Ultrasonic Irradiation Method Research Articles

BIOCIDAL PROPERTIES OF CUONANOPARTICLES

Biocides are products used to prevent or control the spread of various harmful organisms such as bacteria or viruses. Silver and gold nanoparticles are mostly used as active substances of biocides used in the medical field. However, a more economically acceptable alternatives are different copper compounds, specificallycopper(II) oxide. CuO nanoparticles were gained via sonicationmethod from copper(II) acetate in a sodium hydroxide solution. Physical and chemical properties of gained CuO nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biocidal tests were performed on bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Bacillus subtilis,as well on fungi Candida albicansand Aspergillus nigerusing the disc diffusion method. The ultrasonic irradiation method was found to yield pure CuO nanoparticles smaller than 70 nm. Also, EDS measurement verified the stoichiometric distribution of copper and oxygen in the sample.Antimicrobialproperties were proven excellent for both bacteria and fungiexcept for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,for which CuO nanoparticles seem to have low effect. KEYWORDS:copper(II) oxide; sonication; antimicrobialproperties

The impact of solid particles and oil characteristics on the separation efficacy of oil sludge ultrasonic treatment

This study assesses the efficiency of ultrasonic treatment on oil sludge, with a specific focus on the impact of particle size and content, crude oil viscosity, and the interactions between crude oil and solid particles. The findings indicated that lower solids content correlates with increased oil recovery. For example, oil recovery rose from 15.09 % to 34.34 % as the solid content changed from 80 % to 40 % (200∼300 mesh). Furthermore, the study underscores the significant role of cavitation, particularly in the aqueous phase, and its dependency on fluid viscosity. Elevated viscosity raises the cavitation threshold of the medium, hindering the occurrence of cavitation effects and weakening the microjet. Acoustic energy attenuation during treatment should be emphasized, and both the propagation medium and the distance have an effect on the acoustic energy, which can be weaken by changing the ultrasonic irradiation method or by adjusting the size of the reaction unit. These findings provide valuable guidance for the ultrasonic treatment of oil sludge for optimizing crude oil recovery.

Design, ultrasonic synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies of pyridine-2,6-dithiazole/dioxazole analogues

An efficient ultrasonic synthesis of structurally diverse Pyridine-2,6-dithiazole/ dioxazole analogues were designed and achieved by ultrasonic irradiation techniqueas well as by conventional method. The advantages of this eco-friendly ultrasonic irradiation method over conventional method are excellent yields, no metal catalyst, less toxic solvents, simple workup, no chromatographic column purifications. The precursor S-6 and S-16 and their Schiff base derivatives S-10 to S-15 and S-17 to S-22 were characterized by spectral means, found consistent for expected structure. To check their biological potential molecular docking and invitro antimicrobial studies were also performed.

Greener and Highly Efficient Synthesis, In Silico ADMET and Molecular Docking Studies of Potent Antimicrobial Thiophene Clubbed Pyrazole‐1,2,3‐Triazole Hybrids

AbstractTo achieve environmentally benign synthesis and develop pharmacologically active compounds, a library of novel thiophene‐clubbed pyrazole‐1,2,3‐triazole hybrids was designed and successfully synthesized using L‐ascorbic acid as a green acid catalyst and ethanol as a green solvent. The reaction was carried out using microwave and ultrasonic irradiation methods to achieve a highly efficient reaction route. All title compounds were characterized and evaluated for their potential in vitro antimicrobial activity using Ciprofloxacin and Nystatin as standard drugs, in which compounds with chloro and naphthyl substitutions exhibited excellent antibacterial activity at concentrations of 25 μg/mL and compounds with methyl and methoxy substitutions exhibited excellent antifungal activity at concentrations of 100 μg/mL. Additionally, the molecular docking study showed that all compounds examined had excellent binding energies ranging from −9.3 to −10.3 kcal/mol, and naphthyl substitution displayed the highest binding energy (−10.3 kcal/mol) on the target protein of E. coli DNA gyrase subunit B. Furthermore, the final moieties were evaluated for in silico ADMET prediction to examine their drug‐likeness profile and toxic effects. The present study revealed that this structural information will be helpful in future antimicrobial drug design and development.

Ultrasonically assisted synthesis of g-C3N4-activated carbon composite for enhanced defluoridation of water

Fluoride contamination in drinking water poses a health threat. Activated carbon suffers from low fluoride adsorption capacity, which can be enhanced by loading with nitrogen-rich compounds. In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets were loaded onto activated carbon using ultrasonic irradiation to synthesize a g-C3N4-activated carbon composite. The ultrasonically synthesized composite exhibited significantly higher fluoride removal capacity of 92.7 mg/g compared to 2.1 mg/g for activated carbon alone. The adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. Characterization confirmed the role of surface complexation between fluoride ions and C-N/CN groups in g-C3N4 for the enhanced adsorption. The composite achieved 82–90% defluoridation of real wastewater samples containing initially 8.7–12 mg/L fluoride. The composite could be regenerated using NaOH and reused for multiple cycles. The study demonstrates the potential of a simple ultrasonic irradiation method for synthesizing a g-C3N4-activated carbon composite with remarkably enhanced defluoridation capacity. The composite is promising for practical decentralized water defluoridation applications, especially in regions affected by high fluoride levels.

Optimisation of MoSe2 synthesis for enhanced electron transport layer performance in perovskite solar cells

The present investigation utilizes three distinct techniques, including hydrothermal (MoSe2:H), ultrasonic (MoSe2:U) and microwave irradiation methods (MoSe2:M), to synthesise nanostructures of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2). Several analytical techniques were used to evaluate the effects of synthesis method on the physicochemical properties of MoSe2. Hydrothermal synthesis of MoSe2 enhances the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by strengthening the electron transport layer. The findings show that the hydrothermal method enhances the crystalline size, morphology and narrowed band gap, and increases the surface area, ultimately influencing photovoltaic performance. The efficiency of MoSe2 PSCs fabricated through the hydrothermal method is 8.47% (MoSe2:H), surpassing the efficiency of ultrasonic (MoSe2:U,7.42%) and microwave irradiation methods (MoSe2:U,6.74%).

Development of a high-performance label-free electrochemical immunosensor for early cancer diagnosis using anti-CEA/Ag-MOF/GO/GCE nanocomposite

In order to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a tumor marker in lung cancer for early cancer diagnosis, this study aimed to develop a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on the immobilization of an Anti-CEA antibody on a metal-organic framework (MOF)-graphene oxide nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (Anti-CEA/Ag-MOF/GO/GCE). Ag-MOF/GO nanocomposite was prepared on the GCE surface using the ultrasonic irradiation method, and Anti-CEA antibody was subsequently immobilized on the surface. Analysis of the crystal structure and morphology of the modified electrode using FE-SEM and XRD revealed that the correct combination of GO nanosheets and Ag-MOF nanoparticles produced a high surface area to trap the antibodies. Electrochemical tests utilizing the CV and DPV methods revealed that the immunosensor's sensitivity, stability, and selectivity were improved by Anti-CEA/Ag-MOF/GO/GCE. Results showed that, with a detection limit of 0.005 ng/mL, the change in the reduction peak current was inversely correlated with the logarithm concentration of CEA in the range of 10-3 to 5000 ng/mL. The suggested CEA immunosensor's applicability in a human serum sample was investigated, and findings of analytical studies via standard addition technique for both ELISA and DPV assays revealed that significant agreement existed between the outcomes of the two assays. Additionally, the recoveries ranged from 99.00% to 99.25%, and all relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the sample detections were below 5.01%, indicating satisfactory accuracy in results measured with the proposed CEA immunosensor, indicating that the prepared CEA immunosensor in this study can be used in clinical applications and human fluids.

Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the production of a dihydrate precursor for selective n-butane oxidation

The invention pertains to a method for synthesising vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst using an ultrasonic irradiation approach and comparing phase composition and hydrocarbon oxidation activity to a traditionally synthesised catalyst. The ultrasonic irradiation method has been identified to create a catalyst with superior surface constitution and enhanced hydrocarbon conversionin a much shorter time of 3 h than the traditional heating method, which takes 24 h. The nature of catalyst influences product selectivity, with an integration comprising (VO)2P2O7 (V4+) and VOPO4 (V5+) being optimum for high rate of conversion. Under ideal reaction conditions, 89% selectivity to maleic anhydride and a 39% conversion rate were obtained.

Vegetable Oil-Based Pentaerythritol Ester for Industrial Air Compressor Applications: A Tribological Investigation

Biolubricants are being developed more frequently as a result of environmental issues, which also improve performance and lessen friction and wear. This study seeks to examine the effects of commercial compressor oil-SAE30, and its blend with pentaerythritol ester (PE) derived from vegetable oil on tribological properties. Two sequential transesterification processes were used to create the pentaerythritol ester made from vegetable oil utilizing the ultrasonic irradiation method. Using an air compressor lubricant, load, and sliding speed for each experimental run, a pin-on-disc tribometer is utilized to examine the friction and wear characteristics of the material. According to the experimental findings, PE 75 (75 vol.% - PE and 25 vol.% - SAE30) performs better than PE and SAE30 in terms of minimum coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate (SWR) under high loads and high sliding speeds. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX) analyses were used to examine the morphology behavior of the pin surfaces. Due to the coating that covers the specimen's surface, PE 75 compressor oil displays smoother surfaces than other lubricated surfaces.

Photocatalytic and Enhanced Biological Activities of Schiff Base Capped Fluorescent CdS Nanoparticles.

In the present work, biocompatible CdS nanoparticles were synthesized using Schiff base ligand,3-((2-(-(1-(2hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)amino)ethyl)imino)-2-pentone,by a simple ultrasonic irradiation method. The structural, morphological, and optical properties were studied using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-visible absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The quantum confinement effect of the Schiff base capped CdS nanoparticles was confirmed by using UV-visible and PL spectrum analysis. ThisCdS nanoparticles were an effective photocatalyst for degrading rhodamine 6G and methylene blue with a 70% and 98% degradation capacity, respectively. Furthermore, the disc-diffusion method demonstrated that CdS nanoparticles inhibit G-positive bacteria and G-negative bacteria more effectively. These Schiff base capped CdS nanoparticles were taken for anin-vitroexperiment with HeLa cells to exhibit the possibility of providing optical probes in biological applications and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In addition, MTT cell viability assays were carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity for 24h. As a result of this study, 2.5µg/ml doses of CdS nanoparticles are suitable for imaging and are effective in destroying HeLa cells. The present study suggests that the synthesized Schiff base capped CdS nanoparticles could be a potential photocatalyst, antibacterial agent, and biocompatible nanoparticle for bioimaging applications.

Evaluation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Biopolymer-Based Cementitious Composites with Silver Nanoparticles

This study investigated the effects of using silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cementitious composites. Ag NPs were synthesized with an ultrasonic irradiation method using konjac gum–polyethylene glycol (KG/PEG) and locust gum–polyethylene glycol (LG/PEG) and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. To identify the effect of the Ag NPs on the mechanical properties of mortar, four different cement mortar mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of Ag NPs (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight). Clear improvements were observed in the 7- and 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of nanocomposites with Ag NPs. A thorough microstructure investigation using SEM, EDS, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was presented, and the relationship between microstructure and the mechanical properties of cementitious composites including Ag NPs was discussed.

A sonochemical synthesis of SrTiO3 supported N-doped graphene oxide as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical reduction of a chemotherapeutic drug.

A sonochemical based green synthesis method playa powerful role in nanomaterials and composite development. In this work, we developed a perovskite type of strontium titanate via sonochemical process. SrTiO3 particles were incorporated with nitrogen doped graphene oxide through simple ultrasonic irradiation method. The SrTiO3/NGO was characterized by various analytical methods. The nanocomposite of SrTiO3/NGO was modified with laser-induced graphene electrode (LIGE). The SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE was applied for electrochemical sensor towards chemotherapeutic drug detection (nilutamide). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques have been used to examine the electrochemical performance of nilutamide (anti-cancer drug). DPV was found to be more sensitive and found to exhibit a sensitivity 8.627 µA µM-1 cm-2 for SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE with a wide linear range (0.02-892µM) and low Limit of detection (LOD: 1.16µM). SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE has been examined for the detection of nilutamide in blood serum and urine samples and obtained a good recovery in the range of 97.2-99.72%. The enhanced stability and selectivity and practical application results indicates the suitability of SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE towards the detection of nilutamide drug in pharmaceutical industries.

The capacitance/conductance and surface state intensity characteristics of the Schottky structures with ruthenium dioxide-doped organic polymer interface

The electrical behaviors of the Schottky structures with a ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) doped-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) interface were executed with a wide frequency range (from 1 kHz to 5 MHz) and voltages. The interface was obtained by dispersing RuO2 nanopowder as colloidal particles into the PVC organic polymer using the ultrasonic irradiation method. The capacitance/conductance and surface state intensity (Nss) effects of this interface on the structure have been widely discussed. Remarkable increases in capacitance (C) and conductance (G/ω) values were found, especially in the depletion zone. The series resistance of the structure (Rs) value decreases strongly with increasing frequency for + 3.5 V, down to a value of approximately 48.43 Ω at 5 MHz. Furthermore, the effect of the Rs is seen in the Cc and Gc/ω curves in the weak and strong accumulation regions. While the maximum value of the Nss is 1.42 × 1013 eV−1.cm−2 at 0.478 eV, its minimum value is 1.23 × 1013 eV−1.cm−2 at 0.540 eV. The relaxation time (τ) values change from 2.40 × 10−5 to 2.03 × 10−4 s in exponentially increasing values. It can be stated that there is an inverse relationship between the τ and distribution of the Nss values. These distributions vary depending on the applied voltage and frequency.

Pt-Based Nanostructures for Electrochemical Oxidation of CO: Unveiling the Effect of Shapes and Electrolytes.

Direct alcohol fuel cells are deemed as green and sustainable energy resources; however, CO-poisoning of Pt-based catalysts is a critical barrier to their commercialization. Thus, investigation of the electrochemical CO oxidation activity (COOxid) of Pt-based catalyst over pH ranges as a function of Pt-shape is necessary and is not yet reported. Herein, porous Pt nanodendrites (Pt NDs) were synthesized via the ultrasonic irradiation method, and its CO oxidation performance was benchmarked in different electrolytes relative to 1-D Pt chains nanostructure (Pt NCs) and commercial Pt/C catalyst under the same condition. This is a trial to confirm the effect of the size and shape of Pt as well as the pH of electrolytes on the COOxid. The COOxid activity and durability of Pt NDs are substantially superior to Pt NCs and Pt/C in HClO4, KOH, and NaHCO3 electrolytes, respectively, owing to the porous branched structure with a high surface area, which maximizes Pt utilization. Notably, the COOxid performance of Pt NPs in HClO4 is higher than that in NaHCO3, and KOH under the same reaction conditions. This study may open the way for understanding the COOxid activities of Pt-based catalysts and avoiding CO-poisoning in fuel cells.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Newly Prepared Calcium Oxide Based Nanosealer Using Agar Diffusion Test


 Aim of the study: The antimicrobial activity of a root canal sealer can increase the success rate of endodontic treatments. The key of antimicrobial properties of calcium based sealers laid in their composition and alkalinity. The invention and applications of newer materials are quintessential in every field especially in endodontics. This reality has led to growing interest in the use of biomaterials products that comprised of both mineral and organic components as those in the teeth. This study was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of newly prepared calcium oxide based nanosealer and compare the result with BioRoot sealer
 Materials and methods: The CaO nanopowder was firstly prepared from calcinated cowrie seashell using ball milling and ultrasonic irradiation methods, and then the CaO nanopowder was used as the main component in the preparation of an experimental nanosealer powder part. After several pilot studies, the final formula for the prepared sealer that gave the best clinical sealer consistency and properties within the limits of ANSI/ADA Specification No.57/2012 was as the following. The powder part consists mainly of nano CaO (44%) in addition to glutamic amino acid, zirconium oxide (20nm), and silica oxide (15-20) nm, while the liquid part consists mainly from distilled water in addition to propylene glycol. The Antimicrobial activity of the prepared sealer was evaluated by agar diffusion test against E.faecalis and E.faecium, after 1, 2, 3, and 7 days of incubation at 37˚C. Zone of bacterial inhibition was measured and analyzed statistically using Independent sample t – test at (p=0.05) levels.

Impact of sonication time on the structural and magnetic features of CoFe2O4/Ni0.8Cu0.1Zn0.1Fe2O4 hard-soft nanocomposites

Hard/soft (H/S) CoFe2O4/Ni0.8Cu0.1Zn0.1Fe2O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared via ultrasonic irradiation method under different ultrasonication durations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min). The structure and morphology of these nanocomposites were analyzed through XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and EDX techniques, which confirmed the successful preparation of the desired nanocomposites. The crystallites/particles size was found to reduce with increasing ultrasonication duration. The magnetic properties of H/S CoFe2O4/Ni0.8Cu0.1Zn0.1Fe2O4 NCs prepared via ultrasonication method under different ultrasonication durations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min) were investigated through measurements of magnetization against the magnetic field (M-H) at 10 and 300 K. The soft character of the prepared NCs at room temperature depicted their superparamagnetic behaviors. At extremely low temperatures (T = 10 K), all H/S ferrite NCs revealed opened M-H hysteresis loops, indicating their ferrimagnetic behavior at low temperatures. All H/S NCs do not reveal any kind of anomalies in their M-H curves. Additionally, the SFD (switching field distribution) analysis pointed out a single peak in dM/dH against H curves. It was found that the intergranular exchange coupling interactions are more dominant than the intergranular dipolar interactions. Such a result indicates that the current synthesis method is useful to produce good exchange-coupled hard/soft ferrite NCs. It was also observed that the Ms and Mr values at both 10 and 300 K are decreasing with rising the ultrasonication duration. However, the Hc value was found to increase with rising ultrasonication duration, reaching a maximum value under an ultrasonication duration of 30 min, then, the Hc value decreases with further rising the ultrasonication duration. The plausible reasons for the variations in magnetic parameters were discussed.

BioMOF-Mn: An Antimicrobial Agent and an Efficient Nanocatalyst for Domino One-Pot Preparation of Xanthene Derivatives.

In this paper, a new Mn-based metal-organic framework [UoB-6] was obtained via a one-step ultrasonic irradiation method with the ligand (H2bdda: 4,4'-(1,4-phenylenebis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))dibenzoic acid. The structural integrity of the synthesized BioMOF-Mn was corroborated by FT-IR, EDX, ICP, XRD, TEM, DLS, FESEM, and BET-BJH analyses. The aerobic oxidative domino reaction of benzyl alcohols or aldehydes with dimedone derivatives was performed in the presence of the UoB-6 catalyst to produce xanthene derivatives in good yields. Hot filtration and Hg poisoning tests proved the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst. Novel synthesized xanthene-based bis-aldehydes were introduced as potent HDAC1 inhibitors according to molecular docking calculations. Finally, the inhibitory activities of Mn-MOF nanoparticles were evaluated on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The MIC, MBC, and MFC values were determined from 2048 to 4096 μg·mL-1 according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. The inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents can be exacerbated when loaded on BioMOFs.

Experimental study on ultrasonic irradiation for enhancing coalbed methane recovery

The present study proposes the use of a new ultrasonic irradiation method to enhance permeability and desorption for gas recovery from low-permeability coal reservoirs. A triaxial stress ultrasonic irradiation test apparatus was developed specifically for coal, considering the properties of gas adsorption, migration, and sound intensity, and providing a simultaneous measurement of gas flux, to investigated the deformation and temperature of coal samples obtained from the Fuxin coal field by permeability and desorption experiments. With the ultrasonic irradiation duration, the permeability of coal improved gradually with unequal variation, accompanied by the Klinkenberg effect where it decreased rapidly and then increased slowly with increasing gas pressure. The ability to desorb coal was enhanced by higher sound intensity ultrasound irradiation, and the volume of gas desorption was much greater than that of the sample without mange, the temperature and strain were demonstrated as a “J shaped” curve. An X-ray computer tomography (CT) technique was used to visualise the meso- or macro-cracks in the coal sample at pre- and post- ultrasonic irradiation, consequently, fractures expanded under the irradiation of ultrasonic waves. A permeability and desorption model was developed to describe the improvement of coal seam gas production capacity under ultrasonic irradiation, which introduced effective sound pressure.

Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Chalcone-based 1,5-benzodiazepine as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents

Background:Epilepsy is a constant neurological disorder influencing around 50 million individuals globally. However, most epileptic patients do not react to accessible medications and clinical treatments. This research work has been planned to produce novel 1,5-benzodiazepines from chalcone intermediates by ultrasonic irradiation method and perform the anticonvulsant activity by pentylenetetrazole incited seizures tests.Method:Chalcones are used as precursors for synthesizing 1, 5-benzodiazepines by a reaction with ophenylenediamine in absolute ethanol in the presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The proposed synthesized structures were characterized by melting point, TLC, FTIR, 1H & 13CNMR, and mass spectroscopy. All the molecules were assessed for anticonvulsant activity.Result:Anticonvulsant activity uncovered the fact that the mixes derived from dimethylamino, dimethoxy, hydroxy-substituted chalcones in the 1, 5-benzodiazepines can be used for seizures in mice. These pharmacological examinations have shown that these new subsidiaries can repress seizures incited by pentylenetetrazole in mice proficiently. Our molecular docking studies also supported probable effects.Conclusion:The results are promising, which on further assessments may provoke medicine particles against seizures in mice.

Ultrasonic Synthesis of Al‐SBA‐15 Nanoporous Catalyst for t-Butylation of Ethylbenzene

Mesoporous Al‐SBA‐15 (Si/Al = 25) catalysts were synthesised by the ultrasonic (US) irradiation method at different time durations (1, 3, and 5 h) using the pluronic P123 triblock copolymer as a template. The synthesised catalysts were examined in detail by XRD, ICP‐AES, N2 adsorption‐desorption, SEM, TEM, FT‐IR, and TGA characterization techniques. The characterization results reveal that the catalysts possess a well‐ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure. The catalytic activity of synthesised materials was investigated in the tert-butylation of ethylbenzene at different reaction conditions, and their identified products are para-tert‐butylethylbenzene (p-tert‐BEB) and meta-tert‐butylethylbenzene (m-tert‐BEB). It was found that high ethylbenzene conversion (69%) is achieved at 200°C with high selectivity towards p-tert‐butylethylbenzene (80%). The optimum feed ratio (ethylbenzene: t‐butyl alcohol) was 1 : 2, and the feed rate was 2 ml/h for high conversion and product selectivity. All these synthesised Al‐SBA‐15 (US) catalysts are compared with hydrothermally synthesised Al‐SBA‐15 (HT) at the same reaction conditions.