Ultrasonic Transmission Method Research Articles

Ultrasonic monitoring of hydration behavior of cement paste doped with triethanolamine using novel piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer

The propagation of ultrasonic wave in cement paste is closely related to its physical properties, and therefore shows a potential application in fields of online monitoring of hydration and hardening properties of the cementitious materials. Here, the hydration characteristics of cement paste doped with triethanolamine were studied based on the ultrasonic transmission method using the tailor-made horizontal omnidirectional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. The results show that clear ultrasonic waveforms can be observed at hydration age of 2 h. The dominant frequency of the reception wave is low at early hydration age and shifts towards the high frequency direction with hydration. The amplitude of the head wave increases sharply before hydration of 24 h, and the increasing extent decreases gradually until hydration of 166 h. The hydration process of cement at early hydration age can be classified into three stages based on amplitude changes of the head wave, that is, the induction period before 4 h, the acceleration period during 4–12 h, and the deceleration period after 12 h. The acoustic parameters of cement paste at early hydration age conform well to the logistic function distribution. The research finding might provide a new method to estimate hydration and hardening properties of cementitious materials, especially on large construction sites.

Ultrasonic characterization of multi-layered porous lithium-ion battery structure for state of charge

A multi-layered porous finite element model of lithium-ion battery is proposed by using Voronoi polygons. The time domain simulation of ultrasonic transmission characteristics with different state of charge (SOC) are carried out, and the variation of acoustic parameters versus SOCs is explored. Then, in the experiment research, the ultrasonic transmission signals are obtained by employing piezoelectric ceramic transducers during the discharging step. By extracting the time domain characteristic parameters, it is discovered that the amplitude and time-of-flight (TOF) have a strong correlation with SOC, the slow pressure-wave (SPW) velocities of the experiments correspond well with the simulation results. In addition, the frequency domain analysis shows a linear link between the amplitude of the frequency spectrum and SOC. Moreover, via repeated experiments, it is found that the ultrasonic transmission method has good repeatability in probing the SOC, and the SPW velocities acquired by experiments can almost be covered by 95% confidence interval formed based on the results of the simulation. Furthermore, according to the results of the experiments, a gray model based on the particle swarm optimization-based-simulated annealing (GM-PSO-SA) is established, which realized the prediction of the SOC under the condition of small sample data. The research results can serve as a reference for creating a comprehensive finite element model of the multi-layered porous structure of lithium-ion battery. Meanwhile, it also provides a detection and evaluation tool for the monitoring of the SOC.

Understanding the difference in bulk modulus between Y-doped SrCeO3 and Y-doped SrZrO3 by ultrasonic transmission method and density functional theory

Proton-conducting oxides are promising for applications in solid oxide fuel cells and steam electrolysis at intermediate temperatures (400–600 °C). The hydration reaction requires oxide ion vacancies and the protonic conductive species originate from this reaction. Increasing the proton concentration leads to higher proton conductivity but also expands the lattice volume, known as chemical expansion, which may lead to the mechanical failure of the oxide. Thus, it is important to clarify the factors that decrease the chemical expansion. A previous study suggested that chemical expansion could be suppressed by a large bulk modulus. Although this was only a qualitative argument, our study quantitatively clarifies the effect of the bulk modulus experimentally and theoretically. To examine the difference between Ce and Zr, which are typical elements in proton-conducting oxides, 6.25 mol% Y-doped SrZrO3 and SrCeO3 were prepared, and their bulk moduli were quantitatively evaluated. Y-doped SrZrO3 had a larger bulk modulus than Y-doped SrCeO3. Our results support the previous finding that proton-conducting oxides with large bulk modulus suppress chemical expansion. In addition, our theoretical calculations of the force constants showed that the difference in bulk modulus was caused by the Zr-O bonds being more rigid than the Ce-O bonds. Our results should provide useful guidelines for suppressing chemical expansion in proton-conducting oxides.

Understanding the Difference in Bulk Modulus between Y-Doped SrCeO <sub>3</sub> and Y-Doped SrZrO <sub>3</sub> by Ultrasonic Transmission Method and Density Functional Theory

Understanding the Difference in Bulk Modulus between Y-Doped SrCeO <sub>3</sub> and Y-Doped SrZrO <sub>3</sub> by Ultrasonic Transmission Method and Density Functional Theory

Viscoelastic Evaluation of Composite Materials by Non-Contact Air Coupled Ultrasonic Transmission Method

The viscoelasticity of composite materials is one of the important mechanical properties to characterize the intrinsic damping mechanism, which is a crucial evaluation index for the safety performance of materials. In this paper, an approach to viscoelastic evaluation is proposed by the non-contact air-coupled ultrasonic transmission method (NACUTM). The theory of viscoelasticity evaluation is presented, and a batch of carbon fiber composite materials with different pores were evaluated. The porosity of the carbon fiber composite material can affect the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and viscoelasticity of the material, and it was found and compared with the C-scan test result. The results were consistent with the expected value, which verified the feasibility and accuracy of NACUTM in material viscoelastic evaluation, and provided a new method for dynamic mechanical property evaluation and safety evaluation of the composite materials.

Assessing adhesion and glue-line defects in cold-pressing lamination of glubam

Nondestructive ultrasonic testing is known as a very efficient inspection method for detecting defects in concrete and steel structures. In order to apply this method for inspecting the quality of the cold-pressing glue-lines in glued laminated bamboo (glubam) components, a series of rheological performance tests and the ultrasonic transmission tests were conducted on modified adhesives and on glubam specimens with cold-pressing glue-lines, respectively. Focuses are on the gap filling ability of the adhesive and the defect threshold of the glue-line by using nondestructive ultrasonic testing. An optimal modified adhesive and the corresponding control spray amount were provided for manufacturing glubam components based on the rotational viscosity test and proposed sagging test. The initial amplitude of received signal is selected as the acoustic parameter to identify the glue-line defects in glubam specimens, and a defect criterion is proposed by using the ultrasonic transmission method. Verification test results indicate that the proposed defect judgment method has good feasibility and accuracy.

Automatic detection and characterisation of the first P- and S-wave pulse in rocks using ultrasonic transmission method

In this paper, we propose a new methodology for the automatic picking of P- and S- wave arrivals. The measurement of elastic wave velocities is crucial for characterisation of the elastic properties of rocks, as well as their physico-mechanical properties and durability. P-waves are easy to generate and acquire, whereas the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the S-waves present major difficulties in most investigations of rocks.In our proposed method the recorded signal is first pre-processed in the wavelet domain, removing low-frequency disturbances and filtering noise. The signal is then analysed in the time-domain to detect and characterise the first pulse and, subsequently, estimate the corresponding onset time. The automatic approach analyses all pulses detected in the output signal and selects the first pulse of the P or S wave relative to symmetry, amplitude and duration criteria. This triple check provides greater confidence in the obtained results.We record P- and S- waveforms through the transmission method for a broad range of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks used in buildings. Results are compared to manual picking, which is considered as a true or reference value. The recorded signals show that microstructural components of rocks have a strong influence on the output signal. Mineralogical composition, porosity and particle size affect the wave velocity, attenuation, wavelength and waveform, which in turn influences the manual picking of the onset time.The proposed methodology provides precise values of the onset time of P- and S- waves. The discrepancies between automatic and manual P- and S- wave picking are 0.7 and 4.4%, respectively. P-wave signals have a high signal-to-noise ratio and their arrival times are clear and easy to determine. However, the arrival time of S-waves presents significant problems, mainly for medium to coarse-grained rocks. In this case, the output signal is contaminated by P-waves and has a lower signal-to-noise ratio. Besides, propagation of the S-wave through the rock affects the frequency and waveform of the first pulse, which complicates manual picking of the onset time. The developed methodology distinguishes between the S-wave and the remaining P-waves contained in the transversal signal, independently of the skill and subjectivity of a human analyst.

Experimental study of crack density influence on the accuracy of effective medium theory

SUMMARYEffective medium theory plays an important role in the characterization of fractured reservoirs. The main goal of this paper is to assess the accuracy of three classical effective medium theories (compliance-based non-interaction approximation, Hudson theory and anisotropic self-consistent approximation) and investigate their applicable frequency range. To evaluate the crack density limitation of these models, we construct a series of physical models with crack density varying from 0 to 12 per cent. To satisfy the long-wavelength approximation of effective medium theory, we consider a crack diameter and aperture of 3 and 0.12 mm, respectively. To study their appropriate high-frequency laboratory condition, we use the ultrasonic transmission method to measure the elastic wave velocities at frequencies of 500, 250 and 100 kHz. The experimental results are then compared with the effective medium theories to discuss their accuracy. We also highlight and compare the accuracy of these theories for the inversion procedure to quantify the crack density.

Elastic Properties of Yttrium Doped Barium Zirconate

Elastic properties are fundamental knowledge for structural designing. Under the development of proton-conducting ceramics fuel cells (PCFCs), there is no doubt about the importance of elastic properties. However, the systematic study about component materials of PCFCs has been insufficient, and obtained elastic properties cannot cover the entire operation conditions. Low sinterability and processability of solid electrolytes prevent from adopting conventional measuring method for high temperature metals. We therefore modified an ultrasonic transmission method for pellet type specimens and measured elastic properties in 10, 15, 20 mol% yttrium doped barium zirconate from room temperature to 700ºC. The results indicated that elastic moduli such as Young’s modulus and shear modulus gradually decrease with temperature rising to approximately 200°C and the slope became moderate over 400°C. Elastic moduli in BZY decreased by 30-40% from room temperature to 500°C. Observed temperature dependences are important basic properties for the structural designing of PCFCs.

Detection Technology of Foamed Mixture Lightweight Soil Embankment Based on Ultrasonic Wave Transmission Method

This study attempted to establish a process that uses the ultrasonic wave transmission method to correlate the ultrasonic parameters with the material properties of Foamed Mixture Lightweight Soil (FMLS). The results were then applied for the defect detection of the FMLS embankment. First, the ultrasonic wave velocity (UPV) and amplitude (UPA) of FMLS with different mix proportions were collected continuously from 3rd day to 45th day in the curing age. The relationships between UPV versus FMLS elastic modulus, unconfined compressive strength, and density were calibrated. The variations in the ultrasonic parameters owing to the test distance and crack width were recorded. Then, the laboratory tests were reproduced through numerical simulation approach. Finally, the reliability and accuracy of the proposed detection method for FMLS were proved and validated through on-site tests. The proposed methodology, which is simple, stable, and reliable, was found to be suitable for the quality diagnosis of FMLS embankments after construction and during operation.

Fluid Substitution and Shear Weakening in Clay‐Bearing Sandstone at Seismic Frequencies

AbstractUsing the forced oscillation method and the ultrasonic transmission method, we measure the elastic moduli of a clay‐bearing Thüringen sandstone under dry and water‐saturated conditions in a broad frequency band at [0.004–10, 106] Hz for different differential pressures up to 30 MPa. Under water‐saturated condition, clear dispersion and attenuation for Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and Bulk modulus are observed at seismic frequencies, except for shear modulus. The measured dispersion and attenuation are mainly attributed to the drained/undrained transition, which considers the experimentally undrained boundary condition. Gassmann's predictions are consistent with the measured undrained bulk moduli but not with the shear moduli. Clear shear weakening is observed, and this water‐softening effect is stronger at seismic frequencies than at ultrasonic frequencies where stiffening effect related to squirt flow may mask real shear weakening. The reduction in surface free energy due to chemical interaction between pore fluid and rock frame, which is not taken into account by Gassmann's theory, is the main reason for the departure from Gassmann's predictions, especially for this rock containing a large number of clay minerals.

Perancangan Alat Ukur Massa Jenis Zat Cair Menggunakan Cepat Rambat Gelombang Ultrasonik

Density is a measure of the mass of volume unity. How to measure density in general by measuring the weight and dividing it by the volume of liquid, so in this way the measurement is not. Measurement of the density of the liquid based on the ultrasonic velocity becomes an alternative so that the measurement can be done directly, accurately, practically, and easily.Ultrasonic velocity becomes the variable to determine the density of the liquid. Time synchronization begins when the ultrasonic transmitter emits ultrasonic and is terminated when the receiver receives ultrasonic. The discrete ultrasonic wave transmission method is performed when the ultrasonic receiver receives transmittance from the ultrasonic transmitter then the 40KHz signal pulse is stopped and ultrasonic transmission is repeated up to 10 times the measurement data.From this study obtained some conclusions. Ultrasonic velocity is influenced by the viscosity of the liquid, ultrasonic velocity through 1394m / s aquades, ultrasonic velocity through cooking oil 1387m / s, ultrasonic velocity through liquid soap 1175m / s, ultrasonic velocity through liquid soap solution 40% 1317m / s , Ultrasonic velocity through liquid soap solution 70% 1257m / s, velocity measurement deviation of 0.43% and 0.01% density calculation type.

Defect position and size estimation in billet by ultrasonic transmission method using a small number of transducers

For a steel billets inspection, we have proposed defect detection and size estimation from time-of-flight (TOF) profile by ultrasonic transmission method with linear scanning. In this method, a defect is detected by deviation of TOF of transmitted wave caused by diffraction at the defect. In addition to defect detection, defect size can be estimated from deviation of TOF because TOF is affected by defect size. However, deviation of TOF is also affected by the depth of the defect, which cannot be precisely estimated only by linear scanning of a pair of transducers. In this study, we propose defect position and size estimation using multiple pairs of transducers and validity of the method was evaluated. By using multiple pairs of transducers, TOF of inclined paths, where transducers is not facing each other are also obtained as well as parallel paths, so that the position of defect can be estimated. As a result, the defect position could be estimated by using two pairs of transducers and defect size could also be estimated correctly compared with conventional linear scanning method.

Effect of mode conversion on defect detection and size estimation in billet from time-of-flight profile by ultrasonic transmission method

The effect of mode conversion on defect detection and size estimation in a billet from the time-of-flight (TOF) profile is evaluated by comparing the results of wave propagation simulations in an elastic wave field and a scalar wave field, in which only longitudinal waves propagate. As a result, the effect of mode conversion appears in the TOF profile Δτ and received waveform. TOF deviation increases when mode conversion is considered compared with considering only longitudinal waves. This tendency compensates the error in the previous experiment and simulation results. The consideration of the shear components will make simulations and defect size estimations more accurate.

Studies and modelling the effect of porosity on the microstructure and properties of cancellous bone by the ultrasound method

The work presented in this paper presents a new methodology for detecting the changes in the trabecular structure due to osteoporosis. This paper focuses on the experimental characterisation of the microstructure and properties of cancellous bone by the ultrasound method. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of controlling the bone porosity by the ultrasonic transmission method. This power is based mainly on the measurement of ultrasonic parameters to verify the ability of the ultrasound technique to detect the bone porosity degree. The ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone is modelled using the Schoch theory and the Biot theory. This study concerns the cancellous bone which is most affected by the osteoporosis. After resolution of the direct problem, the second part of this paper concern the characterisation of porous bone by solving the inverse problem means to calculate the porosity from acoustic data.

Studies and modelling the effect of porosity on the microstructure and properties of cancellous bone by the ultrasound method

The work presented in this paper presents a new methodology for detecting the changes in the trabecular structure due to osteoporosis. This paper focuses on the experimental characterisation of the microstructure and properties of cancellous bone by the ultrasound method. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of controlling the bone porosity by the ultrasonic transmission method. This power is based mainly on the measurement of ultrasonic parameters to verify the ability of the ultrasound technique to detect the bone porosity degree. The ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone is modelled using the Schoch theory and the Biot theory. This study concerns the cancellous bone which is most affected by the osteoporosis. After resolution of the direct problem, the second part of this paper concern the characterisation of porous bone by solving the inverse problem means to calculate the porosity from acoustic data.

Defect detection and size estimation in billet from profile of time-of-flight using ultrasonic transmission method with linear scanning

In this study, defect detection and size estimation in billet by transmission method with linear scanning were carried out and the validity of the method was evaluated by numerical simulation. In addition, the suitable signal frequency and aperture of transducers were clarified. As a result, the following were found: a defect can be detected, signals with frequencies lower than those generally used in conventional ultrasonic testing (i.e., 0.5–1.5 MHz) are desirable, and the time-of-flight (TOF) deviation Δτ becomes largest when the wavelength at center frequency and the aperture of transducers are comparable. Defect size can be estimated when a single defect exists alone and the defect is not near the surface of a billet. Although defect size estimation becomes difficult when the defect is near the surface of a billet, the defect can be detected by our proposed method.

1P2-13 Effect of mode conversion on defect detection in billet from profile of time-of-flight using ultrasonic transmission method

1P2-13 Effect of mode conversion on defect detection in billet from profile of time-of-flight using ultrasonic transmission method

Non-destructive Detection of Air Traces in the UHT Milk Packet by using Ultrasonic Waves

In this present work, our objective is to characterize UHT milk quality inside his package without any destruction. We propose to employ the ultrasonic transmission method which is suitable for characterization of opaque media like UHT milk. For this we follow the evolution of ultrasonic parameters in different temperatures depending on air intrusion inside package. We analyzed the experimental results between both cases: package with air intrusion and package without air intrusion. We proceed by this comparative study in order to investigate the suitability, feasibility and reliability of this emerging technique as a new alternative to the conventional destructive techniques.

1P2-14 Defect Size Estimation in Billet from Profile of Time of Flight Using Ultrasonic Transmission Method with Linear Scanning(Poster Session)

1P2-14 Defect Size Estimation in Billet from Profile of Time of Flight Using Ultrasonic Transmission Method with Linear Scanning(Poster Session)