Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Conditions Research Articles

Polysaccharides from Artemisia argyi leaves: Environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted extraction and antifatigue activities

Artemisia argyi leaf polysaccharide (AALPs) were prepared through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and their antifatigue activities were evaluated. Extraction was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), which yielded the following optimal UAE conditions: ultrasonication power of 300 W, extraction temperature of 51 °C, liquid:solid ratio of 20 mL/g, and ultrasonication time of 47 mins. The above optimal conditions resulted in the maximum extraction rate of 10.49 %. Compared with hot water extraction (HWE), UAE supported higher yields and total sugar, uronic acid, and sulfate contents of AALPs. Meanwhile, AALP prepared through UAE (AALP-U) exhibited higher stability due to its smaller particle size and higher absolute value of zeta potential than AALP prepared through HWE (AALP-H). In addition, AALP-U demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity than AALP-H. In forced swimming tests on mice, AALP-U could significantly prolong swimming time with a dose-dependent effect, increase liver and muscle glycogen levels, and improve other biochemical indices, thus showing great potential for application in functional food.

Optimal conditions of ultrasound assisted extraction for potato peel polyphenols and the impact of this by-product on fresh cheese formulation

AbstractThis work proposes the optimisation of the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) for total phenolic content (TPC) from potato peels (PP). The optimised extract was obtained using ethanol 20% (v/v) for 30 min at 40 °C, and it was found to be rich in total phenolics (45.03 ± 4.16 mg GAE/g DM) and flavonoids (7.52 EQ/g DM) and exerted a good antioxidant effect with IC50s of 125.42 ± 2.78, 87.21 ± 7.72, and 200.77 ± 13.38 μg mL−1 for DPPH, phosphomolybdate, and FRAP, respectively. PP were used for the fresh cheese formulation, and this supplementation did not impact its physicochemical properties; however, the phenol content and antioxidant capacity of formulated cheeses were improved. PP-enriched fresh cheese presented a good acceptability, even better than the control.

Extraction, characterization and intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of polysaccharide from stems and leaves of Chuanminshen violaceum M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan

Ethnopharmacological relevanceChuanminshen violaceum M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan (CV) is used as a medicine with roots, which have the effects of benefiting the lungs, harmonizing the stomach, resolving phlegm and detoxifying. Polysaccharide is one of its main active components and has various pharmacological activities, but the structural characterization and pharmacological activities of polysaccharide from the stems and leaves parts of CV are still unclear. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to investigate the optimal extraction conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from CV stems and leaves, and to carry out preliminary structural analyses, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the obtained polysaccharide and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methodsThe ultrasonic-assisted extraction of CV stems and leaves polysaccharides was carried out, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process to obtain CV polysaccharides (CVP) under the optimal conditions. Subsequently, we isolated and purified CVP to obtain the homogeneous polysaccharide CVP-AP-I, and evaluated the composition, molecular weight, and structural features of CVP-AP-I using a variety of technical methods. Finally, we tested the pharmacological activity of CVP-AP-Ⅰ in an LPS-induced model of oxidative stress and inflammation in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and explored its possible mechanism of action. ResultsThe crude polysaccharide was obtained under optimal extraction conditions and subsequently isolated and purified to obtain CVP-AP-Ⅰ (35.34 kDa), and the structural characterization indicated that CVP-AP-Ⅰ was mainly composed of galactose, galactose, rhamnose and glucose, which was a typical pectic polysaccharide. In addition, CVP-AP-Ⅰ attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes and proteins and up-regulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes and proteins in IPEC-J2, by a mechanism related to the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the polysaccharide isolated from CV stems and leaves was a pectic polysaccharide with similar pharmacological activities as CV roots, exhibiting strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, suggesting that CV stems and leaves could possess the same traditional efficacy as CV roots, which is expected to be used in the treatment of intestinal diseases.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds from sweet lime peel waste

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds from sweet lime peel waste

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for active components and anti-alzheimer activities from mentha cordifolia

Mentha cordifolia .(Lamiaceae) or Mint, is distributed all over the world. Essential oils found are menthol, menthone, 1,8-cineole, pinene, myrcene, and borneol. M. cordifolia. most popular herb, is widely used in cooking, cosmetics, complementary therapy, and pharmaceuticals for anti-carcinogen, gastro protective, antimicrobial, and antivirus purposes. The manufactory extracted essential oil method used steam distillation and hydro-distillation, which decomposed the components. The aim of this work was to study the innovative technologies of chemical constituents’ extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that include high yields, short-extraction times, and energy savings. The extraction of Mentha cordifolia was carried out at 20 KHz ultrasonic frequencies. Sonicated times were 1.5 h. Antioxidant studies of essential oils by UAE extraction were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and pharmacological activity was anti-Alzheimer (Ellman’s method). The UAE method used hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents and set the time to 1.0 h; in the second experiment, it set the time to 1.5h in the same system. Crude hexane (F1) extracted gave terpene and essential oils; crude ethyl acetate (F2) extracted gave flavonoids; and crude ethanol (F3) extracted gave phenolic compounds. The UAE method gave fractions F1, F2, and F3, which showed the DPPH activity was IC50 259, 229, and 74 mg/mL; ABTS radical scavenging was IC50 129, 103, and 127 mg/mL; and anti-acetylcholinesterase was IC50 128, 126, and 137mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidants tested were treated by applying multivariate statistical analysis.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Dictyophora rubrovolvata Volva Proteins: Process Optimization, Structural Characterization, Intermolecular Forces, and Functional Properties.

Dictyophora rubrovolvata volva, an agricultural by-product, is often directly discarded resulting in environmental pollution and waste of the proteins' resources. In this study, D. rubrovolvata volva proteins (DRVPs) were recovered using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Based on one-way tests, orthogonal tests were conducted to identify the effects of the material-liquid ratio, pH, extraction time, and ultrasonic power on the extraction rate of DRVPs. Moreover, the impact of UAE on the physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, intermolecular forces, and functional attributes of DRVPs were also examined. The maximum protein extraction rate was achieved at 43.34% under the best extraction conditions of UAE (1:20 g/mL, pH 11, 25 min, and 550 W). UAE significantly altered proteins' morphology and molecular size compared to the conventional alkaline method. Furthermore, while UAE did not affect the primary structure, it dramatically changed the secondary and tertiary structure of DRVPs. Approximately 13.42% of the compact secondary structures (α-helices and β-sheets) underwent a transition to looser structures (β-turns and random coils), resulting in the exposure of hydrophobic groups previously concealed within the molecule's core. In addition, the driving forces maintaining and stabilizing the sonicated protein aggregates mainly involved hydrophobic forces, disulfide bonding, and hydrogen bonding interactions. Under specific pH and temperature conditions, the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity and stability, emulsion activity, and stability of UAE increased significantly from 2.01 g/g to 2.52 g/g, 3.90 g/g to 5.53 g/g, 92.56% to 111.90%, 58.97% to 89.36%, 13.85% to 15.37%, and 100.22% to 136.53%, respectively, compared to conventional alkali extraction. The findings contributed to a new approach for the high-value utilization of agricultural waste from D. rubrovolvata.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Antioxidants Extraction from Blackberry, Chokeberry and Raspberry Pomaces.

An investigation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenol-rich aqueous extracts from blackberry, chokeberry and raspberry pomaces was carried out. The aim of the study was to choose optimal conditions for UAE in order to obtain extracts rich in phenolic compounds. The optimization was carried out based on response surface methodology. The variable conditions were amplitude of ultrasound wave and extraction time, whereas responses were total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. Based on the ANOVA analysis, mathematical models were fitted and verified. The most effective conditions of amplitude and time were 98% and 5.00 min, 78% and 10.32 min and 90% and 11.56 min for blackberry pomace, chokeberry pomace and raspberry pomace, respectively. The actual results obtained in optimized conditions were comparable to the results predicted by the models. Additionally, the anthocyanin content in extracts was determined in the high-performance liquid chromatography assay. It was proven that response surface methodology could be a useful tool in the optimization of UAE processes for obtaining polyphenol-rich extracts from berry fruit pomaces.

Application of ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) of lycopene from guava (Psidium guajava L.) by response surface methodology and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm

Lycopene-rich guava (Psidium guajava L.) exhibits significant economic potential as a functional food ingredient, making it highly valuable for the pharmaceutical and agro-food industries. However, there is a need to enhance the extraction methods of lycopene to fully exploit its beneficial uses. In this study, we evaluated various ionic liquids to identify the most effective one for extracting lycopene from guava. Among thirteen ionic liquids with varying carbon chains or anions, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride demonstrated the highest productivity. Subsequently, a single-factor experiment was employed to test the impact of several parameters on the efficiency of lycopene extraction using this selected ionic liquid. These parameters included extraction time, ultrasonic power, liquid-solid ratio, concentration of the ionic liquid, as well as material particle size. Moreover, models of artificial neural networks using genetic algorithms (ANN-GA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to comprehensively assess the first four key parameters. The optimized conditions for ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) were determined as follows: 33 min of extraction time, 225 W of ultrasonic power, 22 mL/g of liquid-solid ratio, 3.0 mol/L of IL concentration, and extraction cycles of three. Under these conditions, lycopene production reached an impressive yield of 9.35 ± 0.36 mg/g while offering advantages such as high efficiency, time savings, preservation benefits, and most importantly environmental friendliness.

Green Solvent Extraction of Antioxidants from Herbs and Agro-Food Wastes: Optimization and Capacity Determination

Herbs and agro-food wastes are rich sources of bioactive compounds vital for organisms and valuable for many fields of industry. Therefore, in this study, green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) such as choline chloride/citric acid (ChCl:CitA), glucose/citric acid (Gu:CitA), glucose/urea (Gu:U), betaine/citric acid (B:CitA), and betaine/urea (B:U) at a molar ratio of 1:1 for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from four herbs (chamomile—Cha, lemon balm—LB, mint—M, and nettle—N) and two agro-food wastes (buckwheat husk—BH and chokeberry pomace—ChoP) were proposed. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained extracts was evaluated utilizing three antioxidant assays: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC = 0.0–429.9 μmol of Trolox (TE)/g); 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS = 0.0–146.5 μmol TE/g); and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH = 11.9–170.3 μmol TE/g). The LB extracts revealed the highest CUPRAC (59.3–429.9 μmol TE/g), ABTS (30.7–144.3 μmol TE/g), and DPPH (32.6–170.3 μmol TE/g) values. Due to the lowest antioxidant potential of LB extracts prepared using ChCl:CitA (AC = 30.7–59.3 μmol TE/g) and the highest AC demonstrated by extracts based on B:U (AC = 144.3–429.9 μmol TE/g), the UAE conditions using a new DES consisting of ChCl and U were optimized by the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Effects of three independent variables, molar ratios of the ChCl and U (mol/mol), water content (%), and sonication time (t) on the AC of LB extracts were studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) demonstrated that different DESs had great differences in the extraction of antioxidant compounds from herbs and agro-food residues.

Efficiency of Supercritical CO2 and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques for Isolation of Bioactive Molecules from Sea Buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) Berry Oils and Cakes

This study compared the efficiency of advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) and conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE) in the isolation of lipophilic bioactive molecules (BAMs) from the oils of different sea buckthorn (SB) berries (Leikora and Ascola). A SB cake, a valuable by-product of oil extraction, was analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA). For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 70% (v/v) ethanol was optimized, and the following optimal UAE conditions were determined: ultrasonic power of 60%, temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 20 min. The individual BAMs in the oils and cake extracts were analyzed chromatographically, while the AAs were determined using the ORAC method. The oils extracted with SC-CO2 had a higher content of lipophilic BAMs and a higher AA value than the oils extracted with SE. Palmitic and palmitoleic acids, β-sitosterol, and α-tocopherol dominated the Leikora oil, while a higher content of oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids and carotenoids was found in the Ascola oil. The highest phenolic content was found in the Ascola cake, with the flavonols isorhamnetin-3-hexoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside being the most abundant. Oil and cake extracts of the Ascola variety also had a higher AA.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Parameters for the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds in Brown Seaweed: Comparison with Conventional Techniques.

Seaweed, in particular, brown seaweed, has gained research interest in the past few years due to its distinctive phenolic profile that has a multitude of bioactive properties. In order to obtain the maximum extraction efficiency of brown seaweed phenolic compounds, Response Surface Methodology was utilized to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions such as the amplitude, time, solvent:solid ratio, and NaOH concentration. Under optimal conditions, UAE had a higher extraction efficiency of free and bound phenolic compounds compared to conventional extraction (stirred 16 h at 4 °C). This led to higher antioxidant activity in the seaweed extract obtained under UAE conditions. The profiling of phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified a total of 25 phenolics with more phenolics extracted from the free phenolic extraction compared to the bound phenolic extracts. Among them, peonidin 3-O-diglucodise-5-O-glucoside and hesperidin 5,7-O-diglucuronide are unique compounds that were identified in P. comosa, E. radiata and D. potatorum, which are not reported in plants. Overall, our findings provided optimal phenolic extraction from brown seaweed for research into employing brown seaweed as a functional food.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and UHPLC determination of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and half-maximum effective concentration in Citrus medica and Ziziphus spina-christi fruits using multivariate experimental design

This study aimed to determine the concentrations of ascorbic acid and polyphenols in fruits and peels of Citrus medica and Ziziphus spina-christi grown in Ethiopia. Conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) were optimized, using a multivariate experimental design. The optimum conditions of UAE were 15 min extraction time at 35 ℃, with 75 % aqueous methanol as solvent, and a fruit powder-to-solvent ratio (m/v) of 1:15. Among the different drying conditions investigated, freeze-drying was found to be appropriate for analyzing ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and antioxidant potential. The overall ranges, across the fruits and peels, of ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, and antioxidant potentials (EC50) obtained were 8.7 ± 1.4–91.2 ± 2.6 mg/100 g, 253.0 ± 6.3–764.1 ± 25.8 mg GAE/100 g and 2.4 ± 0.1–26.1 ± 2.9 mg/mL, respectively. This indicates that the fruits and peels of the studied plants are advantageous as sources of ascorbic acid and polyphenols.

Evaluation of total flavonoids, total phenolic content and biological activity of Iraqi Lipedium sativum L. crude extract obtained by optimized ultrasound assisted extraction conditions

Lepidium sativum L. also known as garden cress belong to the family Brassicaceae. The plant species composed of various phytochemicals as well as powerful nutraceutical potential and possess several bioactivities like, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, gastrointestinal and bone healing activities. This research paper presents an investigation into the total flavonoids (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and biological activity of Iraqi Lepidium sativum L. The study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to obtain a crude extract with enhanced bioactive components. Three variables were examined including methanol concentration, extraction time and ultrasound frequency. The optimum yields of extract, TFC and TPC were (3.22 ± 0.049 g/10 g of dry plant), (17.03 ± 0.060 mg RE/g) and (10.96±0.020 mg GAE/g) respectively. The optimal extraction conditions contributed to these values of experiment 2 and 3 were 70% methanol, 10 min and 40 KHz and 70% methanol, 15 min and 40 KHz respectively. The lowest IC50 values of optimized methanolic extracts of Iraqi Lepidium sativum aerial parts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 31.84 µg/mL for TFC and 35.85 µg/mL for TPC . For the first time, the study provided data about the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Iraqi plant and optimized conditions for extraction by UAE technique using single factor experiment. The plant can be acknowledged as a potential nutraceutical or functional food rich in antioxidants to combat many diseases.

Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) Conditions on Vitamin C from Roselle Flower

Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has many benefits. Vitamin C is an antioxidant in which the human body required. It contains a high amount of vitamin C. However, vitamin C is susceptible to high temperatures. Proper extraction treatment conditions produce optimum vitamin C. This study aims to determine the optimization of vitamin C in rosella flowers. This research uses UAE with Qsonica type – Q500 (500 W, 20 kHz). Extraction treatment conditions control amplitude, time and amount of solvent. The research method used is a laboratory experiment with the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) type CCD (Central Composite Design) approach. The research method was an experimental laboratory using a CCD (Central Composite Design) via RSM (Response Surface Methodology) with an amplitude level from 20% to 50%, a time level from 10 minutes to 20 minutes, and a ratio of the amount of solvent from 140 mL to 260 mL by weight. The results showed that the length of time and the amount of solvent had a significant effect, while the amplitude had no significant effect. The significant quadratic model at p value 0.05 and R2 0.9221 with optimum UAE conditions in the treatment combination of 50 percent amplitude, 20 minutes of time, and 140 ml of solvent resulted in an optimum vitamin C content of 38.76 mg/100g. This research can be used as a reference to determine the value of vitamin C with different amplitude, time, and amount of solvent from the research data.

Microwave and ultrasound extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from Lantana camara Linn. leaves: Optimization, comparative study, and FT-Orbitrap MS analysis.

The species Lantana camara is used in folk medicine. The biological activities of this medicinal plant are attributable to the presence of various derivatives of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds present in its preparations, indicating excellent economic potential. In this study, the operational conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were optimized using Box-Behnken design to improve the total phenolic content (TPC) recovered in hydroethanolic extracts of L. camara leaves. The TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts of L. camara, prepared by UAE and MAE under the optimized extraction conditions, were compared with those of the extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods. Under the optimal conditions, the extracts obtained by UAE (35% ethanol, 25 min, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 60:1mL/g) and by MAE (53% ethanol, 15 min, and 300 W) provided high yields of 32.50% and 38.61% and TPC values of 102.89 and 109.83 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The MAE extract showed the best results with respect to TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities, followed by extracts obtained by UAE, Soxhlet extraction, decoction, maceration, and infusion, in that order. The results obtained indicate that L. camara may be used as an important source of antioxidant phenolic compounds to obtain products with high biological and economic potential, especially when the extraction process is performed under appropriate conditions using MAE and/or UAE, employing environmentally friendly solvents such as water and ethanol.

Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim. and its structural characterization, antioxidant and immunological activity

Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim. (F.M.) has been widely used in both food and medication for more than 2000 years. In order to achieve its comprehensive utilization and investigate the structural characterization and biology activity, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of F.M. polysaccharides. The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic power of 174.2 W, ratio of liquid to material of 40.7 mL/g and ultrasonic time of 82.0 min. In addition, a neutral polysaccharide F-1 was obtained, and its structure characterization, antioxidant and immunological activity were evaluated. The structural properties of the polysaccharide were characterized by UV, IR, GC-MS, NMR and AFM. Monosaccharide composition of F-1 (MW 18.11 kDa) was rhamnose, arabinose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, and glucose which under the ratio of 0.9: 3.8: 0.2: 2.9: 92.2. The fractions of F-1 were mainly linked by → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → with branch chain α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → and 4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → residues. Moreover, F-1 has a significant scavenging activity, which can clear hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion, DPPH and ABTS. In addition, the immunological activity showed that F-1 had an effect on macrophage phagocytic activity. And it can increase the release of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. F-1 is a novel polysaccharide with significant activity in antioxidant and immunological activity, which has great potential for antioxidant and immunizer in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The study can provide a methodological basis for polysaccharide research and theoretical basis for the industrialized production and practical application.

Study on the preparation and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from Sargassum pallidum.

This study aimed to obtain a high yield and purity of Sargassum pallidum polyphenol extracts (SPPE) and study its enzyme activity. Fresh Sargassum pallidum seaweed was selected for optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions and purification conditions using macroporous resin and Sephadex LH20 to obtain SPPE. The SPPE was characterized using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and AchE inhibitory activity were determined. The maximum extraction rate of SPPE was 7.56 mg GAE/g and the polyphenol purity reached 70.5% after macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 purification. A total of 50 compounds were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The IC50 values of SPPE were 334.9 μg/mL, 6.290 μg /mL, 0.834 mg /mL and 0.6538 mg /mL for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and AchE, respectively. Molecular docking technology further revealed the effects of SPPE on the above enzymes. This study provided information on the potential hypoglycemic, whitening and anti-Alzheimer's disease biological activities of SPPE, which had guiding significance for the purification and development of other seaweed polyphenols.

Extraction of bioactive compounds of Hypnea flagelliformis by ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with natural deep eutectic solvent and enzyme inhibitory activity

This study aimed to couple natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) with an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain bioactive compounds (antioxidant and phenolic) from Hypnea flagelliformis with enzyme inhibitory activity against enzymes affecting hypertension (angiotensin I-converting enzyme-ACE) and diabetes (alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase). The results showed that NADES based on choline chloride and lactic acid (ChCl-LA) with a molar ratio of 1: 2 with 20 % water was selected as a suitable solvent to extract bioactive compounds of H. flagelliformis. Optimal conditions of UAE process with three variables of ultrasonic powers (40, 60, and 80 %), extraction time (20, 25, and 30 min), and solvent-to-sample ratio (20: 1, 30: 1, and 40: 1 mL/g) with the highest extraction efficiency (87.98 ± 1.22 mg/100 g) and the highest desirability (0.997), including solvent-to-solids ratio of 29.12: 1, 80 % ultrasound power, and extraction time of 30 min. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis verified the presence of active functional groups in the extract. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity [by ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power,) test methods] of the extract obtained by UAE and NADES (ChCl-LA) methods were higher than the extract prepared with conventional solvents (water, 80 % ethanol and 80 % methanol). The bioactive compounds extracted from of H. flagelliformis have very little toxicity against healthy human cells. The algae extract of H. flagelliformis obtained under optimal UAE conditions by ChCl-LA was able to inhibit ACE, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-amylase enzymes and had good anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive activity.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of galactomannan from carob seeds “ceratonia siliqua L” and evaluation of their functional properties and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

ABSTRACT Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of galactomannan from the endosperm of ripe carob seeds (LBG.S3) was investigated through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized UAE conditions were an extraction time of 40 minutes, a temperature of 45°C, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:50 g/mL. Under these settings, the experimental yield of galactomannan was 47.53 ± 2.55%, which is closely aligning with the expected value of 49.78 ± 3.15%. The yield of galactomannan extracted from unripe carob seeds (LBG.S2) under the same optimal conditions was significantly higher 56.73 ± 2.76% (p < 0.05) than the yield of LBG.S3. The infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization revealed the existence of various functional groups in the spectrum of galactomannan extracted from unripe seeds, not found in LBG.S3. The galactomannan from ripe carob seeds exhibited superior functional properties, including solubility, emulsion and stability capacity, water and oil holding capacity, and viscosity, compared to LBG.S2. In vitro, tests demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory activity for both LBG.S2 and LBG.S3, as observed through the inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein denaturation by heat and the membrane stabilization test. Carob galactomannan is a potential source of bioactive polysaccharides with anti-inflammatory and functional properties that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Combined enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of antidiabetic flavonoid compounds from Strobilanthes crispus leaves

A novel green extraction method combining enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extractions was employed to enhance and purify the flavonoid extract from Strobilanthes crispus leaves. Cellulase was used in the pretreatment, and ethanol-(NH4)2SO4 was selected as the solvent. A concentration of 7% (w/w) cellulase and a duration of 2 h were the optimal conditions for pretreatment. The optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction were 33% (w/w) ethanol and 14% (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 as they produced a yield (77.81%), partition coefficient (31.17), extraction efficiency (98.04%), and a high total flavonoid content (0.3666 mg QE/g dry leaf powder). Six compounds from the leaf extract were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-quadrupole-time of flight (LCMS/MS-Q-TOF) analysis. The crude extract and three compounds in it (kaempferol, graveobioside A, and genistein) showed an antidiabetic activity with IC50 values of 390.35, 201.87, 292.73, and 431.82 mg/mL, respectively. These values are comparable to the standard drug acarbose.