Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Method Research Articles

INHIBITION OF ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE BY POLYSACCHARIDES FROM WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes) LEAF EXTRACTS WITH DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that has a significant impact on the quality of life and health. This condition is indicated by high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Alpha-glucosidase is an important enzyme during carbohydrate digestion to obtain monosaccharides such as glucose. This study aimed to investigate the alpha-glucoside inhibitory activity of polysaccharides from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leaf with different extraction methods. The leaf was extracted by hot water extraction (HWE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The total sugar, crude fiber, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity were analysis by in vitro, then an independent-sample t-test was used to analyze the statistically different. The UAE method showed a high yield of crude extract than the HWE method. However, the total sugar of HWE is higher than UAE, whereas no different of crude fiber level. The extract from the HWE method more effectively inhibits the alpha-glucosidase activity when compared to UAE. Therefore, hot water extraction is the suitable method to extract polysaccharides from a water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leaf. This condition also indicated polysaccharides extract potential to develop as an antidiabetes agent.

KAYISI ÇEKİRDEĞİNİN YAĞ VERİMİ VE FİZİKOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNDE GELENEKSEL VE YEŞİL EKSTRAKSİYON YÖNTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI İNCELENMESİ

Apricot kernel is a byproduct of fruit processing that is used for nuts but has a high economic value due to its high oil content. The aim of this research was to compare the green extraction techniques microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with the traditional Soxhlet extraction method (SXHE). Time (min), amplitude (%), and temperature (°C) in the UAE method, power (W) and, time (min) in the MAE method, and time (min) in the SXHE method were used as oil extraction process parameters. The time required to achieve the oil yield similar to SXHE (43.65%) is 79% and 83% less in UAE and MAE methods, respectively. Extraction methods are ranked as UAE>MAE>SXHE when they are compared in terms of low free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and Delta-K, high antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC), fatty acid composition, and accelerated shelf-life test (up to 20 days). However, after the 20th day of the shelf-life test, this ranking changes as UAE>SXHE>MAE. The UAE method had better results than MAE and SXHE methods due to same oil yield and higher functional oil content, especially at low extraction temperatures, and should be recommended for oil extraction from different kernels in the food industry.

DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF KIPAHIT LEAVES ON THE GROWTH OF Propionibacterium acnes

Acne is a skin disorder characterized by inflammation in the form of comedones, papules, pustules, and nodules. The disease is caused by the gram-positive bacterium, Propionibacterium acnes. Treatment of the disease using antibiotic agents such as erythromycin and clindamycin has been reported to cause some side effects. Therefore, alternative antibacterial agents derived from natural products are required to reduce the occurrence of side effects. Kipahit (Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray) is one of the plants with pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial and antiprotozoal activities. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a 96% ethanolic extract of kipahit leaves on the growth of P. acnes. Kipahit leaves were extracted through the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the liquid dilution method. A serial dilution was performed to prepare a series of extract concentrations: 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39%. Whereas, clindamycin and DMSO 1% were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that the 96% ethanolic extract of kipahit leaves contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. In addition, the extract showed inhibitory activity against P. acnes at concentrations ranging from 25% to 1,56%. In contrast, the extract showed no inhibitory activity at concentrations of 0.78% and 0.39%. Further experiments confirmed that kipahit leaf extract acted as a bacteriostatic agent (inhibiting bacterial growth) at a minimum concentration of 1.56%. Keywords: Acne, Propionibacterium acnes, Kipahit, MIC

Antioxidant and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of the extract from Centella asiatica obtained by Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by Microwave-assisted extraction method

The extraction of compounds from Centella asiatica a member of the family Apiaceae by adopting Ultrasound assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by Microwave-assisted extraction were reported. The yield of the extract, phenol content, antioxidant activity and Acetylcholine esterase activity were found to be more in the extract obtained by Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by Microwave-assisted extraction method. The yield of the extract is more by 30.8% to the UAE and MAE methods. The phenol content is 1289 ± 0.57 μg GAE/mL which is 27% higher than the MAE method and 46% higher than the UAE method. HPLC analysis showed that the C. asiatica extract comprised of Madecassoside in major quantity followed by madecassic acid, asiatic acid and asiaticoside. In the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and AChE inhibitory effect the IC50, value for C. asiatica extract obtained by UAE pre-treated and followed by MAE method is 38.24 μg mL−1 and 26.7±0.49 mg/mL respectively which are substantially higher than the other two methods. So, Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by Microwave-assisted extraction method is found to be a preferable method to get the desired compounds from C. asiatica.

Evaluation of maceration, microwave, ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on free, esterified and bound phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of black rice.

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a rich source of phenolics and anthocyanins. It was aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction methods such as conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on antioxidant activity and phenolic profiling of black rice free, esterified, and bound phenolics fractions. Spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity and HPTLC was used for phenolics profiling. The highest content of % yield, total anthocyanin (TAC), total phenolic (TPC), and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were detected in MAE. It was also observed that antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays showed highest activity in MAE. Eight phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by a validated HPTLC method. MAE showed most abundant phenolic compounds. A significant positive correlation was established between % yield, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content (p<0.05) where a significant negative correlation was established between % yield, TPC, and TFC with IC50 of antioxidant activity (p<0.05). Diverse phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were studied with different forms of phenolics with the different extraction methods. It designates that the extraction techniques had effects on the bioactive compounds as well biological properties.

Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Method for Element Determination in Lignocellulosic Biomass

In this work, a sample preparation method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the determination of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn in lignocellulosic biomasses (sugarcane bagasse, eucalyptus wood residues, and pine wood residues) was evaluated. Reference values were achieved following the EN ISO 16967, which was based on a microwave-assisted wet digestion sample preparation method for further element determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The optimizations for the proposed UAE method were performed using 250 mg of sugarcane bagasse sample, where the ultrasonic bath frequency (25, 35, 37, 45, 80, and 130 kHz), and acoustic amplitude (50, 70 and 100%) were evaluated. After selecting the most efficient extractant solvent (20 mL of 1 mol L-1 of H2O2, HNO3, H2SO4, H2O, or CH2O2), the extraction temperature (20, 50, or 70 ºC) and time (15, 30, or 40 min) were evaluated. The most efficient extraction condition using the UAE method employed 45 kHz (70% amplitude), 20 mL of 1 mol L-1 of H2SO4, and 50 °C for 30 min. The optimized UAE was used for extraction and subsequent element determination in residues of pine wood and eucalyptus wood. Although poor recoveries were observed for Al, Ba, and Fe (lower than 75%), the results for Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn were in agreement (Student t-test, 95% confidence level) with those obtained by EN ISO 16967. Therefore, the proposed UAE method proved to be efficient for the determination of most of the evaluated elements in lignocellulosic biomasses with different matrix complexity, employing milder extraction conditions and diluted reagents.

Comparisons of pulsed ultrasound-assisted and hot-acid extraction methods for pectin extraction under dual acid mixtures from onion (Allium cepa L.) waste.

The aim of this study is to compare the physicochemical properties and yields of pectins extracted from onion waste under hot acid (HAE) and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) methods using different organic-inorganic acids, their mixtures, and pure water. The extraction temperature for experiments carried out under HAE was kept at 90°C for 90 min, whereas PUAE experiments were accomplished at RT in 15 min. In general, HAE gave better pectin yields compared with PUAE due to the significance of the increasing extraction temperature for the release of pectin from the plant matrix. While the maximum pectin yield from onion waste was 16.22% for HAE, the highest yield for PUAE was 9.83%. PUAE provides less time- and energy-consuming extraction of pectin within 15 min and thus seems to be more economic compared with the HAE. According to the physicochemical properties (equivalent weight (EW), degree of esterification (DE), methoxyl (MeO), and galacturonic acid (Gal-A) contents) of obtained pectins, extracted pectins were mostly high methoxy pectin. While the DE and MeO values of pectins extracted in organic acid conditions under HAE were higher, these values were found to be higher for pectins extracted in inorganic acids under PUAE. For acid mixtures, the DE and MeO values of pectins under HAE were mostly found to be lower than those under PUAE. Sequential PUAE and HAE methods for the extraction of pectin from onion waste were also found to be useful in terms of obtaining higher yields and better physicochemical properties. The highest pectin yield was 20.32% for the sequential PUAE and HAE methods. FT-IR analyses of the extracted pectins by both HAE and PUAE methods showed similar vibration bands compared with those of commercial citrus pectin.

Sugar-based natural deep eutectic solvent ultrasound-assisted extraction for the determination of polyphenolic compounds from various botanical sources

In this study, a novel ultrasound-assisted extraction method utilizing natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was developed for the efficient extraction of 20 polyphenolic compounds from various botanical sources, followed by HPLC–DAD detection. By mixing choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and various sugars, such as arabinose, fructose, galactose, trehalose and raffinose, as well as one sugar alcohol (mannitol), in a range of molar ratios, 21 different DESs were prepared and tested. The important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized using the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) method on Picea abies (L.) Karst. needles as a model sample. The optimal conditions were found to be NADES formed by mixing choline chloride and raffinose in a 1:1 M ratio containing 30% water, extraction temperature 25 °C, extraction time 30 min, ultrasound power 60%. The calibration plots were linear from 0.50 to 50 μg mL−1 from standard for the majority of the target analytes, and the instrumental LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the range 0.02–0.19 μg mL−1 and 0.07–0.64 μg mL−1, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the NADES was compared with the efficiency of classical solvents, such as water or methanol, and the NADES revealed a remarkable increase of extraction yield. The newly developed extraction method was successfully applied for the analysis of diverse range of plant materials, encompassing coniferous plants such as Picea abies (L.) Karst, Pinus sylvestris L., and leafy trees Quercus robur L., Ulmus glabra Hudson and Brassica napus L. thereby revealing the polyphenolic profiles of different botanical species.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Elecampagne (Inula helenium, Radix Inulae)

In this study, we had developed a method of ultrasound assisted extraction from Elecampane in order to obtain, identify and the dosing the main bioactive compounds from plant, such as: alantolactone and isoalantolactone, inulin etc. Aqueous/hydroalcoholic extraction assisted by ultrasound, was used in order to obtain plant extracts rich in bioactive compounds, in order to ensure the highest possible extraction yield (exhausting the plant). In the process of extracting bioactive compounds from plant, the acoustic energy of the ultrasound is not absorbed by the molecules and, as such, has an effect of breaking the cell walls and improving the mass transfer. Ultrasound are transmitted in the reaction medium in the form of pressure waves that induce vibrational movements of the molecules, thus the molecular structure of the medium, alternately, it compresses and expands, as a result of a pressure, that varies over time. When the ultrasound intensity is high enough, the expansion cycle can create bubbles or cavities. Cavitation is the process by which bubbles form, grow and undergo implosion. Ultrasound allows the solvent to penetrate the cell walls, and the bubbles produced by the acoustic cavitation favor the breaking of the cell wall and the release of the active compounds, increasing the reaction yield. A high content from these compounds, make the plant to be used in the treatment of different respiratory diseases (asthma, cold, flu), indigestion, intestinal parasites etc. Recent studies had shown that the extracts from dried root of Elecampane have antitumor and antimicrobial effect and also detox and anti-inflammatory action.

Recovery of Protein from Industrial Hemp Waste (Cannabis sativa, L.) Using High-Pressure Processing and Ultrasound Technologies.

Hemp seeds are currently used mainly for oil extraction, generating waste that could be potentially exploited further as a source of proteins and other bioactives. This study aims to valorise hemp waste (Cannabis sativa, L.) from previous oil extraction as a source of protein by analysing the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) pre-treatments (0-600 MPa; 4-8 min) combined with conventional or ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods on protein recovery/purity, amino acid composition, and protein structure. Overall, maximum protein recovery (≈62%) was achieved with HPP (200 MPa, 8 min) with UAE. The highest protein purity (≈76%) was achieved with HPP (200 MPa, 4 min) with UAE. Overall, UAE improved the extraction of all amino acids compared to conventional extraction independently of HPP pre-treatments. Arg/Lys ratios of the protein isolates ranged between 3.78 and 5.34, higher than other vegetable protein sources. SDS-PAGE did not show visible differences amongst the protein isolates. These results seem to indicate the advantages of the use of UAE for protein recovery in the food industry and the need for further studies to optimise HPP/UAE for an accurate estimation of processing costs and their effects on the composition and structure of proteins to contribute further to the circular economy.

Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Thinned Young Kiwifruits and Their Beneficial Effects.

Fruit thinning is a common practice employed to enhance the quality and yield of kiwifruits during the growing period, and about 30-50% of unripe kiwifruits will be thinned and discarded. In fact, these unripe kiwifruits are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, the applications of thinned young kiwifruits and related bioactive compounds in the food and functional food industry are still limited. Therefore, to promote the potential applications of thinned young kiwifruits as value-added health products, the extraction, characterization, and evaluation of beneficial effects of phenolic compounds from thinned young fruits of red-fleshed Actinidia chinensis cv 'HY' were examined in the present study. A green and efficient ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADE) method for extracting phenolic compounds from thinned young kiwifruits was established. A maximum yield (105.37 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g DW) of total phenolics extracted from thinned young kiwifruits by UADE was obtained, which was significantly higher than those of conventional organic solvent extraction (CSE, about 14.51 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g DW) and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAEE, about 43.85 ± 1.17 mg GAE/g DW). In addition, 29 compounds, e.g., gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside, were identified in the kiwifruit extract by UPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the contents of major phenolic compounds in different kiwifruit extracts prepared by conventional organic solvent extraction (EE), ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UEE), and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UDE) were compared by HPLC analysis. Results revealed that the content of major phenolics in UDE (about 15.067 mg/g DW) was significantly higher than that in EE (about 2.218 mg/g DW) and UEE (about 6.122 mg/g DW), suggesting that the UADE method was more efficient for extracting polyphenolics from thinned young kiwifruits. In addition, compared with EE and UEE, UDE exhibited much higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, which were closely associated with its higher content of phenolic compounds. Collectively, the findings suggest that the UADE method can be applied as an efficient technique for the preparation of bioactive polyphenolics from thinned young kiwifruits, and the thinned young fruits of red-fleshed A. chinensis cv 'HY' have good potential to be developed and utilized as functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Application of ultrasound in germinated soybean tempe protein concentrate production with various types of solvents

Tempe is a traditional Indonesian fermented food that has high protein content. It has been known as a source of bioactive compounds, such as peptides and isoflavones, which contribute to immune health. Therefore, tempe has the potential to be processed into raw materials for food and supplement products, such as protein concentrate. In this study, the tempe was made using germinated and non-germinated soybeans. Tempe protein concentrate production process was carried out by removing the fat in tempe flour by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods using two types of solvents: ethanol and hexane. This research aimed to compare the physicochemical characteristics of the protein and concentrates on obtaining the optimum treatment with the highest protein content. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction using hexane significantly improved fat extraction, resulting in protein concentrate with higher protein content. Germinated soybean tempe protein concentrate extracted using hexane had the best protein concentrate, which consisted of the highest protein content (72.8%), brightness value (L*) 84.3, whiteness index 81.3, bulk density 0.5 g/mL, and angle of repose of 29.4o. The germination process in soybean improved the protein content of the concentrate as the result of other components’ degradation into energy required for new protein synthesis.

Extraction of polyphenols from hybrid Eucalyptus leaves using ultrasound: Parametric and antioxidant studies

AbstractIn the present study, a medicinal tree named hybrid Eucalyptus was chosen for the extraction of polyphenols from its leaves. Ultrasound has been used for extraction studies, whereas other conventional extraction methods were studied to validate the applied ultrasound assisted extraction method. Various experimental parameters like material to solvent ratio, solvents, and ultrasound irradiation time were employed to obtain the required condition for effective polyphenols extraction. The maximum total polyphenols achieved was 62.24 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of powdered leaves sample with material to solvent ratio of 1:30 and 50% ethanol as solvent with an ultrasonic bath whereas the maximum total flavonoid of 14.20 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g of powdered leaves sample was obtained under the same experimental conditions. The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) study of the eucalyptus leaves extract had proved that it contains the required polyphenols of high medicinal value. Also, studies were performed to check 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing anti‐oxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging potential of the leaves extract.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of cranberry seed oil: food waste valorization approach

Cranberry pomace considered as a by-product of fruit industry contains seeds which may be processed to highly nutritive oil. Conventional extraction methods may be, however, harmful to natural environment, thus alternative, ultrasound-assisted extraction method may be useful tool to reduce environmental impact. In the following study, sonication was applied to extract oil from cranberry seeds. The aim of the study was to determine the most efficient conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil and to investigate sonication influence on the properties of final product. Ultrasound amplitude and extraction time were independent variables; yield and maximum induction time of oils were responses. The most efficient conditions were amplitude of 95% and extraction time of 11.38 min. Model predicted extraction yield of 22.55 ± 0.36% (vs. actual 21.98 ± 0.08%) and induction time of 52.60 ± 0.95 min (vs. actual 61.95 ± 3.06 min). Detailed analyses of oil extracted in the most efficient conditions and the control sample were performed. Kinetic parameters of oil oxidation, fatty acid profile and distribution, melting characteristics studies were carried out. Sonication influenced activation energy of oxidation reaction, contribution of chosen fatty acids (oleic, α-linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids) and distribution of oleic and α-linolenic fatty acids in sn-2 position of triacylglycerols. Slight changes in melting profile of oils were also recorded. Scanning electron microscopy of cranberry seeds revealed that ultrasound treatment resulted in pore enlargement and fat agglomeration damage. Additional studies of thermal properties of cranberry seeds: differential scanning calorimetry and modulated differential scanning calorimetry were performed, which confirmed that cranberry seeds may be a new source of oil with unique properties.

Magnetic chitosan-zeolite composite as an adsorbent in ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction of tetracyclines in water samples

An ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction method was developed to pre-concentrate tetracyclines (TCs) in wastewater and river water. The magnetic chitosan-zeolite composite was used as an adsorbent. The morphological and structural properties of the adsorbent were characterised by various analytical techniques. The factors affecting the ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction method were optimised using a central composite design. A high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector was used to quantify TCs in wastewater and river water samples. Under optimised parameters, the developed analytical approach gave acceptable linearity (LOQ-400 µg L−1) with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.993, while the detection and quantitation limits ranged from 0.05–0.67 and 0.14–2.03 µg L−1, respectively. Attained recoveries were 90–101%, with intraday and interday precision expressed as the relative standard deviation (%RSD) below 5%. Even though the target analytes (tetracycline, oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline) were not detected in environmental samples, the synthesised adsorbent was suitable for the isolation of TCs in a complex matrix resulting in an accurate, precise, rapid and sensitive analytical method.

Edible Oil sebagai Pelarut Ekstraksi Karotenoid dari Kulit Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata)

Carotenoids are pigments found in various types of fruits and vegetables that provide yellow, orange, and red colors. This study aimed to extract yellow pumpkin skin using edible oil solvents. The extraction process was carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method with virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). Yellow pumpkin peel powder with sizes of 40 mesh and 100 mesh were extracted with variations in extraction time (30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes) and variations in solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50). UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis was used to determine the concentration of the extraction results. According to the research results, the best carotenoid concentration of 2513.44 ppm was obtained using PKO solvent with a powder size of 100 mesh, extraction time of 30 minutes, and powder-to-solvent ratio of 1:10.

Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method for the Extraction of Gingerols and Shogaols from Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

The goal of this study is to optimize a UAE method for the extraction of the main bioactive compounds present in the ginger rhizome (gingerols and shogaols). Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) has a considerable content of bioactive compounds, in particular gingerols and shogaols, with interesting pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial properties, among others. The isolation of these compounds requires an efficient extraction process with short extraction times and the employment of specific non-toxic solvents for humans. In this work, the optimization of an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method for the extraction of the main pungent compounds in the ginger rhizome, i.e., gingerols and shogaols, has been carried out. For this purpose, a Box–Behnken design (BBD) has been used to optimize the experimental design through a response surface methodology (RSM). The percentage of ethanol in the extraction solvent, the temperature, the amplitude, and the cycle of the ultrasounds, as well as the sample-to-solvent ratio, were the variables to be studied. Thus, the percentage of ethanol in the extraction solvent was identified as the most influential factor. Once the compounds were extracted, the identification of gingerols and shogaols was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-ToF-MS), and the quantification by UHPLC coupled to a diode array detector (DAD) detector. Finally, the optimized UAE method required only 10 min of extraction time, presenting good repeatability and intermediate precision levels (&lt;5%). The method was applied to extract gingerols and shogaols from diverse sources, thereby demonstrating its applicability and highlighting the potential variations in compound concentrations across different samples based on factors such as origin, and growing conditions, among others.

Synthesis of tunable hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of antioxidants from Salvia officinalis L.

The leaves of Salvia officinalis L., a plant known for its high antioxidant content, were selected as the focus of this research. This research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sage leaves extract by varying the hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) compositions and molar ratios. The hydrophilic DESs were synthesized using the heating method with diverse combinations of DES, including lactic acid (LA), oxalic acid (OA), succinic acid (SA), and ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and choline chloride (ChCl) as the sole hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with varied molar ratios of HBA to HBD (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1). The antioxidants were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction method at 70°C of extraction temperature, 30 mins of sonication time, and 1:30 g/mL of solid-solvent ratio. The DES extraction efficiency was evaluated based on the antioxidant scavenging abilities measured by α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The results revealed that the ChCl-OA showed the highest antioxidant activity (67.660 μg/mL), followed by ChCl-EG (52.327 μg/mL) and ChCl-LA (33.116 μg/mL) with molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:2, respectively. As conclusion, ChCl-OA with molar ratio of 1:1 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency (77.259%) as compared to the other DES combinations using 70% of methanol (v/v).

Optimization of Gallic Acid-Rich Extract from Mango (Mangifera indica) Seed Kernels through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Different types of agro-waste provide potential substrates for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Mango waste (e.g., peels and seeds) is one such example and may serve as a source of gallic acid, a well-known bioactive compound classified as a secondary polyphenolic metabolite. Here, we explored the efficacy of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in extracting gallic acid from mango seed kernels using different solvent concentrations (0–60%), solvent-to-sample ratios (10–50 mL/g), temperatures (30–60 °C), and times (10–30 min). The maximum yield of gallic acid (6.1 ± 0.09 mg/g) was obtained when using a 19.4% solvent concentration, a 29.32 mL/g solvent-to-sample ratio, and the extraction was conducted at 38.47 °C for 21.4 min, similar to the values predicted by the model equation. As compared to the conventional extraction procedure, the extract obtained by the optimized method was found to be significantly different in total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and radical scavenging activity. Non-significant differences were observed in antimicrobial activity. The results indicate that mango seed kernels may be a good source of phenolics, and those phenolics can be effectively obtained through an optimized UAE method. Hence, mango seed kernels may be utilized as a suitable source of extracting phenolics in nutraceutical and food applications.

Extraction of Phenolic Active Compounds from Coffee Leaves (Coffea sp.) Using the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Method and Total Phenol Analysis

Coffea sp. is one of the largest plantation commodities in Indonesia, especially coffee leaf waste contains phenolic compounds. This research was conducted to extract phenolic compounds using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction method with ethanol as a solvent. In addition, this study aims to determine the optimum operating conditions for extraction and the effect of variations in the amplitude, time and ratio of the resulting solvent. The experimental design was carried out using Design Expert 13 software with the response surface method box-behnken design. The research variables used were amplitude variations (50%, 60%, and 70%), time (10, 20, and 30 minutes), and solvent ratios (0.1; 0.15; and 0.2 g/mL). ). Based on the research that has been done, the extraction parameters of coffee leaves affect the total phenolic content. The model equation for the total phenolic content of coffee leaves obtained is Y = 0.1349 – 0.0016 A – 0.0505 B + 0.0010 C + 0.0018 AB + 0.0043 AC – 0.0018 BC – 0.0004 A2 + 0.0178 B2 – 0.0014 C2 (R2 = 0.9758) with the optimum total phenolic content located in the 17th running of 0.209 mg GAE/g under conditions of 20 minutes, the ratio of material to solvent is 0.2 g/mL, and an amplitude of 50%.&#x0D;