UN International Research Articles

"Balancing the books"

Strongly emerging Indigenous methodologies have attracted researchers to employ diverse research paradigms within a moral commitment to conducting research based on ethical sensitivities and appropriate research protocols, as informed by research work with marginalized and unfamiliar groups including Indigenous Communities. However, adopting Indigenous methodological approaches may raise additional ethical considerations requiring a nuanced examination of what these may entail and competing ethical claims regarding research funding, research processes, outcomes and output. In this article, we draw sociological insights from Bourdieusian theory, as well as feminist epistemology, to explore the ethical implications arising from qualitative research the authors recently completed with Indigenous communities in equatorial Malaysia and Costa Rica, where Indigenous land rights and access issues form the contextualizing and comparative backdrop to the study, with reference to relevant international UN policies such as the Sustainable Development Goals.

The Influence of Sowing and Mineral Fertilizer Norms on The Growth, Development, Yield and Crop Qualities of Seeds of Autumn Soft Wheat

Wheat worldwide (Triticum aestivum L.) the main food crop is cultivated, and demand for it and production are growing paralellously. "According to the UN International Organization, the total grain production in the world is around 2 billion 450 thousand tons, of which 2 billion 194 thousand tons corresponds to the share of cereal crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale, rice, corn, oats, millet, marjumak), 256 million tons of legumes.".It is considered of important scientific and practical importance to study the research work of soft wheat, aimed at creating high-yielding, grain quality, resistant varieties to diseases and pests, lying down, unfavorable factors of the environment using short stem control killing genes.

Staging emancipation and its limits: East German cultural diplomacy, the German Democratic Women’s League, and the 1975 World Congress of Women in East Berlin

ABSTRACT This article explores the cultural diplomacy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) at the World Congress of Women in October 1975 in East Berlin. Organized by the Women’s International Democratic Federation to celebrate the UN International Women’s Year, the congress provided a space for communist and leftist advocates from across the globe to discuss women’s rights in connection with issues like global economic justice, anti-colonialism, and peace. But it also gave its host, the GDR, a platform to promote its emancipatory policies to women from the Global South. For weeks, delegates from Africa, Asia, and Latin America visited concerts, museums, and art exhibitions on women’s lives and took trips to neighbourhoods, kindergartens, schools, women’s advice centres, and hospitals across the GDR. Building on research on the performative dimensions of international diplomacy, this article discusses how the socialist regime transformed the congress halls, the city of East Berlin, and public institutions into ‘diplomatic stages’. It argues that while this performance was challenged by audiences like foreign journalists, Western delegates, and citizens, its success depended on the Demokratische Frauenbund Deutschlands (German Democratic Women’s League), the GDR's mass women’s organisation, and its networks to the international women’s movement.

FROM THE SECTORAL ANGLE TO THE GENERAL RULES OR HOW THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY?

This article discusses the impact the 1972 Liability Convention exerted upon the further discussion on state responsibility and liability rules within the UN International Law Commission. The question it seeks to answer is the issue of how, and to what extent, its provisions influenced the development of international law on the responsibility of states and international organizations and the institution of international liability of states. Most notably, the present article demonstrates how the Liability Convention served as a reference point for the International Law Commission’s works struggling to codify the general rules of states’ liability. It also examines the factors that, from the mid- 1990s onward, have steadily diminished its role in the ongoing debate and how it finally informed the final shape of the 2006 Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising from hazardous activities. Furthermore, it analyses the 2001 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) and the 2011 Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations (ARIO). With this in mind, it is put forward that the differences mandate strict differentiation between international responsibility and international liability at the theoretical level. Nonetheless, the Liability Convention could furnish patterns based on which, notably, the institution of joint and several responsibility of states and international organizations, respectively, have been modelled. Therefore, it is concluded that the lex specialis and the self-contained character of the regime established under this Convention effectively limit its impact on the development of international regimes of responsibility and liability of states and international organizations. However, they do not eliminate them altogether. Ironically, in practical terms, the Convention marked the 2001 ARSIWA and, indirectly, the 2011 ARIO more decisively than the 2006 Draft Principles, even though the Convention – similar to the DP 2006 – addresses states’ liability, not their responsibility.

Risc management: the medical support system in contemporary armed conflict

Introduction. Contemporary armed conflicts are characterized by a multifaceted blend of combat strategies, encompassing conventional and unconventional weaponry, regular and irregular forces, terrorist actions and acts of organized crime, indiscriminate violence and outside international law.
 Material and methods. A retrospective bibliographic study was conducted on the evolution of combat strategies employed by the U.S. Armed Forces, NATO member countries, and international UN Peacekeeping Operations over the past 25 years.
 Results. The way of organizing and providing medical assistance in local military conflict differs from the principles governing medical support in major armed conflicts. The staging of the treatment system and the evacuation of the wounded follows a crucial time-based framework known as the '10-1-2(+2)' rule: "10"– immediate measures to stop bleeding within 10 minutes of the injury; "1" – evacuation to the medical treatment facility capable of performing resuscitation and stabilizing vital functions.; "2" – timely transfer to a medical formation equipped for Damage Control Surgery and Resuscitation within 2 hours of the injury; "+2" – performing the surgical intervention, stabilization of vital functions, and diagnostic preparations for strategic evacuation within 4 hours of the injury.
 Conclusions. Resulting from the specific particularities of the local military conflict, the planning of medical support as well as the complex of treatment and evacuation measures, force health protection, medical logistics, require adaptation to the real tactical and medical situation created.

The UN Security Council and International Law written by Michael Wood and Eran Sthoeger

The UN Security Council and International Law written by Michael Wood and Eran Sthoeger

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and education for Rohingya refugees in Malaysia

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and education for Rohingya refugees in Malaysia are examined in this paper. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serve as a blueprint for achieving a better and more sustainable future for all. Its fourth goal is to improve educational quality and enable socioeconomic mobility to help people escape poverty. The problem for Rohingya refugees in Malaysia is that they are not officially recognized by the host government. This study has been conducted using a qualitative approach. Purposive sampling has been chosen to identify respondents like United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) personnel, Rohingya refugees, and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A semi-structured interview question was used to collect the information from the respondents. As a result, one of the consequences is that their children are not permitted to attend government-run schools for formal education. This situation has left them dissatisfied and concerned about their future in Malaysia. Nonetheless, in order to leverage the SDGs’ goal and achieve its motto of “leaving no one behind”, the UNHCR, as an international UN body, made an effort to provide access to the education sector. These efforts aim not only to improve educational quality, but also to strengthen ties between the refugee community and the host society. The local NGOs also collaborate with UNHCR in terms of financial support to further their secondary and even tertiary study. Despite those challenges, it still strives to achieve the SDG No. 4 target to reach the quality of education for Rohingya refugees. As a result, efforts to improve education for Rohingyas in Malaysia are ongoing, and all stakeholders must work together to make it a reality.

Some Aspects of the Concept of State Responsibility for Internationally Illegal Acts

The article examines some topical issues of the theory and practice of state responsibility for internationally illegal acts, which is of great importance in the doctrine of modern international law. Doctrinal approaches to defining the concept of internationally illegal action of the state are analyzed. The importance of codification and further development of international law in the field of responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts is noted. It is noted that due to the systematization of doctrine and judicial practice in 2001 it was possible to substantiate the latest doctrinal definition of responsibility in international law for international illegal actions of the state, which found its implementation and enshrined in the Articles of UN Resolution56/83 of 12 December 2001. The Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts stipulate that every State that has committed an internationally wrongful act is liable for it. The Articles define the elements of internationally illegal actions of the state. It is noted that an internationally wrongful act of a state occurs when any conduct constituting an act or omission is a) appropriated to a state under international law; and(b) constitutes a violation of that State’s international legal obligation. Thus, the illegal behavior of the state can be both active and in action of the state. An important role in the preparation of the Articles belongs to the Commission on International Law. The scientific views of the members of the UN International Law Commission on international legal activities of states are analyzed. Thus, the modern doctrine of the state’s responsibility in international law for international illegal acts is based on the recognition of the state’s illegal behavior inviolation of the international legal obligations of this state under international law. Therefore, the issues of international legal responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts need to be enshrined in the Universal International Convention on the Liability of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which will contribute to the progressive development of the law of international responsibility. Key words: international law, state, responsibility, international wrongful act, doctrine.

China's early contribution to international lawmaking with particular focus on the role of Dr. Liang Yuen-Li

ABSTRACT Dr. Liang Yuen-Li (1903–1979) was a diplomat and lawyer from China, who was one of the founders of the UN International Law Commission (ILC) in 1947, serving as its first Secretary from 1949 to 1964. Having participated in the Hague Codification Conference of 1930, he had great authority in the ILC, and by his leadership led to the success in producing a number of important codification conventions in 1950s and 60s. After he had left the ILC, however, its productivity substantially declined. It is hoped today that his legacy be revived in the efforts for progressive development and codification of international law and the ultimate revitalization of the ILC.

Practical challenges and recommendations on the status of national minorities and indigenous peoples: a comparative analysis of the approaches of the European Union

Modern models of social development emphasize the prevalence of positive examples of solving complex national and political problems aimed at finding peaceful ways to conduct dialogue and resolve existing conflicts or misunderstandings. The purpose of the article is to analyze the practical challenges and develop recommendations in defining the statute of national minorities and indigenous peoples in the European Union. The article is based on theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, structural-functional and dialectical methods. The article analyzes the current problems of the existence of indigenous peoples in the EU countries, the legal rules governing the mechanism for the realization of the rights of national minorities. The author identifies the main challenges that arise in the process of legal regulation of ethnonational policy in the EU. Among them, in particular, the author identifies the politicization of the issue of national minorities and the denial of their existence. Similarly, the political factor is relevant for the legalization of indigenous peoples, which leads to the weak development of legal instruments. It is proposed to use international UN documents to formulate national legislation, to demand legal prosecution of any manifestations of discrimination at the public level, and to develop a legal framework for terminological aspects of definitions. The conclusions emphasize the importance for the EU candidate states (including Ukraine) to pay leading attention to the problem of indigenous peoples and national minorities.

The importance of a doctrine in the contemporary international law codification

The article analyzes the key methods of legal acts systematization from the general law theory perspective and describes the peculiarities of the procedure for the arrangement, improvement and the update of normative legal acts in international law.It is noted that codification is the most important law-making method in the contemporary international law, and the UN International Law Commission is one of the key institutions that successfully carries out this work.It is pointed out that the Commission has invested a considerable amount of effort into clarification and systematization of main sources of international law such as an international treaty, an international custom, and general principles of law.
 It is emphasized that the interaction and linkage between the main sources of international law and the subsidiary means for the determination of international law rules, i.e. court decisions and the doctrines of the most qualified international lawyers, have largely remained vague, complicated and unregulated to date.It is indicated that a scientific doctrine is ambiguously applied in the practice of international courts which justify their rulings with regard to the judicial decisions and works of the UN International Law Commission. Similarly, the Special Rapporteurs of the Commission refer to the practice of international and national courts and the scientific doctrine.A special model of international legal norms codification during the third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea involving the application of innovative and unprecedented negotiation methods and procedures is also highlighted. It is underlined that the successful preparation of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is attributed to the fact that the text of the future treaty was gradually drafted during the conference itself, the proposals were submitted by individual states or the groups of states, legal experts and lawyers had a special influence on the formation of the treaty provisions.It is emphasized that a detailed study of the doctrine’s influence on the codification of international law will enable its subjects to better understand the main practical and theoretical approaches adopted by international courts and international organizations in the decision-making procedure.

Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kepatuhan Ibu Hamil Dalam Mengonsumsi Tablet FE Di UPTD Puskesmas Kuta Baharu Kecamatan Kota Baharu Kabupaten Aceh Singkil Tahun 2023

Pregnant women are the result of fertilization from sperm which causes the mother to carry a fetus in her womb, namely in her uterus. According to a 2014 WHO and UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) estimate in an Azinar discussion, that 529,000 women still die every year from complications of their pregnancy, and nearly 90% of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. and Asia. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, the number of mothers who died was caused by pregnancy and childbirth, reaching 5,019 people. Based on the initial survey conducted on March 13 to 15 2023 at at UPTD Puskesmas Kuta Baharu,Kota Baharu District Aceh Singkil Regency, there were 7 pregnant women. This research uses a quantitative analytic research type with a research design used in the form of a cross-sectional approach, where this cross-sectional design is a collection of research data that is carried out one time or at the same time. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, the role of health workers and ANC on adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women. The population of this study were pregnant women in Aek Kanopan Hospital, North Labuhanbatu District. In this study the number of samples based on the formula with the total population and samples totaled 37 samples. The results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women with a p-value of 0.001 <0.05, the role of health workers with a p-value of 0.009 <0.05, family support with a p-value of 0.006 <0. 05 and ANC with a p-value of 0.002 <0.05 associated with adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women. There is a relationship between knowledge and adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women with a p-value of 0.001 <0.05. There is a relationship between the role of health workers and adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women with a p-value of 0.009 <0.05. There is a relationship between family support and adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women with a p-value of 0.006 <0.05. There is a relationship between ANC and adherence to consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women with a p-value of 0.002 <0.05.

Industrial development in Russia: the study of sectoral structure

The article deals with the issues of studying the sectoral structure of the economy of the Russian Federation and the transformation of the sectoral structure of industry. A sample of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the structure of industrial production by gross value added, the number of employed personnel, the value of exports for the period 1990-2022 was formed and analyzed. Open statistical data consolidated by the UN International Organization for Industrial Development (UNIDO) and Rosstat were used. Calculations of structural shifts in the manufacturing industry of the Russian Federation have been carried out. The article shows that the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has undergone tremendous structural transformations. During the period under review, the sectoral structure of industry in terms of gross value added was significantly transformed: the share of oil refining, chemical industry, metallurgy is increasing, while the share of machine-building and instrument-making is decreasing. In the sectoral structure of employment, the share of high-tech industries such as machine building and electronics and agriculture is decreasing, while the share of employment in trade and construction, transportation and communication is increasing. In the sectoral structure of exports, the share of manufacturing industries is decreasing and the share of extractive industries is increasing. It is concluded that for a long time the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has been under the influence of deindustrialization.

Validation of the EPACODI-1 Scale: University Students' Perceptions of Inclusive Education.

In the last fifteen years, changes have been taking place in education systems at the international and national levels that aim to achieve, in the near future, the objectives set by the UN International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereafter CRPD). Spain is no stranger to these objectives, as recognized in the new Organic Law for the Modification of the Law on the Organization of Education. This situation makes it necessary to know the perceptions that professionals in training (about to graduate) from faculties of education have about the legal content established by articles 4.1.i and 24 of the CRPD on inclusive education. In order to ascertain these perceptions, the EPACO-DI-1 instrument was used in a quantitative and confirmatory study by means of a multivariate factor analysis (CFA), applying the parallel estimation method of ordinary least squares (OLS) and principal axes with polychoric correlation and promax oblique rotation. This study involved 552 fourth-year students between the ages of 21 and over 45 from the specializations offered by the Faculty of Education of the University of Murcia. The obtained results are consistent and show the validity of the EPACODI-1 scale for determining the perceptions of professionals in training on inclusive education.

Learning and community building in support of collective action: Toward a new climate of communication at the COP

AbstractThe international UN Climate Change conferences known as “Conferences of the Parties (COPs)” have an enormous convening power and are attended annually by tens of thousands of actors working on climate change topics from a wide range of perspectives. In the COP spaces outside of the formal negotiations, the communication culture is dominated by “side events,” a format that relies heavily on conventional presentations and panels that can be informative, but is generally not conducive to mutual engagement, reflection, or dialogue. There is an urgent need for new dialogue formats that can better foster learning and community‐building and thereby harness the enormous latent potential for climate action represented by the diverse stakeholders that gather at the COP. Against this backdrop, and drawing on our experience with the development and implementation of the Co‐Creative Reflection and Dialogue Spaces at COP25, COP26, and COP27, we make recommendations for further developing the communication culture of the COPs. At the level of individual sessions, we provide recommendations for designing participatory dialogues that can better support reflection, interconnection, and action orientation. In addition, we offer guidance for scaling up these practices, for instance through networks and communities of practice to support a shift of the overall communication culture of the COPs. Our recommendations focus on interactions and exchanges that unfold outside of the formal negotiation sessions, with a view toward enabling and accelerating transformative action by non‐state actors.This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework

N-Nitrosamines and their precursors in wastewater effluents from selected industries in Spain

N-nitrosamines (NAs), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in particular, are hazardous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) relevant when wastewater impacts drinking water sources and, in water reuse practices. Our study investigates the concentrations of NDMA and five additional NAs and their precursors in industrial wastewater effluents. Aiming to identify potential differences between industrial typologies, wastewaters from 38 industries belonging to 11 types of the UN International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities system (ISIC) were analysed. Results show that the presence of most NAs and their precursors cannot be linked to a specific industry type as these were in general very different within the classes. Nevertheless, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) as well as precursors for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), NPIP and N-nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) could be rank with different concentrations between ISIC classes (p-value < 0.05). Specific industrial wastewater with notable high concentrations of NAs and their precursors were identified too. The effluents with the highest concentration of NDMA belong to the ISIC C2011 class (Manufacture of basic chemical), while the effluents with the highest concentration of NDMA precursors were from the ISIC C1511 class (Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur). Other relevant NAs found were NDEA in ISIC class B0810 (Quarrying of stone, sand, and clay) and ISIC class C2029 (Manufacture of other chemical products).

Belarus’ Violation of International Obligations in Connection with Artificial Migration Pressure on the Belarus–European Union Border

Abstract This paper attempts to assess events related to the huge scale of the influx of migrants in the summer of 2021 at the Belarusian borders with Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. The involvement of the Belarusian government had a key impact on the nature of the events and led to Belarus’ violation of its international obligations. In particular, Belarus has violated the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), the 1967 additional Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1966 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000 and the Protocols Thereto (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air). The illegal actions taken by Belarus were described as a hybrid attack aimed at destabilizing Europe. Minsk’s creation of an engineered migration pressure on the border with the EU can be considered part of a hybrid strategy – one of the dominant methods in geopolitical confrontation and the struggle for influence in international relations. The present paper verifies the research hypothesis that Belarus has deliberately violated international law by inducing engineered migration at the border with the EU in order to paralyse the migration situation in the neighbouring EU Member States. The violation of international law has not resulted in any major international consequences.

2022년 제73차 회기 유엔 국제법위원회 작업현황과 제77차 유엔총회 산하 제6위원회 논의 결과

2022년 제73차 회기 유엔 국제법위원회 작업현황과 제77차 유엔총회 산하 제6위원회 논의 결과

Pathways for advancing good work in food systems: Reflecting on the international Good Work for Good Food Forum

The crucial roles that workers, especially seasonal and migrant workers, play in our food systems have come under renewed attention in recent years. The coronavirus pandemic resulted in food work­ers being recognized as critical or essential workers in many countries. In 2021, this coincided with the UN International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (IYFV), highlighting the importance of horticul­tural crops to healthy lives globally. Yet, workers’ quality of life in this most labor-intensive form of food production is often disregarded, or in the case of the UN IYFV, misconstrued. The agriculture-migration nexus—on which food systems depend—remains recognized as a challenge, yet there is limited debate about how it could be ameliorated and a lack of articulation of desirable alternatives. While alternative food and peasant movements propose food system transformation and alternative labor futures based on agroecology, labor lawyers and other advocates propose regula­tion and formalization of workplace regimes to ensure fair working conditions. Most recently, a third pos­sibility has emerged from agri-tech innovators: a techno-centric future with far fewer agricultural work­ers. These three archetypes of agricultural labor futures (agroecological, formally regulated, and techno-centric) have the potential to leave food scholars and activists without a unified, coherent vision to advance. Addressing this gap, this paper reports and builds on insights harvested from the international Good Work for Good Food Forum, organized by the authors with the aim of shaping consensus on positive visions for work in food systems. About 40 scholar-activists across three continents discussed the current challenges facing food workers and crafted a collective vision for good food work. This vision is documented in the form of nine principles supported by a framework of seven enabling pathways. We conclude by em­pha­sizing the need for a people-centered incor­poration of technology and a re-valuation of food workers’ contributions to global food systems. We offer the vision as a collective platform for action to advocate for and organize with workers in food systems.

Possible environmental solutions to oil spills in the Black Sea due to the Russian invasion (on the examples of the U.S. and international experience dealing with oil spills)

The Black Sea is an inland sea, that is basically isolated from the World Ocean. Even though it is connected only with the Mediterranean Sea through the Turkish Straits, the Black Sea is very environmentally vulnerable. Armed conflict invariably has a negative impact on nature. Oil spills that happened because of Russian invasion have radically changed the ecosystems of the Black Sea, and subsequently seriously threatened its biodiversity, and ecosystem as a whole. During the last 20-30 years, even before the full-scale Russian invasion, specialists of the Ukrainian Scientific Center for Marine Ecology, together with the EMBLAS project, were deeply worried about changes in the Black Sea [1].&#x0D; Even more rapid change in the Black Sea ecosystem happened in June 2022 when Russian forces used two anti-ship missiles to target an abandoned cargo tanker adrift in the northern Black Sea. The vessel was loaded with around 600 tons of diesel fuel. The abandoned tankers, with thousands of barrels of diesel fuel, constituted an “environmental time bomb [2].” &#x0D; As to the existing framework, in 1992, six coastal countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine) signed and ratified the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution. Since then, the Black Sea Pollution Protection Commission has been responsible for the sustainable management of the Black Sea. The real effectiveness of this Commission turned out to be very low considering the fact that not a single act was adopted for the preservation of the Black Sea in terms of Russian invasion since February 24th 2022.&#x0D; Indeed, there is some legal protection for nature under the laws of armed conflict too, although these laws are ambiguous and have strict limitations. For instance, there is a set of Draft Principles for environmental preservation in relation to armed conflict, which was just adopted by the UN International Law Commission. &#x0D; Thus, in the absence of adequate international mechanisms to address oil spills immediately, it is worth to take into account well established US Response System as the federal government mechanism to respond to discharges of oil into navigable waters of the US. While this system functions through a cooperative network of federal, state, and local agencies, Ukraine lacks this coordinated cooperation, and cannot respond properly to the significant contamination of the Black Sea.&#x0D; Thus, we will reveal the existing international mechanisms to combat oil spills. Then, we will mainly focus on US Governing policies that deal with oil spills on the Exxon Valdez oil spill example, applying it to the existing policies in Ukraine.