UML Models Research Articles

Model-based testing areas, tools and challenges: A tertiary study


 
 
 Context: Model-based testing is one of the most studied approaches by secondary studies in the area of software testing. Aggregating knowledge from secondary studies on model- based testing can be useful for both academia and industry. Objective: The goal of this study is to characterize secondary studies in model-based testing, in terms of the areas, tools and challenges they have investigated. Method: We conducted a tertiary study following the guidelines for systematic mapping studies. Our mapping included 22 secondary studies, of which 12 were literature surveys and 10 systematic reviews, over the period 1996–2016. Results: A hierarchy of model-based testing areas and subareas was built based on existing taxonomies as well as data that emerged from the secondary studies themselves. This hierarchy was then used to classify studies, tools, challenges and their tendencies in a unified classification scheme. We found that the two most studied areas are UML models and transition-based notations, both being modeling paradigms. Regarding tendencies of areas in time, we found two areas with constant activity through time, namely, test objectives and model specification. With respect to tools, we only found five studies that compared and classified model-based testing tools. These tools have been classified into common dimensions that mainly refer to the model type and phases of the model-based testing process they support. We reclassified all the tools into the hierarchy of model-based testing areas we proposed, and found that most tools were reported within the modeling paradigm area. With regard to tendencies of tools, we found that tools for testing the functional behavior of software have prevailed over time. Another finding was the shift from tools that support the generation of abstract tests to those that support the generation of executable tests. For analyzing challenges, we used six categories that emerged from the data (based on a grounded analysis): efficacy, availability, complexity, professional skills, investment, cost & effort, and evaluation & empirical evidence. We found that most challenges were related to availability. Besides, we too classified challenges according to our hierarchy of model-based testing areas, and found that most challenges fell in the model specification area. With respect to tendencies in challenges, we found they have moved from complexity of the approaches to the lack of approaches for specific software domains. Conclusions: Only a few systematic reviews on model-based testing could be found, therefore some areas still lack secondary studies, particularly, test execution aspects, language types, model dynamics, as well as some modeling paradigms and generation methods. We thus encourage the community to perform further systematic reviews and mapping studies, following known protocols and reporting procedures, in order to increase the quality and quantity of empirical studies in model-based testing.
 
 

Research on PLC Information Model Based on UML Class Diagram

In the industrial control system, there are a variety of PLC, which are made of different manufacturers and with various types, working in the operation line for different enterprises. Due to the different communication protocols and information exchange standards, it is difficult to achieve information sharing and unified management, and easily leading to "information island". In this paper, the PLC information model is put forward to design the information standard, and further to realize the standardization of data collection and industrial information, system integration and information sharing, and then set up the industrial control information standard. The modeling and drawing principle of PLC information model based on UML is introduced, and the modeling and drawing method of PLC information model based on EA UML modeling tool is presented.

Metamodel clone detection with SAMOS

Abstract Wider adoption of model-driven engineering leads to an abundance of models and metamodels in academic and industrial practice. One of the key techniques for the management and maintenance of such artifacts is model clone detection, where highly similar (meta-)models and (meta-)model fragments are mined from a typically large set of data. In this paper we have extended the SAMOS framework (Statistical Analysis of MOdelS) to clone detection, exemplified on Ecore metamodels. Our clone detection approach uses and extends the framework’s feature extraction, vector space model, natural language processing and clustering capabilities. We performed three extensive case studies to demonstrate its accuracy both quantitatively and qualitatively. We first compared the sensitivity and accuracy of SAMOS for metamodel changes through mutation and scenario analysis (which simulate clones) with those of NICAD-Ecore and MACH, tools for clone detection on Ecore and UML models respectively. We then compared the precision and recall of SAMOS and of NICAD-Ecore on a real dataset, consisting of conference management metamodels from the ATL Zoo. Finally we performed a repository-wide mining of metamodel clones from GitHub. We conclude that SAMOS stands out with its higher accuracy and yet considerable scalability for further large-scale clone detection and other empirical studies on metamodels and domain specific languages.

Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian Berbasis Website Pada PT Sumatera Panca Rajo Palembang

Sistem informasi saat ini merupakan hal yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh semua bentuk bisnis. Hal ini berdampak pada perkembangan teknologi yang signifikan, sehingga perusahaan berlomba-lomba untuk memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik dengan cara peningkatan menggunakan bantuan teknologi dan sistem informasi. Dalam kegiatan operasional sehari-hari PT. Sumatera Panca Rajo saat ini hanya menggunakan aplikasi perkantoran biasa belum menerapkan sistem kepegawaian, hal ini membuat sulitnya dalam melakukan perekapan data absensi dan lembur karena masih menggunakan kertas yang disimpan didalam folder, sehingga rentan mengalami kehilangan dan kerusakan. Untuk melakukan perekapan data absensi dan lembur, biasanya bagian operasional harus mencari arsip data yang tersimpan terlebih dahulu. Karena itulah manajemen PT. Sumatera Panca Rajo kesulitan untuk mengontrol, dan mengevaluasi kinerja pegawainya, masalah ini dirasa menghambat kinerja perusahaan. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut penulis mencoba membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan dengan membuatkan Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian Berbasis Website Pada PT. Sumatera Panca Rajo. Dalam pengembangan sistem informasi ini penulis menggunakan pengembangan prangkat lunak Iterasi, untuk menganalisis permasalahan penulis menggunakan alur analisis PIECES, mengumpulkan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Merancang perangkat lunak menggunakan permodelan UML. Dengan dibangunnya sistem informasi ini PT. Sumatera Panca Rajo dapat memperoleh informasi mengenai kehadiran, data-data pegawai, mutasi, pemberhentian pegawai, dan perekrutan pegawai, serta dapat melakukan penilaian terhadap kinerja pegawainya.

Logical Approach: Consistency Rules between Activity Diagram and Class Diagram

Requirements engineering (RE) is a fundamental in software development process. Requirements engineering encompasses activities ranging from requirements elicitation and analysis to specification, verification and validation. Poor requirements have been proved to be a major cause of software problems such as cost overruns, delivery delays, failure to meet expectation and degradation. Requirements validation especially models validation has gained quite an interest from a lot of researchers. In recent times, several researchers have expressed a great deal of interest in requirements validation, specifically models validation. The field of research related to consistency checking has undergone a considerable boom from time to time. Numerous methods, approaches and techniques have been recommended to address the requirements inconsistency issues, particularly in models validation. In the software development industry, UML modelling has been extensively used. The different forms of the UML model that characterise the system from various perspectives somehow establish a relation among the models to keep them inseparable from one another. This is the reason why the inconsistency becomes unavoidable. The inconsistency in the models arises when there is an overlap of the elements of the various models representing the different parts of the system and an absence of cooperation. In this paper, the emphasis is given on the consistency rules that exist between the two models. The focus is also on the class diagrams and activity, and the conversion of the rules into logical predicates, where the logical predicates are assessed with a sample case study that constitutes of the two models.

Logical Approach: Consistency Rules between Activity Diagram and Class Diagram

Requirements engineering (RE) is a fundamental in software development process. Requirements engineering encompasses activities ranging from requirements elicitation and analysis to specification, verification and validation. Poor requirements have been proved to be a major cause of software problems such as cost overruns, delivery delays, failure to meet expectation and degradation. Requirements validation especially models validation has gained quite an interest from a lot of researchers. In recent times, several researchers have expressed a great deal of interest in requirements validation, specifically models validation. The field of research related to consistency checking has undergone a considerable boom from time to time. Numerous methods, approaches and techniques have been recommended to address the requirements inconsistency issues, particularly in models validation. In the software development industry, UML modelling has been extensively used. The different forms of the UML model that characterise the system from various perspectives somehow establish a relation among the models to keep them inseparable from one another. This is the reason why the inconsistency becomes unavoidable. The inconsistency in the models arises when there is an overlap of the elements of the various models representing the different parts of the system and an absence of cooperation. In this paper, the emphasis is given on the consistency rules that exist between the two models. The focus is also on the class diagrams and activity, and the conversion of the rules into logical predicates, where the logical predicates are assessed with a sample case study that constitutes of the two models.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi e-CRM Alfamart Batam Dengan Metode Extreme Programming

This can make irresponsible parties libel the company because everyone or customers who join it can read and comment freely on what the customer complained about. Therefore, PT Indoritel Makmur International Tbk (Indomaret) Batam is advised to have an application that can arrange and provide services to complaints or criticism and customer suggestions. To overcome these problems then designed a web-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM) information system. This design aims to facilitate customers in delivering criticism and suggestions or complaints to the service company. This design uses UML modeling diagram (Unifed Modeling Language) such as, Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, Class Diagram and Sequence Diagram. In addition, the technologies used in this design system such as Dreamweaver, PHP, and MySQL. The end result of this design is a Web-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM) information system that can be used to manage customer complaints submitted to PT Indoritel Makmur International Tbk (Indomaret) Batam. The Extreme Programming method is the most widely used approach to software development

PERANCANGAN SISTEM E-COMMERCE BERBASIS WEB PADA TOKO INDAH SURYA FURNITURE

Indah Surya Furniture Shop still uses simple media in carrying out its business activities. Product promotion still uses brochures, banners and radios. While the product ordering process still uses WhatsApp and telephone, and for the sales report it is still made manually so that simply the media used indicates that the sales results have not been optimized. In order to increase sales results the system should be able to promote products easily and can order products quickly. Therefor, a web-based e-commerce system is used to help owners promote and market their products. The presence of an e-commerce system is expected to help owners market their products, and can help consumers buy products according to their needs. The design of the e-commerce system uses UML modeling (Unified Modeling Language) by using object-oriented visualization diagrams. The programming language used is the PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language based on CodeIgniter and Javascript, with MySQL as the Database Management System (DBMS) and Sublime Text 2 as editors. The resulting web-based e-commerce system can market products in a wider area and can provide information about products quickly, and with this e-commerce system consumers will be easier to order products. Keywords: E-commerce system, Web, Codeigniter.

Aplikasi Majalah Dinding “Wall On” Berbasis Android Jurusan Teknik Elektronika Fakultas Teknik UNP

The Development of science nowadays develop rapidly furthermore lead make human activity more easily especially in technology and communication. The development in science has made a change how people nowaday get information. Wall magazine is one of media for college student to get some information. Wall magazine for college student not only about lecture activity but also about many information e.g. announcement about loss something, advertisement,event information and etc. This application “WallOn” is designed to help college student to get the latest news or information about campus. This application can reduce paper as a media for news and information. The method used based on UML model object oriented. In the server side using PHP as programming language with MySQL as database management system and Sublime Text as text editor meanwhile in the client side using JAVA as proramming language, JSON and android studio that can run in android. An android base application is designed to obtained an application that can accommodate needed e.g give an information or news, not only in campus area but also out of campus.Keywords: Android Application, Wall Magazine, client-server, php, MySql

A survey on UML model smells detection techniques for software refactoring

AbstractBad smells tend to have a negative impact on software by degrading its quality. It is beneficial to detect model smells to avoid their propagation to later stages of software development. The objective of this paper is to present the state‐of‐the‐art research on techniques for detecting UML model bad smells. The detection techniques are compared and evaluated using a proposed evaluation framework. The framework consists of two parts. The first part of the framework compares the techniques in terms of the implemented approach, the investigated model, and the explored model smells, while the experimental design is explored in the second part of the framework. We found that the detection of bad smells in class and sequence diagrams is accomplished via design patterns, software metrics, and predefined rules, while model smells in use cases are detected using metrics and predefined rules. We also found that the class diagram is the most investigated UML model in the context of model smell detection, whereas there is a lack of work on other UML models. In addition, there is a scarcity of independent studies on sequence diagrams. Furthermore, the studies investigating class diagrams are mostly validated, whereas use case diagrams and sequence diagrams are rarely validated.

Preservation of Class Invariants in Refactoring UML Models

In the field of software engineering, the term class invariants is known as a valuable term employed to delineate the semantic of UML class diagram elements (attributes and relationships) and must be held throughout the life-time of instances of the class. Refactoring, the activities of re-distributing classes, attributes and methods across the class hierarchy, is a powerful technique that is used to improve the quality of software systems. Performing refactoring on UML class diagrams obviously requires a special investigation of invariant-preserving on the refactored models. In this paper, we propose an approach to preserve class invariants in refactoring UML models. In order to achieve this aim, we first formalize the class diagram along with class invariants by mathematical notations. We then constitute the rules for five refactoring operations (deal with class hierarchies) in such a way to guarantee class invariants as well as proving correctness of the refactoring rules. Finally, the paper also makes provision of the proposed approach for practical applications in software re-engineering development process.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Catatan Kesehatan Ibu Hamil dan Ibu Bersalin Berbasis SMS Notifikasi

The maternal health record is a record that contains the development of the fetus and the pregnant health record as well, this note is very important as a reference when a pregnant woman will give birth so that in addition to this note is given to the patient (pregnant women) midwife and gynecologist place control should also have this health record. Patients also often forget to bring even forget to put or keep this health notebook so forget the date of return control that has been written on the note note. Patients should not forget the date of re-control and not be empty of health record book then made the design of health information system for pregnant mother and mother-based sms notification with the aim can be a reminder of date of control visit for pregnant mother and reminded of date of estimated delivery. Methods of data collection is done by direct observation, interview and literature study. System design using UML modeling language. The result of this research is the design of information system of maternity health record and maternity based on sms notification with purpose as reminder of date of control visit for pregnant mother and reminder of estimated date of labor and assist in better management of maternal and maternal health record.

Profiling the publish/subscribe paradigm for automated analysis using colored Petri nets

UML sequence diagrams are used to graphically describe the message interactions between the objects participating in a certain scenario. Combined fragments extend the basic functionality of UML sequence diagrams with control structures, such as sequences, alternatives, iterations, or parallels. In this paper, we present a UML profile to annotate sequence diagrams with combined fragments to model timed Web services with distributed resources under the publish/subscribe paradigm. This profile is exploited to automatically obtain a representation of the system based on Colored Petri nets using a novel model-to-model (M2M) transformation. This M2M transformation has been specified using QVT and has been integrated in a new add-on extending a state-of-the-art UML modeling tool. Generated Petri nets can be immediately used in well-known Petri net software, such as CPN Tools, to analyze the system behavior. Hence, our model-to-model transformation tool allows for simulating the system and finding design errors in early stages of system development, which enables us to fix them at these early phases and thus potentially saving development costs.

INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF INTELLECTUAL ANALYSIS OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM SYSTEM FOR ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE LIST

Context. The problem of analyzing a bibliographic list is examined with the purpose of automating the verification of the correctness of its compilation. The object of the study was the process of creating bibliographic descriptions based on existing standards. The subject of the study is models and methods of intellectual analysis for checking and correcting bibliographic descriptions. Objective. The goal of the work is to increase the effectiveness of scientific and pedagogical activity through the use of an intellectual system to check the list of literary sources in the students’ course and diploma papers. Method. The standard is analyzed and the elements composing the bibliographic description are listed. Existing tools for forming and checking the list of literature sources are considered, their shortcomings are revealed, the necessity of creating a software tool for checking bibliographic descriptions is grounded. The research of methods of intellectual analysis is given: methods of regular expressions, fuzzy search with application of fuzzy regular expressions, finite automaton and neural network of Hamming are considered. A previously existing model for checking the bibliographic description for compliance with existing standards was created, based on the methods of regular expressions, fuzzy search, the finite automaton and the neural network of Hamming. An object-oriented model of the projected computer system in the language of visual modeling of UML is presented. The work of computer implementation of the software system implemented in the C # visual programming environment is described. Results. A software system was developed – an intelligent decision-making system – to check the bibliographic description and partially automated correction with user instructions generated based on the knowledge base. Conclusions. The developed intellectual system allows to reveal and correct mistakes of registration of the bibliographic description. The basis of the program is the knowledge base, which can be supplemented if there are any unforeseen situations. In addition, this system makes it possible to accumulate a database of already verified lists of literature. The developed system can be improved without interfering with the source code of the program. At the same time, the level of its capabilities and correctness of corrections, the issuance of comments directly depends on the completeness and correctness of the compiled knowledge base. The prospects for further research include the use of other styles for the design of a list of literature other than DSTU 7.1: 2006, such as the IEEE.

Robust design of web services supporting the home administration of drug infusion in pediatric oncology

Cancer home care is a sector of particular relevance for the Italian health service. The budget ceilings imposed by public finance pose the need to reduce hospitalisation costs, moving patients from treatment to home care as much as possible. This is especially true in the field of pediatric oncology, where a protected family environment offers a variety of benefits to young patients and their families. However, in order to guarantee adequate assistance services, an integrated information system for management must be devised as the center of gravity of a coordinated network of, even heterogeneous, actors. This paper focuses on the identification and evolving development of web services for regulation and control of home administration of drug infusion in pediatric oncology. The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) remains the software architecture of reference, where as the methodological approach is open to a reconsideration of the continuous improvement of the whole process in light of the ceaseless progress of medical science and information technology. In this paper, his goal is achieved by using a methodological design approach that combines the UML modeling based on Case Stories and the process optimization of Axiomatic Design. Case Stories allow the formalization of end users' requirements in UML language, easily interpreted by software developers. On the other hand, Axiomatic Design allows optimizing the design process by identifying the most robust solutions in terms of greater logical coherence and lesser systemic complexity. We analyze a case study focused on the design of web services supporting the home administration of drug infusion, for young cancer patients in home care. Then, we show how the UML-modeling methodology can be used to design new services on the basis of specific Use Cases. Finally, through theAxiomatic design approach we verify the proposed solutions, by identifying the robust set of web services to be implemented.

A technique to validate automatic generation of Büchi automata from UML 2 sequence diagrams based on multi layer transformations

Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to transform UML models to formal methods for verification reason. However, few of these approaches take into account the validation of such transformations. This paper is a proposal in this context. It has two parts; first, we propose a technique to control the output of a transformational tool, in order to obtain safe transformational rules, and second, we propose a way to generate the formal model Büchi automata. More particularly, we show how to use multi layer transformations to obtain Büchi automata From UML2SD. The validation technique is based on the algebraic graph transformations and on the use of AGG tool. A scenario of telephone system is taken as a case study to illustrate our validation technique.

A technique to validate automatic generation of Büchi automata from UML 2 sequence diagrams based on multi layer transformations

Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to transform UML models to formal methods for verification reason. However, few of these approaches take into account the validation of such transformations. This paper is a proposal in this context. It has two parts; first, we propose a technique to control the output of a transformational tool, in order to obtain safe transformational rules, and second, we propose a way to generate the formal model Buchi automata. More particularly, we show how to use multi layer transformations to obtain Buchi automata From UML2SD. The validation technique is based on the algebraic graph transformations and on the use of AGG tool. A scenario of telephone system is taken as a case study to illustrate our validation technique.

Dynamic Slicing of Aspect-Oriented Software: An UML-based Approach

In this paper, we propose a technique to compute the dynamic slice of UML models for aspect-oriented software. The UML architectural model for aspect-oriented software represents the 'core' components, 'aspectual' components and the relationship between them. Firstly, we construct aspect-oriented model dependence graph (AOMDG) as an intermediate representation of the UML model for aspect-oriented software. AOMDG is a combination of aspect-class dependence graph (ACDG) and aspect-sequence dependence graph (ASDG). ACDG is constructed by using a set of class and set of aspect class diagrams and ASDG is constructed by using a set of sequence and aspect sequence diagrams from the UML architectural model. Then, we propose an algorithm to compute the dynamic slice by traversing AOMDG by marking and unmarking the nodes for a particular scenario during run-time.

Method for Reverse Engineering UML Use Case Model for Websites

Introducing reverse engineering of UML models can alleviate the problems with inadequately documented or undocumented websites. In this paper, we analyze possibilities of reverse engineering UML use case model composed of UML use case diagram and UML activity diagrams for each use case. The proposed method enables transformation of recorded website usage into UML use case and activity diagrams. Our method is based on dynamic analysis of website usage and does not require access to websites’ internal source code. The method consists of two steps: recording of user actions in the website, and then transforming the combination of recorded activity and publicly available HTML code information into UML use case model. During experimental evaluation of the tool, two UML use case models were reverse engineered: one for moodle.if.ktu.lt website and another for researchgate.net website. Both reversed use case diagrams contained appropriate include and extend relations and generalizations between actors. Activity diagrams were generated for every use case and alternative usage scenarios were successfully combined into activity diagrams. The quality of generated models was evaluated using an anonymous questionnaire completed by 13 UML modelling experts. The results of expert evaluation are encouraging: in total, average expert evaluation score was 8,4 in a scale of ten.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.47.4.21264

The parallel agile process: Applying parallel processing techniques to software engineering

AbstractFor the last 4 years, we have been experimenting with the parallel agile (PA) approach. PA achieves significant schedule compression by leveraging parallelism; large teams of developers can independently and concurrently develop scenarios from initial concept through code.This paper summarizes our experience in defining and evolving PA by applying it to four representative emergent‐technology applications: location‐based advertising, picture sharing, bad driver reporting, and a VR/AR game project. In comparison with the mainstream architected agile process that we had been using on similar systems, the PA process has consistently achieved significant speedups in system development while simultaneously reducing defects.PA uses storyboards and prototypes to define both sunny‐day and rainy‐day scenarios, defines requirements for each use case, and decomposes each use case into a conceptual model‐view‐controller (MVC) pattern. PA also uses code generation from UML models to rapidly construct a domain‐driven microservice architecture at the inception of a project. This microservice architecture is then used to enable prototype code to interact with a live database during requirements definition. PA then uses automatic test case generation from the same UML model.The paper summarizes the overall challenge of software schedule compression, identifies managed parallel development as generally the most powerful but least‐practiced strategy for schedule compression, and summarizes the key elements required to support parallelism. It then summarizes the key techniques for scaling up PA, using a previous million‐line command and control project as an example.We have used MS‐degree graduate student projects to gather productivity data because the university environment has afforded us the opportunity to explore massively parallel development over an extended time period. We are now working with a large company to modernize their main legacy system using the PA methods. The prospective looks good as many of the techniques used (eg, domain models, use case analysis, and MVC decomposition) have been proven to be effective in industry on a wide range of projects for multiple decades. The new techniques (eg, executable domain models, and visual modeling of sprint plans) should also serve to make integration and project management work better on large development efforts.