Ultrasound-assisted Co-precipitation Method Research Articles

Construction of ZnS QDs decorated gC3N4 nanosheets for enhanced catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B

The significant environmental impact of textile industries, particularly dye pollution from the textile effluents necessitates the urgent attention for its removal. Rhodamine B (RhB), known for its resistance to degradation which poses a considerable challenge. In this study, mesoporous gC3N4–ZnS QDs NCs were synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method. Comprehensive characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were conducted to evaluate the materials. SEM images revealed a layered structure in the gC3N4 nanosheet, with small crystals clustered together, influencing the electronic and optical properties. The surface of gC3N4 was decorated with ZnS QDs to enhance the catalytic degradation of RhB. TEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of ZnS QDs over gC3N4 nanosheet. XRD and XPS analysis results before and after catalysis demonstrated the structural stability of the material. The degradation efficiency was achieved to be 97.8 % at a rate constant of 0.077 min−1 within 54 min. The stability and reusability of the NCs were confirmed through six consecutive cycles of catalytic degradation. The present study presents a promising strategy for the degradation of organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, offering insights for sustainable mitigation of textile dye pollution and paves a ways for manufacturing innovation.

Encapsulation of Bergamot Essential Oil Components in β-Cyclodextrin by Ultrasound-Assisted Co-precipitation Method: Optimization, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity

Encapsulation of Bergamot Essential Oil Components in β-Cyclodextrin by Ultrasound-Assisted Co-precipitation Method: Optimization, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity

Combination of ensemble machine learning models in photocatalytic studies using nano TiO2 - Lignin based biochar

Synergizing photocatalytic reactions with machine learning methods can effectively optimize and automate the remediation of pollutants. In this work, commercial Degussa TiO2 nanoparticles and lignin based biochar (LB) where used to prepare TiO2: lignin based biochar (TLB) composites using ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method. The photocatalytic property of the TLB composites where studied by conducting the photocatalytic degradation of a Basic blue 41 (BB41) dye. The influence of calcination temperature, T:LB compositions, catalyst dosage, initial dye pH, initial dye concentration, and illumination time on photocatalytic dye degradation were experimentally studied. The degradation efficiency of 96.72 % was obtained under optimized conditions for the photocatalyst calcined at 500 °C containing a 1:1 wt percentage of TiO2 and LB. The experimental data was further used to predict the photocatalytic degradation efficiency using Gradient Tree Boosting (GTB) and Extra Trees (ET) models. The GTB model gave the highest prediction accuracy of 94 %. The permutation variable importance revealed catalyst dosage and dye concentration as the most influential parameters in the prediction of the photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency.

Lindgrenite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst to obtain biodiesel

Lindgrenite, Cu3MoO42OH2, presents considerable potential to be used as a catalyst for obtaining biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol. Lindgrenite samples were obtained using conventional coprecipitation and ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation methods. Several catalytic tests were performed to reach the optimal conditions (methanol/oil molar ratio: 45/1, catalyst mass: 1%, reaction time: 4 h, reaction temperature: 180 °C) for obtaining biodiesel, with a 96% yield in the first catalytic cycle and 85% yield in its tenth catalytic cycle. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) of the biodiesel obtained by catalytic method revealed negligible amount of leached metal ions (less than 1 ppm of Cu2+ and less than 3 ppm of Mo6+) with the catalyst obtained by ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method. The similarity between the FTIR spectra of industrial biodiesel and that obtained in this work confirms the effectiveness of using lindgrenite as an efficient catalyst for the transesterification reaction. Biodiesel synthesis was also confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR). The results obtained from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) indicate methyl linoleate is the main component of the biodiesel, corresponding to approximately 50.50%. In addition to being easily obtained, lindgrenite is thermally stable and efficient under the applied conditions. The 96% yield after the fifth catalytic cycle is above the catalytic performance commonly observed in the literature. These characteristics indicate that lindgrenite has enormous potential to be used as a new heterogeneous catalyst to obtain biodiesel.

Sonocatalytic Degradation of Chrysoidine R Dye Using Ultrasonically Synthesized NiFe2O4 Catalyst

The novel ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method was successfully applied for the synthesis of the NiFe2O4 catalyst, which offered the advantages of lower particle size and better crystalline structure without affecting the phase planes. Furthermore, the efficacy of synthesized catalysts was evaluated using ultrasound-assisted catalytic degradation of Chrysoidine R dye. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as pH, duty cycle, power output, and catalyst loading on Chrysoidine R dye degradation using a 5 wt% NiFe2O4 catalyst synthesized ultrasonically. At the optimized condition of 120 W ultrasonic power, 70% duty cycle, 3 pH, 0.5 g/L catalyst loading, and 160 min of reaction time, the best degradation of 45.01% was obtained. At similar conditions, the conventionally synthesized catalyst resulted in about 15% less degradation. Chrysoidine R dye degradation was observed to follow second-order kinetics. To accelerate the degradation, studies were performed using hydrogen peroxide at various loadings where it was elucidated that optimum use of 75 ppm loading showed the maximum degradation of 92.83%, signifying the important role of the co-oxidant in ultrasound-assisted catalytic degradation of Chrysoidine R dye. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrated the potential benefits of ultrasound in catalyst synthesis as well as in catalytic degradation.

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of Fe‐TiO2 and Ce‐TiO2 catalysts and subsequent application for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic decolorization of basic Victoria blue dye

AbstractSynthesis of Fe‐TiO2 and Ce‐TiO2 catalysts using conventional, and ultrasound assisted (US) homogeneous coprecipitation method has been investigated. Effects of ultrasonic irradiation time and ultrasonic power on catalyst synthesis were studied and it was elucidated that best conditions were 140 W and 60 min, respectively. Characterization using FE‐SEM revealed spherical particles with the size range from 36.4 to 49.4 nm whereas XRD analysis affirmed a mixture of anatase, rutile, and brookite TiO2 phase with crystallite size ranging from 4.18 to 12.99 nm. BET analysis revealed highest specific surface area (211.59 m2/g) for the sonochemically synthesized Ce‐TiO2. The process intensification benefits demonstrated in catalyst synthesis were better crystallinity, lower particle size, and higher surface area. The application of catalyst efficacy was tested for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic oxidation where maximum decolorization as 71.97% was obtained for sonochemically synthesized Ce‐TiO2 applied in the sonophotocatalytic approach. Studies related to regeneration, stability, and leaching of Ce and Ti ion from the sonochemically synthesized Ce‐TiO2 catalyst were also performed. It was observed that the catalyst can be regenerated easily and there were no structural changes in the catalyst after regeneration with negligible leaching of the ions from the catalyst into the solution. Overall, an improved process for catalyst synthesis with intensified decolorization application was demonstrated based on the use of ultrasound.

Ultrasound assisted co-precipitation synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic adsorbent for Congo red removal

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by the ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by various analytical tools including XRD, FESEM & TEM, VSM, BET, and FTIR. It was indicated that Fe3O4 nanoparticles have cubic structure. The size of spherical-shape Fe3O4 particles ranges from 10 to 15 nm. The Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were applied as a magnetic adsorbent to remove Congo red from aqueous solution. It is assumed that the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics equation. Equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity is of 169.8 mg/g. This suggests that the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles could be a promising adsorbent for organic dyes removal in aqueous solutions.

Synthesis of ZnO/CuO Nanocomposite by Ultrasound Assisted Co-Precipitation Process using Rambutan Peel Extract

In this study, ZnO/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized by a ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method. Green synthesis of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite using rambutan peel extract as an efficient stabilizer agent has been investigated. Biosynthesized ZnO/CuO nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FESEM result showed the size of nanocomposite was 30-100 nm and had the band gap ennergy of 2.37 eV.

CoFe2O4 nanoparticles decorated onto graphene oxide and graphitic carbon nitride layers as a separable catalyst for ultrasound-assisted photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol-A

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) through ultrasound-assisted photocatalytic degradation has attracted much attention in removing emerging contaminants. Herein, CoFe2O4-GO and CoFe2O4-g-C3N4 nanocomposites were synthesized using the ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method. TEM, XRD, XPS, EDS, SEM, and FT-IR techniques characterized the structural, morphological, and chemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites. The analyses showed that CoFe2O4 structure was nano-sized and distributed more homogeneously in graphene oxide (GO) layers with oxygenated functional groups than graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). While the efficiency of composite catalysts, as photocatalysts, for degradation of bisphenol-A (BPA) was low in the visible region in the presence of persulfate, their catalytic efficacy was higher with sonolytic activation. The addition of persulfate as an oxidant remarkably enhanced the target pollutant degradation and TOC removal of BPA solution. Both composite catalysts showed 100 % BPA removal with the synergistic effect of visible region photocatalytic oxidation and sonocatalytic oxidation in the presence of persulfate at pH 6.8. In ultrasound-assisted photocatalytic oxidation of BPA, the highest mineralization efficiencies were obtained at 2 h treatment time, pH 6.8, 16 mM PS, catalyst dosages of 0.1 g/L CoFe2O4-GO, and 0.4 g/L CoFe2O4-g-C3N4 as 62 % and 55 %, respectively. An effective catalyst was obtained by reducing e−/h+ recombination and charge transfer resistance by decorating the GO layers with CoFe2O4.

Hydration of alkynes to ketones using cobalt ferrite magnetic nanocatalyst encrusted with gold nanoparticles

A magnetically recoverable gold nanocatalyst supported on the surface of cobalt ferrite nanoparticle has been synthesized. Initially, CoFe2O4 magnetic core was prepared by ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method which was further surface functionalized using 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane. By a precipitation process, highly dispersed Au nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of the thiol-functionalized magnetic core. Au (0) magnetic nanocomposite thus synthesized was used as catalyst for hydration of alkynes. The nanocomposite showed excellent catalytic activity for hydration both the alkyl and aryl alkynes in presence of 2 wt% of the material to generate corresponding ketones under microwave irradiation. The new catalyst could be easily recovered using an external magnet and could be reused without significant change in its activity.

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of silver titanate for the differential pulse voltammetric determination of antibiotic drug metronidazole

Highly electroactive transition metal oxides have been received great potential in antibiotic drug electrochemical sensors due to excellent features including ease of preparation, a large number of active sites, good conductivity , high stability, and selectivity . In this work, the perovskite-type silver titanate (Ag 2 TiO 3 ) was synthesized by ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method. The structural and morphology were examined using typical analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectrometry , field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes confirmed the purity and the chemical composition of as-prepared Ag 2 TiO 3 . The Brunauer−Emmett−Teller analysis (BET) of as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 displayed a specific surface area of 48.485 m 2 g −1 resulted in improved charge transfer resistance (R ct ) of 695 Ω. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis revealed the superior electrochemical performance of Ag 2 TiO 3 than other electrodes towards metronidazole (MTZ) detection. Under optimized differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) studies, the modified electrode exhibits a wide linear range of 0.1–104.3 μM with the lowest detection limit of 0.011 μM and a sensitivity of 0.371 μA μM −1 cm −2 . Furthermore, the fabricated sensor displayed excellent cyclic stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and noticeable selectivity in potentially effective interfering compounds for the detection of MTZ. The constructed electrode delivered good sensitivity to MTZ in urine and tablet with acceptable recoveries. Schematic diagram of as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 towards electrochemical sensing of MTZ. • Perovskite-type Ag 2 TiO 3 was prepared by a simple ultrasonication method. • The as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 modified electrode was optimized for the loading catalyst, pH, scan rate, peak current, and peak potential at the electrochemical determination of MTZ. • The fabricated sensor shows an extensive linear response from 0.1 to 104.3 μM with a low detection limit of 0.011 μM. • MTZ was successfully applied in real samples with good sensitivity and appropriate results.

Sonochemical synthesis of highly efficient Ag3PO4-Guar gum nanocomposite with photo-oxidation property under visible light irradiation

The selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehyde in an energy-efficient and environmentally benign route remains a challenge. In this study, cubical Ag3PO4-guar gum nanocomposite was synthesised by a simple ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method. The crystalline structure, optical absorption, composition and microstructure of nanocomposites were characterised by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface modification of Ag3PO4-guar gum nanocomposite dramatically enhanced the photocatalytic oxidation activity. The results from characterisation indicated the compact structure, feasibility to control the size of nanocomposite as well as exhibited higher photocatalytic activity and stability towards oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol to cinnamaldehyde. The oxidation efficiency as high as 95% was obtained. Further analysis had revealed that the holes and O2•− species have contributed to photocatalytic oxidation. The regeneration study of the catalyst displays that it could be reused with minimal loss in activity.

Ultrasonic assisted preparation of CoMoO4 nanoparticles modified electrochemical sensor for chloramphenicol determination

The mixed metal oxides have been utilized for enhanced electrochemical detection applications owing to their tremendous physicochemical properties and excellent stabilities. Herein, we have developed CoMoO4 nanoparticles via the ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method. The crystalline structure, functional group, chemical bonding, optical, elemental composition, morphological properties, and surface area were confirmed by using various spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet–Visible spectrometry (UV–Vis), Raman spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analyzes. The as-prepared electrocatalyst was successfully modified with a glassy carbon electrode (CoMoO4/GCE) for the electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol (CAP). Compared to the bare electrode, the CoMoO4 modified electrode exhibits enhanced reduction peak current towards the voltammetric detection of CAP. The results indicate that the CoMoO4/GCE exhibit a broad linear range (0.06–1190.14 ​μM) with a low detection limit (0.014 ​μM), and a sensitivity (0.293 ​μA ​μM−1 ​cm−2). The modified electrode displays good selectivity in the presence of different interferents, and it also shows excellent stability, reproducibility, conductivity, and repeatability towards the detection of CAP. In addition, the CoMoO4/GCE also demonstrates a good recovery of CAP present in real milk and urine samples.

Degradation of Acid Scarlet 3R dye using oxidation strategies involving photocatalysis based on Fe doped TiO2 photocatalyst, ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide

• Acid Scarlet 3R dye degradation studies using Fe-TiO 2 photocatalyst. • Fe-TiO 2 catalyst prepared by US assistance showed better degradation. • Understanding into effect of ultrasound and photocatalytic parameters. • Among different oxidation strategies, photocatalysis was the best. • Addition of H 2 O 2 to the photocatalytic system resulted in enhanced degradation. The presence of contaminants like dyes in the wastewater which is discharged into the environment causes serious effects on human health and living organisms. The current work deals with the degradation of Acid Scarlet 3R dye based on photocatalysis and photocatalysis combined with ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide to find the best treatment strategy. Fe doped TiO 2 with 0.4 mol% of Fe doping, which is synthesized employing ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method is used as the photocatalyst for the study. The work targets on understanding the effect of the operating conditions to establish the best conditions for treatment as pH of 3, ultrasonic power as 60 W, pulse cycle as 70%, catalyst dosage as 0.2 g/L and power of UV as 16 W. Under the optimized conditions, combination of photocatalysis with H 2 O 2 at best loading of 50 ppm was demonstrated to yield maximum decolorization as 91.15% and COD reduction as 75.4%, which was also higher as compared to the combination of photocatalysis with ultrasound. It was also noticed that the degradation rate could be explained with pseudo-first-order kinetics. It was clearly demonstrated that the approach of combined photocatalysis with H 2 O 2 was the best treatment strategy giving maximum dye degradation.

Synthesis and thermal conductivity of functionalized biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite-based green nanofluid for heat transfer applications

Bio-based graphitic carbon was synthesized in this work by one-step carbonization of bamboo waste at low temperature. This bio-based carbon was then functionalized in order to decorated it with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The functionalized biocarbon-Fe3O4 (f-biocarbon-Fe3O4) nanocomposite was synthesized using ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method which was then confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Water-based nanofluid was prepared using the synthesized f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles. Thermal conductivity of this nanofluid was analyzed at different concentrations and temperatures. A thermal conductivity enhancement of almost 80% was recorded at 35°C for nanofluid containing 0.1 vol.% of f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles compared to water. Also, empirical model is developed for prediction of thermal conductivity as a function of concentration and temperature of bamboo waste-derived f-biocarbon-Fe3O4 nanocomposite-based green nanofluid.

Synthesis of Ternary Fe3O4/ZnO/Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles via an Ultrasound-Assisted Coprecipitation Process for Antibacterial Applications

In this study, Fe3O4/ZnO/chitosan magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by an ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, and VSM techniques. The effects of ultrasonication time and content of chitosan on crystal size and lattice parameters of the nanoparticles were also studied via XRD spectra. FESEM measurements revealed that the coating consists of Fe3O4/ZnO nanoparticles of 15-20 nm in diameter homogeneously dispersed on the surface of chitosan substance. The VSM measurements at room temperature showed that the Fe3O4/ZnO/chitosan nanoparticles had superparamagnetic properties. These results indicated that ultrasonication time and chitosan content had a significant effect on the characteristics of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activities of the Fe3O4/ZnO/chitosan were tested against both gram-positive Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative E. coli bacteria using a disk diffusion method.

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of mixed calcium magnesium oxide (CaMgO2) nanoflakes for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

In the present study, mixed calcium magnesium oxide (CaMgO2) nanoflakes were synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method. The physicochemical, structural and functional properties and elemental composition of the nanoflakes had been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–VIS spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the photocatalytic actions of the nanoflakes were evaluated by the removal rates of methylene blue (MB) and p-nitrophenol (4-NP) under UV irradiation at room temperature. SEM-EDS studies revealed that the nanoflakes consisted of mixed oxide such as magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO) particles. The size of the nanoflakes was found to be in the range of 10–30 nm and the average size was 25 nm as confirmed by HR-TEM analysis. XRD revealed that the standard crystal size was calculated to be 25 nm. The synthesized nanoflakes had a strong photocatalytic activity for methylene blue (MB) and p-nitrophenol (4-NP) degradation in the presence of H2O2 under UV light irradiation within 60 min and 30 min, respectively. Hence, the present study proposes that the CaMgO2 nanoflakes can be employed for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Synthesis of PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposites by Ultrasound Assisted Co-Precipitation Process and their Antibacterial Activity

In this study, PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO magetic nanocomposties were synthesized by a ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method. The magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM and VSM techniques. The effect of Fe3O4:ZnO ratio on the crystallite size and the lattice parameter of the nanoparticles was also studied using XRD. Magetic nanoparticles of PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposites exhibit the particles size in the range of 20-30 nm. The VSM measurements at room temperature showed that PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposites had superparamagnetic properties. These results indicated that ultrasonication time and ration (Fe3O4/ZnO) greatly affect the characteristics of the nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficiency of PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO nanoparticles was tested against Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli bacteria using disc diffusion method.

Antibiotics in livestock wastewater treatment by using biomass-derived activated carbon supported ZnS nanomaterials.

A new type of composite photocatalyst material was successfully prepared through the ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method precipitate of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanomaterials on peach wood activated carbon (PAC). The optimization of ZnS@PAC demonstrates excellent photocatalytic performance by using the response surface method (RSM), which is essential for improving photocatalytic performance. In this model it was found that the photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin (ENR) increased with microwave heating power and ZnS concentration, whereas it decreased with increasing activation time. The RSM model predicts that under certain conditions (microwave heating power 800 W, activation time 3 h, ZnS 0.5 mol·L-1), the maximum degradation rate of ENR in livestock and poultry wastewater is 97.81%. By empirical testing under the optimum conditions with 97.35% degradation the accuracy of the designed model was proven using RSM and the mechanism of the photocatalytic process was studied.

The electrical conductivity of Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O materials

Ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method is used for the first time to prepare $$Fe_{3}^{2 + }$$ (PO4)2·8H2O polycrystalline materials which crystallise at room temperature in a monoclinic structure (C2/m space group). The frequency and temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity σ of the Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O sample was determined, and they follow Jonscher’s law. The results show that, in the low frequency range (below 10 kHz), the conduction mechanism can be explained by the Mott’s variable-range-hopping model; a change of slope of the conductivity is observed at ≈ 110 °C, which may be associated with a change in the crystal structure, due to the loss of water molecules from the sample. Based on Mott’s model, the density of localized states near the Fermi level, N(EF), the hopping distance, R, and the hopping energy, W, were computed. The results show that, at a constant frequency (below 10 kHz), N(EF) does not depend on temperature, while R decreases and W increases with the increase in temperature. Over 200 kHz, the correlated barrier hopping model is characteristic to the conductivity for this type of materials and the calculated band gap energy is 1.072 eV, in the (25–110) °C range and 0.821 eV, in the (110–220) °C range.