Ultrasonic Technology Research Articles

Influence of surface roughness on laser ultrasonic detection for laser powder bed fusion manufactured 316L stainless steel

In view of the non-destructive and non-contact features, laser ultrasonic (LU) technology has long been the effective method to detect tiny defects for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufactured specimens. Of larger concern is the variation and the corresponding mechanism on tested results of LU detection as the property of LPBF additive manufactured specimen is changed. Aiming at the property of surface roughness, this work investigated the propagation characteristics of excited ultrasonic waves in LPBF additive manufactured 316L stainless steel with different surface roughness, as well as the interaction between ultrasonic waves and artificial submillimeter holes. Both numerical simulated and experimental study were conducted. Simulated results revealed that the amplitudes of longitudinal wave (L wave) and its echo wave L1 at the holes exhibited a discernible increase as the surface was coarser. The increase in surface roughness was detrimental to the resolution of defect detection as was expected from the increased amount of noise. LPBF fabrication and the subsequent LU pulse-echo detection were conducted for 316L stainless steel. Both B-scan and C-scan were able to detect the holes with the diameter of 0.6 mm. The speckle phenomenon deriving from the increase in surface roughness emerged, corresponding to the increased ultrasonic signal energy but deteriorated resolution of detected images. It is feasible to optimize LU detected effect by minimize the surface roughness of tested specimens.

Acceleration mechanism of abrasive particle in ultrasonic polishing under synergistic physical vibration and cavitation: Numerical study

Ultrasonic technology is widely applied in the engineering ceramic polishing processes without the limitation of material properties and ideally integrated into computer numerical control system. Ultrasonic-induced cavitation and mechanical vibration effect could accelerate the motion of solid abrasives. The individual behaviors of microjet/shockwave of ultrasonic cavitation in gases and liquids, and micro-abrasives with simple harmonic vibrations in solids and liquids has been extensively studied. To conduct a systematic and integrated study of abrasives behavior in the polishing contact region involving abrasive, surround-workpiece wall, ultrasonic physical vibration, and ultrasonic cavitation impact, a novel model integrating the free abrasive motion velocity and fixed abrasive indentation depth under multi-scale contact was proposed according to Hertzian contact theory, Greenwood-Williamson model, indentation deformation theory, the basic equations of cavitation bubble dynamics, cavitation impact control equations, and Newton's law of motion equation. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude, ultrasonic frequency, preloading force and particle size on the proposed model were investigated by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Ultrasonic physical vibration mainly influences the dynamic gap and further influence the number of different abrasives. Furthermore, the indentation depth of fixed abrasive depends mainly on the abrasive geometry. As the contact gap and abrasive size decrease, the indentation depth gradually decreases. Under the synergistic effect of cavitation-induced shock wave and microjet, the velocity of free abrasive in this paper is generally 0–150 m/s, and the kinetic energy of free abrasive increases roughly linearly with increasing frequency and approximately as a quadratic function with increasing particle size. Increasing the preloading force leads to a reduction in the abrasive kinetic energy. Besides, the kinetic energy induced by the shock wave has a cliff-like increment at an amplitude of 0.7–0.8 μm. It is revealed that the abrasive kinetic energy is suppressed by the cavitation bubble expansion and collapse at smaller ultrasonic pressure amplitude and surround-wall distance. This research provides a theoretical reference for the modeling of potential defects and material removal on the workpiece surface caused by abrasive motion during polishing, and reduces the trial cost for parameter optimization in actual polishing processing.

Construction of an Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting Ankle Ligament Injury Based on the Results of Ultrasonic Shear Wave Technology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We aimed to study the factors influencing the extent of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneal ligament (CFL) injuries in acute ankle fractures based on construction of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model. Differences in various baseline data, including personal data, anthropometric data, disease history, and life history, were compared among patients with ATFL injury, ATFL+CFL injury, and ATFL fracture. Factors influencing the ATFL injury/ATFL+CFL injury/ATFL fracture were analyzed using logistic regression, and an artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting ATFL fracture was constructed using the tensor flow framework. Advanced age (OR= 36.33, 95%CI (15.72, 60.62)), male (OR = 21.21, 95%CI (5, 39.92)), high BMI (OR = 0.03, 95%CI (−0.31 0.37)), exercise duration (OR = 0.48, 95%CI (−14.66, 18.3)), and history of diabetes (OR = 16.98, 95%CI (−76.44, 480.78)) may all be influential factors in the ATFL and CFL injury/ATFL rupture. We constructed three neural layers, the first containing 11 ganglia, the second containing 7 ganglia, and the third containing 5 ganglia, and after 10 iterations the ANN model LOSS values were reduced to the lowest and scatter plots were made of the true and predicted values with some linear trend and better prediction. Advanced age, male, high BMI, length of exercise, and history of diabetes may be influential factors in the ATFL and CFL injuries/ATFL rupture. Applying the tensor flow framework, the ANN algorithm was constructed to predict the occurrence of ATFL fracture with good results.

Laser speckle-based estimation of surface condition for designing quieter material

Laser speckle is a non-contact, non-interfering, non-destructive, rapid and controllable technique with a large area of coverage that has attracted much attention for surface analysis of materials. The emergence of different natural cellulosic materials as potential candidates for the replacement of synthetic ones is promising, but their sustainability from the point of view of material design is still in question. Machining of the surface of cellulosic components for making sound-dampening materials has a critical effect on determining their surface condition. Laser speckle is an emerging tool for surface analysis of a variety of materials, and it has important applications in material design and analysis. As a cutting-edge research tool, ultrasonic wave technology has maintained a significant contribution to the design and structural monitoring of composite materials. The present work uses date palm leaf fibers for composite reinforcement. The sound-dampening properties, such as sound absorption and transmission, were analyzed on the basis of surface roughness observed with the laser speckle technique and modified by ultrasonically blended surfactants. The surface roughness of the synthesized material was found to increase with sonication time with an R 2 value of 0.944 and observed fluctuation in roughness data on the surface of the material. The sound absorption coefficient is 0.98 with a transmission loss of 60 dB, for which the material is classified as an ASTM E1050 Class A acoustic material. Further, the method of laser speckle-based roughness estimation is found to be potential tool for the design of any type of quieter material.

Effect of ultrasonic impact treatment on the microstructure and properties of laser cladded CoCrFeNiMox high entropy alloy coatings

Ultrasonic impact technology was applied to improve the property of laser cladded CoCrFeNiMox (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) high entropy alloy coatings on the surface of low-carbon steel. The phase structures and the microstructural characteristics were studied in detail through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness distributions, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the samples are illustrated using a microhardness tester, a micro-friction and wear tester, and an electrochemical test system. Single FCC phase solid solution was identified to be the main phase structure, with the interdendritic σ phase precipitating with the increasing Mo content. Although ultrasonic impact treatment did not change the phase composition of the high-entropy alloy (HEA) cladding coatings, evident plastic deformation and broken σ phase appeared near the surface of the impacted layers. Through the combined effects of dislocation, fine-grain, and dispersion strengthening, the microhardness of the CoCrFeNiMox coatings was improved after ultrasonic impact treatment. In addition, ultrasonic impact treatment decreased the surface roughness and increased the wear resistance, and the main wear mechanism of the impacted layers changed from fatigue spalling to abrasive wear. The wear mass of the ultrasonically impacted layers was approximately 92 % of the laser cladded CoCrFeNiMox coatings. Furthermore, ultrasonic impact treatment improved the corrosion resistance of the HEA coatings.

Electronic music composition thinking using visual learning and visual sensing technology

AbstractThis exploration aims to provide a kind of interactive electronic music composition thinking based on visual learning and visual sensing technology to enhance the thinking process of electronic music composition. Initially, it summarizes the functionalities of the physics components in Unity and analyzes the principles of visual interaction implementation using Virtual Reality (VR) devices and Leap Motion in Unity. Subsequently, the composition of interactive electronic music works is designed and implemented based on ultrasonic sensor technology. Lastly, this exploration focuses on the complete visual design of the audio‐visual integration of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music to represent Cymatics' images of the emotional content of the music. MIDI data can be assigned to provide various mapping possibilities between images and content in music visualization composition. This exploration also designs experiments based on sensory aftereffects and audio‐visual synesthesia to further determine the counterpoint law between the shape of dynamic Cymatics' images and the timbre's audio‐visual synesthetic results. The results indicate that Bass and Kick are distributed in the mid‐low frequency and sub‐low frequency range (20–160 Hz), Vocal and Lead are distributed in the mid‐high frequency range (1280–2560 Hz), and Hihat is distributed in the high‐frequency range (2560–5120 Hz). This exploration utilizes computer technology to create a music visualization method that conforms to the visual expression and aesthetic style of a multi‐sensory experience.

Effect and mechanism of ultrasonic mechanical vibration on methane adsorption

Ultrasonic stimulation technology with mechanical vibration effect and thermal effect offers unique advantages for promoting coalbed methane desorption and improving reservoir permeability. Recently extensive studies have been conducted on the effects of ultrasound on reservoir physical characteristics and methane adsorption behavior. However, most studies have neglected the influence of each effect as an independent variable on methane adsorption. Particularly, there has been inadequate attention given to the adsorption behavior of methane by coal under ultrasonic mechanical vibration. The coupling relationship among coal-water-methane molecules under ultrasonic mechanical vibration has yet to be revealed. Here, anthracite and bituminous coal were used as research objects, and the variable separation of the ultrasonic mechanical vibration was carried out using a constant temperature device. The effect and mechanism of ultrasonic mechanical vibration on methane adsorption were revealed by isothermal adsorption experiments. The results showed that ultrasonic mechanical vibration had a certain promotion effect on methane adsorption, which was opposite to the comprehensive effect. However, this promotion effect was influenced by the coal rank, moisture condition, and pressure. The effect of ultrasonic mechanical vibration on the molecular structure of the coal was an internal mechanism that enhanced methane adsorption. Among them, the methyl structure of the aliphatic side chain, the hydroxyl structure, the aromatic hydrogen structure, and the oxygen-containing heteroatom structure were sensitive to ultrasonic mechanical vibration. This influence improved the orientation degree of the coal molecular structure and increased the coal's surface free energy and adsorption potential, resulting in the ability of the coal to adsorb more methane molecules under the same pressure conditions. The content of sensitive functional groups was the main reason for the difference in promotion effect. There were more sensitive functional groups in bituminous coal, leading to a more significant promotion of methane adsorption by ultrasonic mechanical vibration. Furthermore, the moisture content would also affect the promotion effect. Moisture in coal strengthened the effect of ultrasonic mechanical vibration on sensitive functional groups by facilitating ultrasonic propagation through the coal. Therefore, in moisture-equilibrated samples, ultrasonic mechanical vibration had a greater effect on methane adsorption.

Elucidating the impact of ultrasonic treatment on bituminous oil properties: A comprehensive study of viscosity modification

As global energy needs rise and traditional oil production wanes, heavy and viscous oils are becoming increasingly important. This study explores the use of ultrasonic technology to reduce oil viscosity. We investigated the relationship between ultrasonic exposure duration and changes in bituminous oil composition, using chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze chemical alterations in oil samples pre and post-ultrasonic treatment. Viscosity changes at varied temperatures and shear rates were measured using a vibration viscometer and a rheometer. Our results showed that the viscosity reduction ratio (VRR) peaked at over 30% after 3 min of ultrasonic exposure. However, some processing methods and oil compositions led to increased viscosity. Post-treatment, lighter oil components were more prevalent, suggesting that ultrasonic exposure disrupts long carbon chains, reducing viscosity. Conversely, viscosity increases may result from molecular reconnection within bituminous oil. This research provides insights into a novel method for reducing heavy oil viscosity using ultrasonic technology, broadening our understanding of its applications in energy science and highlighting its potential to revolutionize heavy oil utilization.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted fermentation on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of Chinese rice wine

The traditional fermentation method for Chinese rice wine (RW) production has some limitations such as difficulty in controlling quality, long brewing time, and thin taste. In this study, ultrasonic technology was adopted by adding enzyme with the aim of improving the fermentation efficiency and volatile flavor quality of RW. Results showed that the ethanol yield was increased by 23.53 % and the fermentation time was reduced by nearly 2 days by ultrasonic treatment of (one-time, 28 kHz, 1 h, 35 W/L) on the first day. Flavor analysis (following the ultrasonic treatment) showed that the flavors, especially the esters and alcohols in RW, also enhanced most significantly. The contents of isobutyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and phenethyl acetate increased by 58.03 %, 107.70 %, 31.84 %, and 18.71 %, respectively. The results showed that the brewing process could be simplified, brewing time could be reduced and volatile flavor of RW could be improved by ultrasound.

Enhancing Disinfection Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent: The Role of ZnO Nanoparticles in Ultrasonic and UV-C Processes

Ultrasonic (US) and UV-C disinfection technologies have been successfully used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for disinfection purposes. The US technology is typically used as a pre-treatment step to break down larger particles and make them more susceptible to disinfection. The UV-C technology is commonly used as a final disinfection step in many WWTPs. The study aimed to assess the potential of using Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles (NPs) to improve the effectiveness of UV-C and US disinfection methods in treating wastewater effluent, offering a more comprehensive solution to wastewater treatment. In this experimental study, a Laboratory US Bath (40[Formula: see text]kHz) and a UV-C lamp (16[Formula: see text]W) were used. In order to investigate the effectiveness of ZnO NPs in the reduction of microbial load, 5[Formula: see text]mg/L of ZnO NPs was added to the effluent samples. Then, samples were examined for Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) reduction by the standard MPN/100[Formula: see text]mL test. The Chick‘s law was used to calculate the efficiency of microbial load. The relationship between variables was determined by regression analysis using Excel and SPSS-ver 21 software. In this study, the samples were examined in three groups: Samples that were only exposed to sonication or received UV-C radiation with Turbidity of 18 NTU (Group A) and Turbidity of 5 NTU (Group B), and Samples that received 5 mg/L of ZnO NPs (Group C). By increasing the time from 0.5 min to 10 min in the presence of UV-C, the amount of microbial population decreased, and 2 min was considered the optimal time. The maximum removal efficiencies by US for TC were 74.07,77.7, 85.1% (40∘C) and 92.5,100, and 100% (60∘C) in group A (in 30 min sonication), 85.7, 85.7, 100% (40∘C), respectively, and were 100% in other groups (B and C), respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies by US for FC were 76.4%, 88.2%, and 100% (40∘C) and 88.2%, 100%, and 100% (60∘C) in group A (in 30 min sonication), respectively, and were 100% in other groups (B and C). In this study, an important increase in the disinfection ability of ZnO NPs has been observed in the presence of US and UV-C. So, the ZnO NPs/UV-C and ZnO NPs/US processes are valuable alternatives to conventional disinfection processes by over 90% improvement of disinfection efficiency.

Micromechanics and Ultrasonic Propagation in Consolidated Earthen-Site Soils.

Although nondestructive ultrasonic technologies have been applied in laboratory and field tests in the field of heritage conservation, few studies have quantified the relationship among the real microstructures, micromechanical properties, and macroscopic acoustic responses of earthen-site soils. This paper develops a micromechanics-based multiscale model for quantitatively exploring the ultrasonic propagation characteristics of elastic waves in untreated and consolidated earthen-site soils. Scanning electron microscope images and image processing technology are integrated into the finite-element simulation. The effects of microstructure and wave features on the acoustic characteristics of soils are quantitatively investigated under pulsive loading. The simulation results of untreated and consolidated soils are efficiently compared to ultrasonic test data. It is demonstrated that the integration of microstructure image processing and multiscale modeling can predict the ultrasonic pulse velocity well, which improves the accuracy of laboratory testing and field monitoring and better serves the evaluation and implementation of engineering practice in the field of heritage conservation.

Emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation based on charge attraction with highly improved systemic translocation and photolysis resistance

Nano pesticides offer an effective means of improving the bioavailability of pesticide due to their excellent solubility and wettability, superior foliar adhesion, and permeability to target insects. By using high-speed homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technology, an emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation (EB@SA) with a particle size ranging from 30 to 50 nm was successfully fabricated using electrostatic self-assembly. The microscopic morphology and structure of EB@SA were further analyzed through transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and 1H NMR. The photolysis resistance behavior of EB@SA demonstrated an improved anti-photolysis ability more than double that of conventional formulations while also exhibiting good sustained-release properties. Not only does EB@SA maintain the inherent insecticidal toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EB), but it also significantly prolongs its insecticidal duration. At a concentration of 20 mg/L, the lethality rate against Armyworms remains above 70 % over a period of 16 days compared to <50 % for general emamectin emulsifiable concentrate. Furthermore, EB@SA greatly enhances the systemic translocation of EB in corn plants by exhibiting favorable bidirectional systemic translocation characteristics. This research presents an efficient and environmentally friendly pesticide nano-formulation that can be effectively utilized for field pest control.

Correction of a transcranial acoustic field using a transient ultrasound field visualization technique.

Ultrasound, due to its noninvasive nature, has the potential to enhance or suppress neural activity, making it highly promising for regulating intractable brain disorders. Precise ultrasound stimulation is crucial for improving the efficiency of neural modulation and studying its mechanisms. However, the presence of the skull can cause distortion in the ultrasound field, thereby affecting the accuracy of stimulation. Existing correction methods primarily rely on magnetic resonance guidance and numerical simulation. Due to the large size and high cost, the MR-guided transcranial ultrasound is difficult to be widely applied in small animals. The numerical simulation usually requires further validation and optimization before application, and the most effective method is to visualize the excited ultrasound field. However, the ultrasound field correction methods based on acoustic field visualization are still lacking. Therefore, a shadowgraph-based transient ultrasonic field visualization system is developed, and an ex vivo transcranial ultrasound field correction is performed. By visualizing the ultrasound field with or without a rat skull and then calculating the time difference of each element's ultrasound wavefront, the parameters for ultrasound field correction can be achieved. The experimental results show that this method can improve both the shape and the size of the focal spot, as well as enhance the acoustic pressure at the focus. Overall, the results demonstrate that the ultrasonic field visualization technology can effectively improve the transcranial ultrasound focusing effect and provide a new tool for achieving precise ultrasonic neural modulation.

Photo-assisted ultrasonic curing for ultrafast and deep prototyping based on coumarin derivatives

Although photocuring is currently the most commonly used method in 3D additive manufacturing, it still faces significant challenges in rapid prototyping of thick materials due to the limited penetration of light. Ultrasonic technology has the advantages of high penetration depth and unparalleled cavitation, offering opportunities for enabling additive manufacturing of thick materials. In this study, a coumarin-based two-component system composed of Coum-Ph-OC12H25 and N-phenylglycine as initiator and hydrogen supplier, respectively, was developed to achieve ultrasonic curing of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA). The ideal curing efficiency of this two-component system was optimized to 90 %, and ultrasonic curing of thick materials was achieved with a penetration depth of up to 15 cm. Moreover, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic measurements demonstrated the free-radical reaction mechanism. It is believed that this research has the potential to expand the 3D additive manufacturing technology and pave the way for future developments in this field.

Effects of ultrasound-assisted cooking on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of pork meatballs

This research aims to investigate the effect of different ultrasonic powers cooking on the quality of pork meatballs. Pork meatballs treated with ultrasound-assisted cooking at 450 W had the most uniform and smooth structures displayed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, with increasing ultrasonic powers, the water retention capacity of pork meatballs first increased and then decreased, compared with the non-ultrasound group, when the ultrasonic power was 450 W, the cooking yield of pork meatballs increased from 82.55% to 92.87%, and the centrifugal loss decreased from 25.35% to 11.52%. Additionally, ultrasound-assisted cooking had a positive effect on the moisture migration, tenderness, and sensory property of pork meatballs, and 450 W sample exhibited the highest overall acceptability score (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical properties and microstructure of pork meatballs could be improved by appropriate ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic technology was considered as an effective processing method for improving the quality of meat products.

Borehole quality inspection method of bored piles based on multi-array ultrasonic scanning technology

Borehole quality inspection method of bored piles based on multi-array ultrasonic scanning technology

Restrictions and New Possibilities of Technical and Conservation Diagnostics of Wood in Heritage Buildings

Identifying the mechanical properties of wood in existing buildings allows the search for an effective way to renovate wooden structures. Tests conducted on the historic structure's tissue preclude the use of destructive testing. Individual elements of the structure can be subjected to non-destructive testing (NDT) conducted in situ. The NDT testing methodology presented in the article is based on the use of ultrasonic and sclerometric technology. These methods can be used to determine the sites of biological corrosion and determine the effect of internal defects on the quality of wood. Ultrasonic testing usually uses devices that emit a longitudinal wave. The study additionally applied the author's method using devices analyzing the velocity of transverse wave flow for testing historic wood. The research was conducted on the roof truss of the heritage church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Jastrzębie Zdrój.

Fabrication of a 3D structure MnO2 electrode with high MnO2 mass loading as the cathode for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Benefiting from the remarkable advantages (eco-friendly, cost-effective, and high safety) of rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), AZIBs are regarded as viable alternatives to traditional Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, in prevailing research, the excellent electrochemical performance usually achieved by ultra-low active material loadings (e.g., <1 mg/cm²), which is far from the active material mass loading of commercial electrodes in practical (≥10 mg/cm²). Balancing superior properties with high mass loading has posed a challenge. To surmount this, an innovative method combined ultrasonic processing, freeze-drying, and 3D printing technologies is used to engineer a high MnO2 mass loading cathode for AZIBs (3D cathode). Notably, the grid structure of 3D cathode substantially augmenting the surface area for redox reactions during charge/discharge processes, which greatly enhanced the pseudo-capacitance process of cathode. Additionally, the uniform and stable microstructure exhibited the dual capability of expediting ion/electron transfer and sustaining the structural integrity throughout charge/discharge cycles. Consequently, the 3D cathode demonstrated superior comprehensive electrochemical properties at the MnO2 high mass loading of 10 mg/cm2 (138.7 mAh/g at 1 A/g, 87.4 mAh/g after 500 cycles, 82 % energy efficiency) and 15 mg/cm2 (113.3 mAh/g at 1 A/g, 56.3 mAh/g after 400 cycles, 81 % energy efficiency).

Development of an Ultrasonic-based Digital Height Measurement System

This paper presents the design, sensor selection, circuitry, firmware development, and testing of an ultrasonicbased digital height meter. An Atmega328 microcontroller is used in the design to handle sensor measurements as it investigates the utilization of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor technology. Firmware was developed in the Arduino IDE environment, and the sketch was uploaded to the microcontroller. The designed circuit was constructed on a Veroboard, and the casing was designed for convenience of use. Ultrasonic digital height meters are more accurate, dependable, and quick when compared to hospital meter rules. The apparatus was mounted at a height of 2 meters to ease the measurement of humans. Results from the measurement of nine people were compared with those of the hospital scale, and a percentage error of 0.55% was obtained. A digital height meter can be a very useful instrument for many different applications, including medical, educational, engineering, and surveying, with careful planning and implementation.

Automated quantification of small defects in ultrasonic phased array imaging using AWGA-gcForest algorithm

ABSTRACT The imaging quality of ultrasonic phased array technology significantly affects the quantification of small defects inside metals. Moreover, traditional manual evaluation methods require a substantial amount of manpower and time, and they are easily influenced by subjective factors. To mitigate the impact of imaging quality on the automated quantification of defects, this study proposes an improved gcForest algorithm (AWGA-gcForest, Adaptive window genetic algorithm- gcForest). Firstly, the acquired ultrasonic full matrix data from the phased array is processed using full focusing A-scan technique. Additionally, a window averaging weighting method is introduced for ultrasound signal processing to eliminate the interference from incident waves and backwall echoes. Subsequently, a multi-scale adaptive sliding window adjustment strategy based on Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) is employed to reduce the computational time complexity of the gcForest algorithm. Furthermore, a weighted approach optimised with a genetic algorithm is utilised in the cascade forest to improve the classification accuracy and generalisation capability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 97.50%, precision of 97.26%, recall rate of 96.63%, and F1 score of 96.92, exhibiting higher detection accuracy compared to other models while also reducing time costs.