Unmarried Women Research Articles

미혼 남녀의 불안애착이 대인관계문제에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the mechanism among anxious attachment, rejection sensitivity, psy-chological well-being, and interpersonal problems of unmarried men and women. Especially, the mediating role of rejection sensitivity and the moderating effect of psychological well-being were also examined in the relation-ship between anxious attachment and interpersonal problems, partially mediating the association. Methods A total of 326 unmarried individuals participated in the study, and data were collected using measures of anxious attachment, interpersonal problems, rejection sensitivity, and psychological well-being. Statistical analysis of the collected data was conducted using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS macro 4.1, with Bootstrapping (5,000 iterations, 95% confidence interval) used to test the mediating effects and statistical significance. Results Firstly, there was a significant relationship between anxious attachment and interpersonal problems. Secondly, the partially mediating effect of rejection sensitivity in the relationship between anxious attachment and interpersonal problems was significant. Thirdly, the moderating effect of psychological well-being in the relation-ship between anxious attachment and interpersonal problems was also significant. Conclusions The findings of this study provide theoretical and empirical evidence on the relationships among anxious attachment, rejection sensitivity, psychological well-being, and interpersonal problems in unmarried men and women. Moreover, the study offers practical implications for interventions and counseling in the context of interpersonal problems among unmarried individuals seeking counseling services.

Marital status, health, and retirement wealth for middle aged and older women

We investigate the different impacts of health problems on wealth among unmarried and married women in their later years. We advance the literature by using a new health measure of a 22 year sequence of chronic diseases. Using data from 2,476 women age 50 or older from the 1992–2014 Health and Retirement Study, we find that unmarried women have more complicated and costly health sequences compared with married women, including multi-morbidity or co-morbidity. Over the 22 year period, retirement wealth for unmarried women with costly health sequences is reduced by approximately $3,600 to $5,400 annually.

Employment loss and financial hardship among women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

505 Background: A breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment an have both physical and emotional toxicities. Many who are employed have to reduce hours or take leave, often resulting in loss of income. The effect of this loss of income is potentially compounded by the cost of medical care and can result in significant financial hardship. However, the association between employment income loss and financial hardship is not well studied. Methods: This is an analysis of the Genetics, Molecular Mechanisms, and Symptom Science (GEMMS) longitudinal study of people with newly diagnosed breast cancer undergoing curative intent chemotherapy and surgery. The study collects clinical data, patient-reported outcomes, cognitive assessments, and biospecimens for correlative studies. Participants completed assessments at baseline (prior to chemotherapy initiation), mid-way, and chemotherapy completion, as well as 3 and 6 month post chemotherapy and annually thereafter for up to 5 years. This analysis was restricted to data collected within 1 year of completing chemotherapy. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine which features were associated with employment loss and financial hardship. Financial hardship was assessed using a single question, “In the past week, has your physical condition or medical treatment caused you financial difficulties?”. Results: 149 participants are included in GEMMS, of which 111 (75%) were employed at diagnosis. Within the 1 year following completion of chemotherapy, 48% of working women reported at least one 4 week period of where they did not work. This was most common 3 months following completion, where 30% reported being out of work for the prior 4 weeks. None of the variables tested (age, race, marital status, education level, stage of cancer, etc.) predicted employment loss. Overall, 61% of women reported financial hardship within the year following commencement of treatment. Neither being employed at diagnosis nor suffering employment loss were associated with experiencing financial hardship. Of the other variables tested, only marital status was associated with financial hardship. Married women were 70% ( p = 0.02) less likely to report financial hardship than unmarried women. Conclusions: Nearly half of women receiving curative intent chemotherapy for breast cancer report job loss of 4 weeks or more and nearly two-thirds report financial hardship during the year following commencement of chemotherapy. These negative consequences of breast cancer and its treatment seem to effect women of different backgrounds similarly.

Married and Unmarried Women's Attitudes Towards Sexism

This paper aims to explore married and unmarried womens attitudes towards sexism. Through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with married and unmarried women, many women believe that gender discrimination exists and are dissatisfied with it. However, married women are more likely to accept traditional roles in society while unmarried women are more likely to pursue equality and freedom. Gender discrimination is a widespread social problem, especially in the workplace and family life. Although laws and moral norms have prohibited gender discrimination, it still exists in real life. To explore married and last married womens attitudes towards gender discrimination, this paper adopts two methods: inter-paper survey and protection interview, to understand married and unmarried womens attitudes towards gender discrimination. The questionnaire mainly involves the cognitive degree of gender discrimination. Views on the roles of men and women. The impact on your personal life and career development.

Correlation of Serum Electrolytes and Ovarian Hormones Levels in Premenstrual Syndrome

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent psychological and physical symptom that may occur during the late luteal phase of menstrual cycle and resolve with menstruation in the women. Alteration of serum electrolyte levels in accordance with ovarian hormonal fluctuations has some association with PMS which affect their regular activities and reproductive life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the correlation of serum electrolytes and ovarian hormones levels in premenstrual syndrome among the 30 young unmarried women with PMS from July 2016 to June 2017 in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Bangladesh. Results: In the non-PMS and PMS group, the mean of serum sodium level was 139.97±1.30 and 140.93±1.68 mmol/L, and serum potassium level was 4.20±0.32 and 4.17±0.31 mmol/ L. The mean of serum estrogen level was 177.10±6.90 and 283.53±5.73 pg/ml and serum progesterone was 19.35±2.55 and 14.67±2.20 ng/ml in the group A and B. Premenstrual scores of irritability, abdominal bloating, backache, depression, fatigue, breast tenderness, headache, anxiety were significantly higher in comparison to those of postmenstrual scores in PMS group (p<0.05). Serum estrogen level (r= +0.558) and serum progesterone level (r= -0.408) were correlated with PMS symptoms scores in PMS group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that the PMS group has some physical and psychological symptoms as a result of fluctuations in ovarian hormone levels and biochemical markers during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 21-25

Factors shaping the gender wage gap among college-educated computer science workers.

Encouraging women to pursue STEM employment is frequently touted as a means of reducing the gender wage gap. We examine whether the attributes of computer science workers-who account for nearly half of those working in STEM jobs-explain the persistent gender wage gap in computer science, using American Community Survey (ACS) data from 2009 to 2019. Our analysis focuses on working-age respondents between the ages of 22 and 60 who had a college degree and were employed full-time. We use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of logged wages on observed characteristics, before turning to regression decomposition techniques to estimate what proportion of the gender wage gap would remain if men and women were equally rewarded for the same attributes-such as parenthood or marital status, degree field, or occupation. Women employed in computer science jobs earned about 86.6 cents for every dollar that men earned-a raw gender gap that is smaller than it is for the overall labor force (where it was 82 percent). Controlling for compositional effects (family attributes, degree field and occupation) narrows the gender wage gap, though women continue to earn 9.1 cents per dollar less than their male counterparts. But differential returns to family characteristics and human capital measures account for almost two-thirds of the gender wage gap in computer science jobs. Women working in computer science receive both a marriage and parenthood premium relative to unmarried or childless women, but these are significantly smaller than the bonus that married men and fathers receive over their childless and unmarried peers. Men also receive sizable wage premiums for having STEM degrees in computer science and engineering when they work in computer science jobs, advantages that do not accrue to women. Closing the gender wage gap in computer science requires treating women more like men, not just increasing their representation.

Prevalence and Predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Among HIV-Negative Pregnant Women in Kenya.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections in pregnancy contribute to adverse perinatal outcomes. We identified predictors of CT and/or NG infection among pregnant Kenyan women. Women without HIV were enrolled at 2 antenatal clinics in Western Kenya. Both CT and NG were assessed using endocervical samples for nucleic acid amplification tests. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate potential CT/NG risk factors. Classification and regression trees were generated to evaluate the joint effects of predictors. Overall, 1276 women had both CT and NG assessments. Women enrolled at a median of 26 weeks' gestation (interquartile range, 22-31 weeks), median age was 22 years (interquartile range, 19-27 years), and 78% were married. In total, 98 (7.7%) tested positive for CT/NG: 70 (5.5%) for CT and 32 (2.5%) for NG, 4 of whom (0.3%) had coinfections. Two-thirds (66%) of CT/NG cases were asymptomatic and would have been missed with only syndromic management. Risk factors of CT/NG included age <22 years, crowded living conditions, being unmarried, being in partnerships for <1 year, abnormal vaginal discharge, sexually transmitted infection history, and Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosis ( P < 0.1). Classification and regression tree analyses identified unmarried women <22 years in relationships for <1 year as 6.1 times more likely to have CT/NG compared with women without these characteristics (26% vs. 6%, adjusted prevalence ratio = 6.1, 95% confidence interval = 3.55-10.39, P < 0.001). Chlamydia trachomatis / Neisseria gonorrhoeae was frequently asymptomatic and common among young unmarried women in newer partnerships in this cohort. Integrating CT/NG testing into routine antenatal care may be beneficial, especially for young women in Kenya.

성인초기 불안정 성인애착과 대인관계능력의 관계에서 정서인식명확성의 매개효과

Objectives This study was conducted to verify the mediating effect of emotion recognition clarity in the relation-ship between insecure adult attachment and interpersonal ability.&#x0D; Methods To this end, a total of 321 copies of data were finally analyzed online for unmarried adult men and women in their 20s and 30s. Based on the collected data, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed using the SPSS 23 program, and structural models and mediating effects were verified using the AMOS 22.0 program.&#x0D; Results The results of this study are as follows: First, anxious attachment and avoidant attachment showed a negative correlation with emotional clarity and interpersonal ability. Emotion recognition clarity and interpersonal ability showed a positive correlation. Second, in the effect of anxious attachment on interpersonal ability, emotion recognition clarity showed a significant complete mediating effect. Third, in the effect of avoidant attachment on interpersonal ability, emotion recognition clarity showed a significant partial mediating effect. In other words, at-tachment insecurity directly affects interpersonal skills. Low emotional clarity can lead to low interpersonal skills, and attachment avoidance directly affects interpersonal skills, but low emotional clarity can reduce interpersonal relationships. It suggests that the ability may be lowered.&#x0D; Conclusions These research results indicate that anxious attachment and avoidant attachment affect inter-personal ability through emotional clarity, and that individuals with anxious attachment and avoidant attachment in early adulthood clearly understand their emotions experienced in interpersonal relationships. It is significant in suggesting the need for counseling intervention to improve interpersonal skills by helping to communicate well.

Adoption and intensity of agricultural mechanization and their impact on non-farm employment of rural women

This study analyzes the impact of the adoption of agricultural mechanization and its intensity on the non-farm employment of rural women using the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data. The study captures mechanization adoption as a dichotomous decision and adoption intensity using three types of farming strategies: non-mechanized, semi-mechanized, and fully-mechanized. Non-farm work is categorized based on work types (self-employment or wage employment) and work locations (local or migrated non-farm work). Both inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment (IPWRA) estimator and multivalued treatment effects (MVTE) model are utilized to address selection bias. The IPWRA estimates reveal that mechanization adoption increases the probability of rural women participating in non-farm work in general and wage employment and local and migrated non-farm work in particular. The impact is greater for unmarried women than for their married counterparts. The MVTE estimates show that relative to non-mechanized farming, the adoption of semi-or fully-mechanized farming increases the probability of rural women participating in non-farm work, wage employment, and local and migrated non-farm work, with fully-mechanized farming playing a larger role. Meanwhile, relative to semi-mechanized farming, adopting fully-mechanized farming does not have a significant impact on any type of non-farm work.

Women's multi-partner behavior, multi-partner fertility, and pregnancy outcomes: findings from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort.

Do women with multi-partner fertility or multi-partner behavior conceive more often than women with a single partner? Women with multi-partner behavior conceived more frequently and had more children than non-multi-partner women and multi-partner fertility women. Some women experience having biological children with more than one partner: those women are considered as multi-partner fertility. Women with multi-partner fertility have more children and are substantially less likely to have planned their first birth. Individuals with multi-partner fertility become parents at a younger age, largely with unintended first births, and often do so outside of marriage, compared to parents with two or more children from only one partner. Unmarried women, particularly, are at greater risk of having unintended births. Studies are still scarce and there is a need to assess the contribution of women's multi-partners fertility and multi-partner behavior to family composition, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This longitudinal birth cohort study evaluated 1215 mothers whose children belonging to the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort were their first pregnancy, and who attended the perinatal, 48-month, 6-year, and 11-year follow-ups. Information was obtained from responses to a questionnaire. The number of years at risk of having children was treated as the exposure, and woman's multi-partner behavior and multi-partner fertility, dichotomized as 'Yes' or 'No', were considered endogenous treatment variables. Data from mothers with a first pregnancy, and with information available from the perinatal, 48-month, 6-year, and 11-year follow-ups, were evaluated. The exposures studied were women's multi-partner behavior and multi-partner fertility (i.e. conceiving/giving birth), and the outcomes evaluated were the number of pregnancies, the number of children currently alive, and experience of unintended pregnancies from the birth of the child belonging to the 2004 birth cohort until 11 years later. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) were estimated through Poisson regression with endogenous treatment effects, robust standard errors, and their respective 95% CI. Multi-partner behavior women had 16% (RR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08-1.25) and 11% (RR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19) greater risk of having a new pregnancy and having more children alive, respectively, than those with non-multi-partner behavior. Women with multi-partner fertility had a 23% (RR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) and 20% (RR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08-1.33) higher risk of having a new pregnancy and having more children alive, respectively, than single-partner fertility mothers. Women who had multiple partners (i.e. behavior), as well as those with multi-partner fertility, showed a lesser proportion of unintended pregnancies when compared to the non-multi-partner ones (34.08%; 95% CI: 28.12-40.60 vs 36.17%; 95% CI: 31.93-40.63), compared to their counterparts' single partners fertility (33.16%; 95% CI: 26.83-40.17 vs 36.26%; 95% CI: 31.85-40.92), although these findings were not statistically significant. The mothers who were not included in the study owing to missing data for some of the follow-up had 5-11 years of education, a low socio-economic level, and were younger, thus the number of pregnancies may be underestimated because these groups presented a high number of pregnancies and children alive. We did not have information about the complete woman's conjugal history. Therefore, misclassification error of the exposure may be present and, consequently, the measures of association may be underestimated. Furthermore, this study was not truly representative of the Pelotas study female population. In this study of multi-partner behavior and fertility, women who have multiple partners may be less likely to get married and have a stable partner. Compared to single-partner women, multi-partner fertility and multi-partner behavior women may predominantly become pregnant for the purpose of having children, rather than accidentally. This article is based on data from the study 'Pelotas Birth Cohort, 2004' conducted by the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, with the collaboration of the Brazilian Public Health Association (ABRASCO). From 2009 to 2013, the Wellcome Trust supported the 2004 birth cohort study. The World Health Organization, National Support Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX), Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), Brazilian Ministry of Health, and Children's Pastorate supported previous phases of the study, and also was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. The authors declare that the supported agencies have no role in any step of performing this study. No conflicts of interest exist. N/A.

Development of self-care strategies to promote young Iranian women’s sexual health: an explanatory sequential mixed method study protocol

BackgroundIn contemporary Iran, the nation's traditional and deeply religious society is currently experiencing swift transformations in its moral, cultural, and social aspects. It is, therefore, not surprising to observe shifts in people's attitudes toward sexuality, largely attributed to the profound impact of widespread social networks, the proliferation of information technology, and increased levels of education. Unmarried young women may potentially face adverse consequences from engaging in extramarital sexual relationships across various aspects of their lives. Acknowledging the pivotal role of self-care in influencing the sexual behaviors of young women, the objective of this study is to compile a comprehensive list of self-care strategies aimed at improving the sexual well-being of young, single Iranian women.MethodsThe research will unfold in three distinct phases: Phase 1: Explanatory Sequential Mixed-Method Study This initial phase encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It begins with a cross-sectional survey, where we will gather data from 400 unmarried female students aged 18 to 29 years, utilizing a cluster random sampling method at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data collection will involve the use of a researcher-designed questionnaire. Subsequently, the qualitative phase will involve conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with female students from the University. To analyze this qualitative data, we will employ the content analysis approach. The findings obtained from both phases will be combined. Phase 2: Narrative Review In the second stage of the study, we will conduct an extensive narrative review to explore existing strategies related to the subject matter comprehensively. This review will serve as the foundational basis for our subsequent analysis. Phase 3: Strategy Prioritization In the final phase, we will prioritize the proposed strategies using a nominal group process, soliciting expert advice. This step will result in the definitive list of strategies that emerge from the study.DiscussionThis study pioneers the field of sexual health, with the goal of developing a protocol for creating self-care strategies based on the perspectives of young, unmarried Iranian women. It offers potential evidence-based insights into current developments in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of sexual health within this demographic. Additionally, it aims to furnish essential information to healthcare policymakers regarding the sexual health of young women.

Aging at home: factors associated with independence in activities of daily living among older adults in Norway-a HUNT study.

Maintaining independence in activities of daily living (ADL) is essential for the well-being of older adults. This study examined the relationship between demographic and living situation factors and ADL independence among community-dwelling older adults in Norway. Data was collected in Norway between 2017 and 2019 as part of the fourth wave of the ongoing Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) survey, sent to all citizens in Trøndelag county over 20 years of age, which is considered representative of the Norwegian population. Included in the current cross-sectional study were 22,504 community-living individuals aged 70 years or older who completed the survey and responded to all items constituting the ADL outcome measure. Group differences in ADL independence were examined with Chi Square tests, while crude and adjusted associations with ADL independence were examined with logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The participants reported a high degree of independence in primary ADL and slightly lower in instrumental ADL. In the fully adjusted analyses, ADL independence was associated with lower age, female gender, higher levels of education and income, higher subjective well-being, having no chronic or disabling disease, and having someone to talk to in confidence. Surprisingly, women who were married had higher likelihood of ADL independence than unmarried women, whereas married men had lower likelihood of ADL independence than unmarried men. In addition to known demographic and disease-related factors, the social context affects independence in ADL even in a society that offers advanced health and homecare services to all older adults equally. Furthermore, the same social setting can have differential effects on men and women. Despite the healthcare system in Norway being well-developed, it does not completely address this issue. Further improvements are necessary to address potential challenges that older adults encounter regarding their social connections and feelings of inclusion. Individuals with limited education and income are especially susceptible to ADL dependency as they age, necessitating healthcare services to specifically cater to this disadvantaged demographic.

The difference between Rimpu Mpida and Rimpu Colo in their uses for Mbojo women in Bima Regency NTB

This study aims to determine the differences between Rimpu Mpida and Rimpu Colo in their use by Mbojo women in Bima Regency NTB. The research method used is qualitative case study method, data collection is done by using observation, interview, and documentation methods. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification. Twelve respondents were interviewed. The results of the study found a difference. Rimpu Mpida is used by unmarried women. While Rimpu Colo is used by married women. Rimpu Mpida only shows the eyes, while Rimpu Colo shows all parts of the face. Rimpu existed when Islam first came to Bima, the specialty of Rimpu Mpida and Rimpu Colo besides functioning as a cover for the aurat is also a symbol that can distinguish the marital status of women in Bima. The meaning and philosophy is as a cover to maintain the chastity of women. The philosophy is contained in the way it is worn using a typical Bima sarong, namely Tembe Nggoli and Salungka Nggoli. Rimpu until now is still preserved and maintained by the people of Bima.

The Relationship of Marital Status and The Implementation of Breast Self Examination on Women of Reliable Age

Breast Self Examination is carried out to reduce breast cancer mortality by finding breast cancer as early as possible and treating it when the size is still small before the cancer metastasizes. The discovery of breast cancer as early as possible that is diagnosed and treated correctly will increase the life expectancy of breast cancer sufferers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between marital status and the implementation of Breast Self Examination in women of childbearing age. This research was a descriptive analytic study with cross sectional and carried out in the Working Area of BPM Hj. Rismawati, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample used 37 respondents, namely women of childbearing age with cluster sampling technique and tested using Fisher's exact test . The result of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between marital status and the implementation of the Breast Self Examination. In this study it was also concluded that marital status was not a risk factor for the implementation of the Breast Self Examination (OR value 0.47 &lt; 1) or it can be said that unmarried women only had 0.47 times the risk of not doing Breast Self Examination compared to women who had married. It is needed to do further research on the respondents' perceptions, respondents' socio-cultural or community about breast cancer and early detection of breast cancer and respondents' insurance status

Connective Tissue Mobilization Vs. Combination of Taping with Pelvic Tilt on Primary Dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain aggravation on menstruation without any pelvic disease. It is perhaps the most widely recognizedissue females face, influencing them physically and mentally. Connective tissue mobilization can help venous return by increasing theproduction of prostaglandin and different substances and preventing their collection in the pelvis, which can be powerful during the period,to reduce the pain aggravation and inconvenience. This study examines the effects of connective tissue mobilization vs. a combination oftaping and pelvic tilt on unmarried women with primary dysmenorrhea. This is an experimental design with pre and post-comparativestudy. This was conducted in the physiotherapy outpatient department at ACS Medical College and Hospital. The study duration was about3 months. The subjects aged 18 to 25 years female with primary dysmenorrheal were included in this study. The subject with Pelvicinflammatory disease, Uterine/ovarian tumor, Spinal pathology, deformity, and PCOD, were excluded from this study. 30 subjects wereselected and divided into 2 groups in which Group-A 15 received connective tissue mobilization for 3-4 minutes with a total of 20minutes/day a day before menstruation for 3 days for consecutive 3 months, and Group B received taping with pelvic tilt was given 4 daysfor lower abdomen and lumbar, one day before menstruation taping was applied and pelvic tilt was given 2-3 minutes for 20 minutes/dayfor 3 consecutive months The outcome measures were a pain. The outcome tools were the Menstrual symptom questionnaire, Numericalrating scale, and WaLIDD score. Comparing the pretest and posttest within Group A and Group B, Group B shows a highly significantdifference in Mean values at P &lt;_0.001. Thus this study concludes that a combination of taping and pelvic tilt reduces pain in unmarriedwomen having primary Dysmenorrhea.

The Effect of Social Capital on Perceived Stress: A Comparative Analysis of Employed and Non-Employed Women of Bangladesh

Abstract The current study examined how the level of perceived stress among women living in Dhaka varies by their degree of social capital and illustrated the relative significance of some of their sociodemographic statuses, such as employment status, marital status, education, and income level, with those variables of interest. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from a total of 485 women, 243 formally employed (having a tax identification number), and 242 non-employed (50 students and 192 homemakers). Apart from the demographic information, the questionnaire includes statements from Cohen’s perceived stress scale (PSS) and the Internet Social Capital Scale (ISCS). Results indicate that social capital substantially reduces perceived stress, with the effect being particularly apparent among non-employed and unmarried women. While unmarried women experience higher levels of stress compared to married ones, it appears that women’s perceived stress levels do not differ by employment status, education, or income. In addition, there is no significant variation in social capital by marital status or income level; however, it is observed that working women possess higher social capital compared to unmarried women. The study concludes that women’s employment can contribute to their social well-being by enhancing their social capital, but their perceived stress levels may not differ substantially because of their formal employment.

Comparison of Therapeutic Effects in terms of Menstrual Irregularities between Statins and Metformin in Unmarried Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Objective: To compare therapeutic effects in terms of menstrual irregularities between Statins and Metformin in unmarried patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.&#x0D; Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital, Zhob Pakistan, from Sep 2021 to Feb 2022. &#x0D; Methodology: A study sample of 60 unmarried women aged 18-35 years diagnosed with PCOS having menstrual irregularity was collected and randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Women in Group-A were given simvastatin, while Group-B received Metformin. The outcome variable was an improvement in menstrual irregularity, assessed after three months of treatment in terms of the spontaneous normal menstrual cycle (28-35 days).&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 27.43±4.72 years, while the mean duration of the disease was 23.63±5.99 months. The mean BMI of these women was 26.78±3.47 Kg/m2, and 20 (33.3%) women were obese. The frequency of improvement in menstrual irregularity was significantly higher in women receiving Simvastatin as compared to Metformin [24 (80.0%) vs. 10 (33.3%); p-value&lt;0.001)].&#x0D; Conclusion: In the present study, simvastatin was found more efficacious in the treatment of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome than Metformin in terms of normalization of menstrual irregularities regardless of patient’s age, duration of disease and BMI, which advocates the preferred use of statins in the management of future gynaecological practice.

Leaving no One Behind: Displaced Persons and Sustainable Development Goal Indicators on Sexual and Reproductive Health

This paper critically reviews evidence on the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of people displaced due to conflict and violence, addressing the question, “How visible are displaced persons in sustainable development goal (SDG) indicators on SRH?” Gaps in monitoring processes are not just statistical limitations; indicators are modes of power, and who and what gets measured counts. The data corpus comprises national surveys recommended as data sources for SDG indicators 3.7.1 (contraceptive demand satisfied by modern methods) and 5.6.1 (SRH decision making), conducted in Asia since 2015. The review identifies 31 national surveys collecting data on these indicators, of which six include some form of displacement screening. The quality of displacement questions is mixed, but overall, does not meet recommendations by the Expert Group on Refugee, IDP and Statelessness Statistics. Estimates of SDG indicators 3.7.1 and 5.6.1 are presented for displaced vs. national host populations, but comparability is limited by measurement and representation issues. Certain groups are made invisible, including younger adolescents, older and unmarried women and the heterogeneity of displaced people is blurred.

Factors related to subjective well-being among community-dwelling older adults living alone: A stratified analysis by sex and marital status from the JAGES.

Previous cross-sectional studies suggest that negative health outcomes such as mortality, social isolation, loneliness, and depression among older adults living alone vary by sex and marital status, with men often worse off than women and unmarried people worse off than married people. However, limited evidence exists from longitudinal studies regarding whether positive health outcomes such as subjective well-being (SWB) also vary by sex and marital status. The focus by sex and marital status on the positive health outcomes and diverse profiles of older adults living alone is important for public health in the near future. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify changes in SWB over time and its associated factors by sex and marital status among older adults living alone in the community using a longitudinal study in a representative population. This was a longitudinal study using data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. This study is the first to reveal differences in SWB and related factors over 3 years among older adults living alone in the community (n = 8,579) who were stratified by sex and marital status (married men, non-married men, married women, and non-married women). Women moved to higher levels of SWB than did men, and married individuals moved to higher levels of SWB than did unmarried individuals. Independent functioning factors and interpersonal factors were significantly associated with SWB for married men and married women, but for unmarried women, the association by interpersonal factors was more pronounced, and for unmarried men, only limited emotional support and health promotion activities were significant among the interpersonal factors. This study revealed that among older adults living alone, changes in SWB over time and the independent functioning factors and interpersonal factors associated with this change varied by sex and marital status among older people living alone. These findings are useful for policy-making and guiding intervention activities to promote SWB in a society in which the environment for older adults living alone is changing dramatically.

Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module (SIM) on Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer among Women

Women are blessed with a kind heart, a sea of love, and a bundle of affection. They are, undoubtedly, a symbol of love and a pillar of strength. They are always there, like a beacon in the night. A woman is not only beautiful, but, a woman is a companion to a man, family and society given by God Almighty. Yes, women are indeed God’s most beautiful creation. Every woman should know this, and should live up to it. Women should respect themselves. Today, sadly, things have changed. Many women have no sense of their health and their wellness. Cancer has become one of the ten leading causes of death in India. According to Indian Council of Medical Research there are nearly 1.5-2 million cancer cases at any given point of time. Over 7 lakh new cases of cancer and 3 lakh deaths occur annually due to cancer. Nearly 15 lakh patients require facilities for diagnosis, treatment and follow up at a given time.3 The incidence of breast cancer is rising in every country of the world especially in developing countries such as India. This is because more and more women in India are beginning to work outside their homes which allow the various risk factors of breast cancer to come into play. These include late age at first childbirth, fewer children and shorter duration of breast-feeding.4 Breast cancer has increased incidence of among women residing in metropolitan cities. Statistically, breast cancer is supposed to be more common among unmarried women; those who are married, but have not had children; and those who have had children, but did not breast feed their babies. It is also related with smoking, alcohol drinking and high fat intake to the causation of breast cancer and this probably explains its etiological relationship to a modern lifestyle and environment.5 Materials and Methods: Descriptive survey design is selected using convenient sampling and 60 working women were selected as sample. A structured questionnaire is used to assess the knowledge of the working women regarding breast cancer. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: Part –A to collect the demographic data, Part-B consisting of questions regarding the various aspects of knowledge about breast cancer. Results: Major findings of the study revealed that the majority of 50%women belonged to the age group of 41-50 yrs, 75% women are married 50% are graduate, majority (40%) of women had two children and 40 never breast fed majority of women (40%) had a family monthly income of Rs. 20001-30000, and had no history of breast cancer running in the family. The mean knowledge score was 5.7 (SD  2.47) and 22% of the study population had poor knowledge regarding breast cancer. Demographic variables like age, marital status educational status, duration of breast feeding and family history were associated with the level of knowledge. A self-instructional module was prepared for use as a teaching aid and found effective with‘t’ value 17.77 at p&lt;0.01 level. Conclusion: After the detailed analysis of the study findings showed that the earlier studies done on the knowledge of women regarding breast cancer. There is lack of knowledge even in the educated women regarding breast cancer. It is the responsibility of all the nursing educators, administrators and policy makers to find out the barriers in the gain of knowledge and should try to remove them and to develop strategies which can make emphasis on prevention and early detection of diseases