with chronic gout were divided into two groups, 30 Test group and 30 Control group. The test group was administered with 5g boozidaan in powder form once daily with water and the patients of control group were given tablet febuxostat 80mg once daily. Patients were followed up and improvements in subjective parameters were assessed weekly at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 29th day. Objective parameters were assessed at the baseline and at 29th day. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis.
 Results: Both the test and control drug were effective in reducing Serum uric acid level, ESR and CRP levels. A significant improvement in subjective and objective parameters was observed in both test and control groups and no adverse effects were observed during and after the study.
 However, the test drug had superior efficacy in reducing the objective parameters and it was statistically significant (p-value<0.0001).
 Conclusion: Both Boozidaan and Febuxostat were safe and significantly effective in resolving the symptoms and signs of gouty arthritis and both have significant effect on reducing serum uric acid level.
 Keywords: Boozidaan, Chronic gout, Niqris, Febuxostat, serum uric acid, unani medicine

IMPLICATION OF LEECH THERAPY AND ASBAB-E-SITTA ZAROORIYAH IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Varicose veins are characterized by abnormally twisted, dilated superficial vessels that are caused by the inefficient or defective valves within the vein. It is currently a prevalent disease with the incidence varying globally between 10% and 60%. The Unani Medicine (also called Greco-Arab medicine) is the ancient system of medicine practiced all around the world. According to the Unani classical text, Leech therapy (Irsal-e-Alaq) is one of the most important regimenal therapy for the successful treatment and management of varicose vein and a unique combination of Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriyah (Six essential factors) is involved in the prevention of this disease. The research studies have proved that medicinal leech therapy displays anticoagulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Leech saliva contains medicinally useful bioactive molecules like hirudin, histamine, etc. that shows anti-coagulant effect and hence improve microcirculation in diseases like varicose vein. Leech therapy is reliable, well tolerated, cost effective treatment that has the potential of preventing varicose vein complications. This review seeks to describe medicinal leech therapy, present therapeutic leech species, and highlight the processes by which leech saliva affects wound healing. Additionally, the review paper highlights the role of Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriyah in prevention and control of varicose veins. Irregularity in diet and lifestyle may cause disturbance in normal body functioning, which may lead to lifestyle disorder that is a major risk factor thought to influence the susceptibility of varicose vein. The Unani System exerts a major influence on preventing the development of varicose vein by making modification in Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriyah.

Immunomodulator Drugs in Unani Medicine: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Research

Abstract:: The immune system is one of our most intricate biological systems, maintaining bodily homeostasis. Substances that modulate the immune responses are called immunomodulators. In Unani system of medicine (USM), immunity is referred to as Quwate-Mudafia, which is part of Quwa and is maintained by Tabiyat. In Unani literature, many single drugs and formulations have been used for their immunomodulatory effect, apart from other therapeutic properties. Single Unani drugs with established immunomodulatory activity are Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia), Sibr (Aloe vera), Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Aamla (Emblica officinalis) etc. Compound formulations are Jawarish Amla sada, Iksir-e-badan, etc. We are living in the age of evermutating influenza viruses giving challenges to mankind (such as the recently prevailed SARSCoV- 2 pandemic); many Unani medicinal plants are still unexplored and need to be evaluated for their immunomodulatory property, which can act as substitutes for conventional drugs. To compile Unani immunomodulatory drugs under one heading, important critical texts of traditional Unani medicine, indexed peer-reviewed journals, and authentic literature from online sources were reviewed along with their reported in vivo/in vitro activities and clinical trials. Unani drugs explored in this review are time-tested remedies and can be utilized in these rapidly changing immunological challenges.

Sarwālī (Celosia cristata): Medicinal Importance in Perspective of Unani Medicine and Pharmacological Studies

Celosia cristata, commonly known as 'cockscomb,' is an annual erect herb belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Locally referred to as 'Mawal,' it is cultivated in Kashmiri gardens for ornamental purposes and can be found growing naturally in the plains and up to an altitude of 5,000 ft. in the Himalayas. In traditional Unani Medicine, the seeds and inflorescence of Celosia cristata are utilized for treating various health conditions, including sexual weakness, leucorrhoea, haemorrhoids, haematuria, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, wounds, diabetes, and dysuria. Celosia species, including Celosia cristata, contains a diverse array of phytoconstituents such as phytosterols, saponin, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids. Numerous pharmacological studies have been conducted on this plant, revealing its hemostatic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-nociceptive, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. This paper aims to shed light on the therapeutic applications of Celosia cristata based on both traditional Unani literature and scientific studies conducted on different parts of the plant.

A Comprehensive Review on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. with Special Reference to Unani Medicine.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L., commonly known as Ḥulba or Methi in Unani medicine, is an annual self-pollinating plant belonging to the Leguminosae family. It has been utilized for centuries to treat a wide range of diseases, and modern research has supported its traditional medicinal claims. In this study, the authors have conducted manual and online searches to gather and summarize the scientific literature on Ḥulba. This article seeks to underscore the potential of Ḥulba in addressing a variety of health conditions as identified by esteemed classical Unani scholars, as well as to investigate its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties in contemporary medicine. The authors have utilized electronic databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and Ayush Research Portal to filter published material. According to the gathered literature, Unani physicians have consistently recommended Ḥulba seeds for a variety of ailments, such as indigestion, flatulence, colitis, arthritis, backache, paralysis, headaches, common cold, cough, bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, and pityriasis. Additionally, the seeds and green leaves of Ḥulba contain several chemical constituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and amino acids. Furthermore, several pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Ḥulba possesses various properties, including antidiabetic, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, immunological, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. Based on the available evidence, it can be concluded that Ḥulba has been effectively used in Unani medicine for treating a wide range of diseases. Unani scholars have extensively documented its pharmacological properties, which have been supported by modern research studies. However, further research is necessary to validate some of the claims made in traditional medicine using scientific parameters.

হাকীম হাবীবুর রহমান-এর জীবনী এবং উর্দু সাহিত্যে তাঁর অনবদ্য অবদান

Hakim Habibur Rahman (1881-1947), a distinguished Urdu literary journalist of the Bengali literary society, renowned politician and famous Unani physician who had been honoured with the title of ‘Shefaul Mulk’ given by the British government and ‘Magician of Bangla’ given by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, is one of the best intellectuals of Bengal in the first half of the 20th century. This short-lived personality was born in Chotakatra, Dhaka. After that, He studied in Dhaka, Kanpur, Lucknow, Delhi, Agra and gained expertise in Unani medicine and returned to Dhaka. He contributed in various fields in his varied career. He had outstanding contributions to the Muslim Renaissance movement of Bangladesh and Sir Salimullah's political and educational movement. He was one of the founders of Dhaka University (1921) and Dhaka Museum (now know as National Museum of Bangladesh). He played a significant role in spreading Urdu language and literature in Dhaka. He is called the pioneer of Urdu journalism in East Bengal and Asam. During that period, he established a big library by collecting Urdu, Persian and Arabic books written on Bengal and through this effort he tried to preserve the Bengali old history and tradition. In short, as a bearer of Muslim nationalism and a great teacher and physician, Hakim Habibur Rahman was a successful poet and essayist, translator, literary compiler, dramatist, biographer, historian, politician, organiser and a journalist.

In vitro and Ex vivo study targeting the development of a Lavandula stoechas L. (Ustukhuddūs) loaded Unani Transdermal patch: Implication of Unani Medicine in the treatment of Nisyan (Dementia)

Ustukhuddūs (Lavandula stoechas L.) has been extensively used orally and topically in treating various neurological disorders, including dementia. The optimum potential of traditional dosage forms of Ustukhuddūs is limited for various reasons. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a novel means of drug delivery and is known to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional dosage forms. The current study aimed at fabricating and evaluating Ustukhuddūs hydro-alcoholic extract (UHAE) and essential oil (UEO) loaded matrix-type transdermal patches having a combination of hydrophilic - hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydrophobic - ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers. ATR–FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM analysis were carried out to study drug–polymer interactions, confirming the formation of developed patches and drug compatibility with excipients. We assessed the fabricated patches to evaluate their physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and permeation characteristics via ex vivo experiments. The physicochemical characteristics of patches showcased the development of good and stable films with clarity, smoothness, homogeneity, optimum flexibility and free from causing skin irritancy or sensitization. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation profile of developed patches were evaluated employing Franz diffusion cells. UHAE and UEO patches exhibited a cumulative drug release of 81.61 and 85.24 %, respectively, in a sustained-release manner and followed non-Fickian release mechanisms. The ex vivo permeation data revealed 66.82 % and 76.41 % of drug permeated from UHAE and UEO patches, respectively. The current research suggests that the formulated patches are more suitable for TDDS and hold potential significance in the treatment of dementia, contributing to enhanced patient compliance, thereby highlighting the implication of Unani Medicine in Nisyan (Dementia) treatment.

Khuzāma (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.): Pharmacological Action and Therapeutic Uses in Perspective of Unani Medicine: A Review

Lavandula angustifolia Mill., commonly known as lavender, is a highly regarded medicinal herb in Unani Medicine. Its aerial parts, including leaves and flowers, are utilized for their therapeutic properties, and the plant is a common ingredient in cosmetic products. The essential oil derived from lavender is known for its sedative, carminative, anti-depressive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These pharmacological effects are attributed to various bioactive compounds like betulin, betulinic acid, lactone, 3 beta-formyl ursolic acid, essential oil, glycolic acid, valeric acid, and linalyl acetate. This review aims to comprehensively explore Lavandula angustifolia Mill., covering identification, pharmacological actions, traditional uses, and recent scientific investigations. Utilizing a diverse range of sources, including scientific literature and research studies, the review adopts a comprehensive approach to compile information. The diverse array of bioactive constituents in lavender contributes to its medicinal profile, making it a versatile herbal remedy. Emphasis is placed on documenting and highlighting various pharmacological activities, reinforcing lavender's status as a potent therapeutic agent. Beyond its medicinal applications, the review delves into lavender's historical uses in Unani Medicine and its contemporary role in cosmetic formulations. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. emerges as a herbal powerhouse, offering a holistic approach to health and well-being. This review serves as a valuable resource for practitioners of traditional medicine and modern science alike, bridging the gap between historical wisdom and contemporary research in the realm of herbal medicine.

Complementary and alternative system of medicine for type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications: A scoping review

Background This review aims to map the evidence on the effectiveness of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications and identify research gaps in key outcomes and CAMs. Methods Our scoping review was informed by Johanna Briggs Institute guidelines. We searched electronic databases from inception to March 2020 and references of included studies. The experimental and non-randomized studies with intervention and control arm were mapped based on the effectiveness of various CAM (Yoga, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha, Naturopathy, Unani, and Sowa-rigpa) on outcomes among individuals with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome, and T2DM. Results A total of 249 studies were included after screening 3798 citations. Most of the included studies were conducted in India (30.52 %) and Iran (28.51 %). Of the 249 studies, 21 were efficacy, feasibility or pilot interventional studies. Most frequently studied CAM interventions include Ayurveda, and herbal products (58.63 %) followed by Yoga (20.88%). Unani medicines (n = 2 studies), Sowa-Rigpa (n = 1) and Homeopathy (n = 1) were the least studied modalities. With regards to population, 15 studies recruited newly diagnosed T2DM and 59 studies had included T2DM with comorbidity. Sixteen studies included population with mean ages 45-years or younger. Twenty-eight studies included pre-diabetic or metabolic syndrome, 46 studies included T2DM with no oral glycemic drugs, and 116 included T2DM with oral drugs. Blood sugars (fasting and postprandial) were the most measured outcomes. Outcomes such as HbA1c, lipid profiles, anthropometric measures, adverse effects were also assessed. Among complications, ulcer healing in diabetic foot ulcers was a commonly reported. Conclusion Future investments for research in CAM may focus on assessing the quality of existing trials and finding out an optimal dose, frequency, and duration of CAM that is beneficial, both as an alternative and complementary approach (or not) by carrying out a systematic review.

Immunomodulatory Phytocompounds from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) Against COVID-19

Withania somnifera is a famous medicinal plant. It is popularly known as Aswagandha. This plant has been in use in Ayurveda and Unani medicine for ages. The medicinal plant has immense medicinal properties. The plant is rich in potent medicinal phytocompounds. These phytocompounds are known to have potent antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulatory efficacies. Our immune system is the key player in n fighting back any kind of pathogeni attack on us. Withania somnifera extract and certain isolated phytocompounds from the plant are known to boost our immune system. Studies show that the mechanisms of immunomodulatory actions of the bioactive phytocompounds from Withania somnifera are by affecting the various cellular signaling pathways. These primarily involve the signaling pathways associated with the receptors present on the vital immune cells like the dendritic cells, T-cells and B-cells. Thus, some of the compounds of Withania suppress or activate certain components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Unlike synthetic adjuvants, the natural plant derived phytocompounds and their derivatives, as those from the Withania sp. are free from such risk factors. A strong immune system is the best possession to fight back invasions by microbes like bacteria and viruses like the SARS-CoV-2. Detailed and compact knowledge of the compounds from Withania sp. and their mechanism of modulating and impacting our immune system may make the ways for development of new supportive therapies against almost all different types of diseases including COVID 19.

Importance of Examination of Rasūb (Sediments) in Uroscopy

Uroscopy is the macroscopic examination of urine, and it is an important diagnostic tool in Unani medicine. The findings of uroscopy are linked with the humoral theory of medicine. Human Urine is the first fluid that was examined for medical purposes. There are seven parameters in uroscopy, each parameter is studied in detail and then the conclusion is drawn based on the findings of all. Examination of urinary sediments is one of the parameters in uroscopy. In urine, sediment is a denser and differentiable component from the watery constituent. The features of urinary sediment vary a lot in different physiological and pathological conditions of the body that are of medical importance. It is an evident fact that sediment makes up the solute component of urine, which is the waste product of hepatic digestion. One of these seven indicators that uroscopy analyses, is the inspection of urine sediment. The amount, color, homogeneity, position, and rate of sedimentation of the sediments are taken into account to ascertain the state of the body from them, and careful correlation is made with the results of other parameters. Keywords: Urine, Urine sediment, Uroscopy, Unani medicine, Urinalysis

BARAṢ (Vitiligo): Introduction, etiology, and its managements through Unani Medicine

BARAṢ (Vitiligo): Introduction, etiology, and its managements through Unani Medicine

Geriatric care: Concept and management in Unani medicine: A review

Geriatric care: Concept and management in Unani medicine: A review

Dietary patterns in Unani medicine: An integrative approach for managing diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review

Dietary patterns in Unani medicine: An integrative approach for managing diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review