HVDC Research Articles

Design of a High Frequency Stability Control Algorithm for Flexible DC Systems

Abstract The suppression scheme of flexible DC high-frequency oscillation needs to be based on model construction. Related literatures have established a high-order linearization model of converter station, gradually revealing the influence of control system and its parameters on impedance characteristics. In order to ensure the full utilization of renewable energy, it is necessary to deeply study the interaction characteristics between multi-terminal VSC-HVDC (Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission) and the receiving power grid, and design a grid-friendly control strategy. In this paper, a VSC-HVDC high-frequency stability control algorithm is established, and a double-ended VSC-HVDC bidirectional VSC stable switching controller is constructed. The switching sequence generated by the controller replaces the control sequence generated by the previous PWM (Pulse width modulation) modulation, so as to weaken the influence of the inner loop current control parameters on the stable operation of the system. The simulation results show that the reactive power fluctuation amplitude of PI control on the inverter side is 0.031 p.u, and the stabilization time is 0.43s. The reactive power fluctuation amplitude of bidirectional VSC stable switching control is less than 0.012 p.u, and the stability time is less than 0.2s. When the single-phase grounding wire is short-circuited, the bidirectional VSC regulator switch has better control performance than the PI regulator switch. Compared with the traditional PI controller, the proposed controller has better stability. The system can quickly enter a stable and non-overshoot operation state, and achieved good control effect.

Physics-Informed Neural Network-Based VSC Back-to-Back HVDC Impedance Model and Grid Stability Estimation

With the increase in the number of power electronic devices in power systems, various techniques for assessing their stability have emerged. Among these techniques, impedance model-based stability analysis techniques have been widely used. However, conducting such analyses across multiple operating points requires abundant impedance measurement data from power electronic devices. In this paper, we propose a method for constructing impedance models of equipment with fewer impedance measurement data in voltage-source converter (VSC) back-to-back high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems using physics-informed neural networks. Furthermore, given the power system states, we present a neural network approach to estimate grid stability at different operating points. Validation via PSCAD/EMTDC simulations and a PyTorch neural network confirmed the adequacy of these models.

A Review of Polyolefin-Insulation Materials in High Voltage Transmission; From Electronic Structures to Final Products.

This review focuses on the use of polyolefins in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables and capacitors. A short description of the latest evolution and current use in HVDC cables and capacitors is first provided, followed by the basics of electric insulation and capacitor functions. Methods to determine dielectric properties are then described, including charge transport, space charge, resistivity, dielectric loss, and breakdown strength. The semicrystalline structure of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene is described, and the way it relates to the dielectric properties is discussed. A significant part of the review is devoted to describing the state of art of the modeling and prediction of electric or dielectric properties of polyolefins with consideration of both atomistic and continuum approaches. Furthermore, the effects of the purity of the materials and the presence of nanoparticles are presented, and the review ends with the sustainability aspects of these materials. In summary, the effective use of modeling in combination with experimental work is described as an important route toward understanding and designing the next generations of materials for electrical insulation in high-voltage transmission. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The frequency analytical method for regional power systems considering the emergency frequency control

With the continuous construction of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission projects, higher requirements are placed on the frequency security of the regional power systems. In order to ensure the frequency security of regional power systems, this paper proposes a transient frequency analytical method considering the emergency frequency control (EFC). Firstly, the aggregated system frequency response (SFR) model is constructed by reducing the order of the generator governor equation, the EFC equation, and the load model equation. Then, based on the aggregation model, the analytical solution of the transient frequency nadir of the regional power system is derived. The model can quickly and accurately calculate the transient frequency nadir of the regional power system considering EFC after the HVDC block fault. Finally, based on an actual regional power system model, the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method under HVDC block fault are verified.

Research on continuous commutation failure suppression strategy for multi-feed DC transmission system considering harmonic characteristic factors

Abstract Regarding the sustained issues of commutation failures in the hybrid double-fed DC system encompassing Line Commutated Converter High Voltage Direct Current (LCC-HVDC) and Modular Multilevel Converter High Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC, from the perspective of harmonics, the harmonics in the voltage waveform of the AC bus on the inverter side are analyzed. Besides, a commutation failure suppression strategy for the hybrid doubly-fed DC transmission system based on the minimum shutdown area is designed, in which the setting value of the shutdown angle of the harmonic is considered in the minimum shutdown area. The reactive power is obtained by attaching the setting value to the reactive power control link of MMC-HVDC, and the simulation analysis in PSCAD verifies that the strategy can make the MMC-HVDC output more reactive power during the fault in the weak AC system. Increasing the shut-off margin of the manifold reduces the potential for continuous commutation failures in LCC-HVDC.

Analysis of Parameter Sensitivity to Overvoltage under DC Commutation Failure

Abstract In recent years, the growing integration of renewable energy sources into power systems has highlighted the significance of enhancing the grid’s capacity to accommodate these resources efficiently. Direct Current (DC) transmission stands out as a pivotal solution to bolster the integration of renewable energy. This study delves into the critical issue of overvoltage occurrences at the sending end, particularly triggered by failures in DC commutation. Through the development of a comprehensive PSCAD electromagnetic simulation model encompassing synchronous machines, centralized renewable energy sources, along with DC components, the research rigorously investigates the intricacies of DC commutation failures. Specifically, it explores their underlying mechanisms responsible for inducing overvoltage at the sending end. Furthermore, the paper undertakes an extensive analysis of the voltage dynamic processes and their associated sensitivity factors, shedding light on crucial aspects of grid stability and resilience in the face of evolving energy landscapes.

Study on the Design of Valve Base Insulation and Power Supply Transformer for High-Voltage DC Circuit Breaker

Abstract High-voltage DC circuit breaker is a key piece of equipment to building DC power grids. DC circuit breakers need to support and isolate from high voltage to ground through valve-based equipment and use valve-based power supply transformer to continuously supply energy to high potential components, the electrical performance of these two equipment determines whether DC circuit breakers and DC networks can be operated safely and reliably. For this reason, this paper carries out the research on the insulation capability of the valve base and the performance of the power supply transformer, such as the design and simulation of electric and thermal fields, as well as the test program. Firstly, the insulation design and simulation study of the valve base as a whole is carried out, and the design optimization of the equipotential scheme of the top homogeneous tubular bus, diagonal pull insulator and hydroelectric pole is completed. Secondly, the design and simulation verification of the thermal field distribution of the energy-supply transformer, the overvoltage between the ends of the output windings and the optimization scheme, and the short-circuit impedance were carried out. Finally, the insulation performance of the valve base, the temperature rise of the energy supply transformer, the overvoltage simulation of the output winding and the short-circuit characteristics were tested. The results show that: after optimization, the maximum field strength of the homogenizer is 2.3kV/mm, and the overall maximum field strength of the valve base is 2.61 kV/mm on the diagonal insulator, and there is no pressure difference between the water circuit and the fittings using the three-pin vertically distributed hydropower electrode scheme; the temperature rise of the supply transformer in the simulation and the actual measurement is 27K and less than 30K; by means of the parallel connection of the MOV, the overvoltage of the output winding of the power supply transformer under voltage impulse is effectively reduced to -1.8kV; the measured short-circuit impedance of the power supply transformer is 69.5%. The optimized design of DC circuit breaker valve base and power supply transformer can operate safely, and effectively support the construction of DC circuit breaker and DC power network.

Research on Voltage Coordinated and Stability Control of Condensers Based on Reactive Power Replacement

Abstract In this research, we investigated condenser voltage coordination and stability control systems by analyzing voltage coordinated control mode among excitation, voltage coordination and stability as well as automatic-voltage reactive power control systems. By using dynamic excitation regulation and steady-state regional voltage source control replacement, dynamic reactive power quickly output under fault condition as well as optimized regional reactive power under steady state were realized. The correctness and practicability of the proposed strategy was verified through engineering application. Adopting the reactive power displacement of voltage coordination control system to solve local voltage instability problem after UHV DC blocking. The proposed method realized multi-time scale emergency, recovery and steady-state control of the system under steady and dynamic states.

Insulation Design of High Voltage and Large Capacity Power Supply Transformer

Abstract At present, the highest voltage level of DC circuit breakers in the world is 535kV. With the construction of 800kV multi-terminal flexible DC project, the demand for DC circuit breaker with higher voltage level is put forward. The voltage level of valve base power supply transformer as the power supply component of the DC circuit breaker is increased to 800kV. Single-section pendulum structure, single-section 100kV and 50kV schemes used at 535kV cannot meet the demand. An 800kV valve base power supply transformer scheme of four 200kV gas-insulated transformers in series is proposed. Its insulation design is also carried out. Firstly, the topology of hybrid DC circuit breaker power supply system and the structure of power supply transformer were described. Secondly, the design of power supply transformer insulation was carried out. Finally, the power supply transformer insulation was tested and verified. The results show that: SF6 power supply transformer internal insulation withstand voltage needs to be multiplied by the multiplication factor. The electric field strength limit of SF6 obtained by experiments is more than 1.5 times of the empirical design value. The internal field strength design of the 200kV power supply transformer takes into account the operating and seismic conditions, and the maximum electric field strength is 15kV/mm and 16.2kV/mm respectively. The curvature radius of the top shielding ring needs to be larger than that of other layers, after optimization, the maximum field strength is 2.68kV /mm when the curvature radius is 300mm. The internal insulation design of 200kV power supply transformer according to lightning impulse. The simulated and measured values of non-uniform voltage coefficient of 800kV power supply transformer under lightning impulse are 1.048 and 1.0488 respectively, in which the voltage equalizing capacitance is 3000pF. The insulation tests of 200kV and 800kV power supply transformer were all passed, and it can be operated safely. Effectively support the development of UHV DC circuit breaker.

Enhancing AGC Efficiency and Settling Time in Multi-Area Power Systems with GrasshopperBased PID Optimization under Open Market Dynamics

This paper delves into the optimization of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) using a Grasshopper-based PID approach in multi-area power systems. It investigates the performance of this method in scenarios both with and without High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) links, operating under an Open Market System. Through simulations, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the Grasshopper-based PID controller in maintaining system stability and enhancing power generation within a competitive energy market. The findings provide insights into the adaptability of this technique across different network configurations, shedding light on its potential to enhance AGC efficiency and grid robustness in a dynamic energy landscape. This research contributes to advancing AGC strategies in complex energy markets, offering DISCO's and TRANSCO's a robust solution for optimized power generation, improved stability, and reduced frequency deviations in multi-area systems.

Parameter Estimation Method for Virtual Power Plant Frequency Response Model Based on SLP

In adapting to the double-high development trend of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) receiving-end power systems and solving optimization problems in emergency frequency control (EFC) supporting virtual power plants (VPPs) in large-scale power systems, a parameter estimation method for a VPP frequency response model based on a successive linear programming (SLP) method is proposed. First, a “centralized/decentralized” hierarchical control architecture for VPP participation in EFC is designed. Second, the frequency response characteristics of multiple flexible resources are scientifically analyzed, and the system frequency response (SFR) model and equivalent model of VPP are constructed. Subsequently, parameter estimation of the VPP frequency response model is carried out based on the SLP method, aiming to balance the accuracy and computational efficiency of the model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified by using PSD-BPA to simulate and test the three-zone HVDC recipient area grid.

Design and analysis of an interleaved step-up DC–DC converter with enhanced characteristics

In this paper, an interleaved DC–DC step-up converter with improved characteristics based on a voltage multiplier rectifier is presented. The proposed converter is presented and analyzed for two different operating duty regions including operating region 1 (0 < D ≤ 0.5), and operating region 2 (0.5 ≤ D < 1). This converter can be used in various applications such as energy storage, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. This converter is composed of two stages: an interleaved boost stage and a voltage multiplier rectifier stage, which collectively forms its general structure. The interleaved boost stage is a type of two-phase boost converter that transforms the input DC voltage into a high-frequency AC square waveform. This waveform can be readily filtered using smaller capacitors. The square-shaped voltage waveform from the interleaved boost stage is rectified and converted to a high DC voltage by the Voltage Multiplier Rectifier (VMR) stage. The operating regions, the evaluation of the steady-state condition, the voltage gain of the proposed converter's parasitic and ideal models as well as its losses and efficiency analysis have been evaluated. The proposed converter has an efficiency of 97% at the output power of 150 W. The proposed converter is simulated to convert a voltage of 25–159.5 V and to validate the mathematical relationships and simulation results, a laboratory prototype has been developed. The simulation and experimental results show the precision of the performance of the proposed interleaved boost converter.

Calculation study of ion flow field in ±800 kV transmission lines under the effects of air pressure, temperature, humidity and improvement measures

In line operation, Ultra-High Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) transmission lines must meet the corresponding electromagnetic environment requirements; the ion flow field is a crucial environmental index of ultra-high-voltage DC transmission lines. Under the combined effects of humidity, air pressure, and temperature, the ion flow field is easily influenced. A calculation method for the ion flow field of UHVDC transmission lines that considers the combined effects of humidity, air pressure, and temperature is proposed to investigate the impact on the ion flow field. Based on this, when the humidity exceeds 60%, the influence of the charging characteristics of airborne droplets on the ion flow field is considered to align the calculations more closely with actual conditions. An improved finite element method is used to calculate the ground synthetic electric field strength and ion flow density of the ±800 kV line under these combined effects, and its effectiveness is validated through empirical testing. The results show that the synthetic electric field strength under the positive line decreases with increasing humidity, peaks at 90% humidity under the negative line and reaches a minimum at 50% humidity for the negative line. When considering the charging characteristics of droplets with humidity above 60%, the maximum synthetic electric field strength under the positive line is increased by 5.46%, and under the negative line by 5.5%, while the ground ion flow density remains largely unchanged. Finally, in conjunction with the electromagnetic environmental parameter limits for UHVDC transmission lines promulgated by China, improvement measures are proposed for the ground ion flow field.

Novel traveling wave fault location method for HVDC transmission line based on wavefront frequency

The key of traveling wave (TW) fault location (FL) method is the calculation of TW velocity and the calibration of TW wave head. In order to achieve high-precision FL, detailed transmission line (TL) parameters are needed to accurately calculate the TW velocity. In view of the problem that the existing high-precision TWFL methods are highly dependent on the calculation of TW velocity, the paper contributes to following aspects: (i) the mapping relationship between wavefront frequency and fault distance/fault pole is constructed; (ii) a neural network model suitable for FL and fault pole identification is designed, which is optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Levenberg–Marquardt (L-M) algorithm; (iii) a complete FL scheme is proposed. In order to verify the FL accuracy of proposed method, an ±800 kV bipolar high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission system model is constructed using PSCAD/EMTDC. According to the simulation results, the errors of FL is less than 0.2 km and the accuracy of fault pole identification is 100%. For the problems of fault type, fault resistance and noise, the proposed method shows high robustness.

Emergency coordinated control of multiple VSC‐HVDC for improving power system transient frequency and steady‐state frequency

AbstractWith the penetration of the high proportion of power electronics interfaced energy resources, the frequency stability issue in power systems is becoming increasingly prominent. This paper proposes a coordinated control strategy of multiple voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission (VSC‐HVDC) to simultaneously improve the transient frequency and steady‐state frequency after a severe disturbance. Firstly, a modified average system frequency response (MASFR) model is constructed with reserve power limitation, which takes into account the frequency responses of different types of generators (thermal, hydro and new energy resources). Secondly, according to the frequency stability requirements, the corresponding constraints, which consider the overload capacity of VSC‐HVDC, the AC transmission capacity and the frequency of AC grids on both sides of VSC‐HVDC, are formulated. Thirdly, for the transient frequency control, the coordinated optimization control model of multiple VSC‐HVDC is established, which aims to minimize the control energy considering the transient frequency threshold. For the steady‐state frequency control, the coordinated optimization control model is fomulated, which aims to minimize the control cost while considering the steady‐state frequency threshold. The two control schemes achieve seamless and smooth switching. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified in the improved IEEE 39 bus system.

Adaptive inertia control strategy of asynchronous sending system based on coordination between DFIG and HVDC frequency limit controller

In a highly proportional hydropower asynchronous sending grid, the system is in a low damping state at all times because of the dual influence of the highly proportional hydropower water hammer effect and highly proportional DC outgoing rigid load, making frequency stability control difficult. In this study, an adaptive inertia control strategy for an asynchronous sending system based on the coordination of the wind turbine and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) frequency limiter controller (FLC) is proposed for a highly proportional hydropower asynchronous sending grid with a double-fed induction generator as the research object. The wind turbine and HVDC system provide virtual inertia support inside and outside the dead zone of FLC, respectively, and the additional virtual inertia-controlled FLC provides a fast response to the instantaneous power dip caused by wind turbine speed recovery. In addition, fuzzy control is introduced in the inertia control link of the wind turbine and FLC to dynamically adjust the virtual inertia adjustment coefficients of the wind turbine and HVDC system in accordance with the system frequency state to further enhance the coordination of frequency control. The effectiveness of the strategy is verified in a three-machine, single-return, DC outgoing system model.

An adaptive control strategy for integration of wind farm using a VSC-HVDC transmission system

This study addresses the issue of integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid by proposing advanced power management strategies based on an adaptive observer. The system comprises a wind turbine farm (WTF) connected to an energy storage system via a Vienna rectifier, which serves as the voltage source converter (VSC), and is linked to the DC grid through a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. The main objective of this study is to design a nonlinear controller to improve energy extraction from the wind power frame and enhance the stability of the power grid. The system controller is designed to operate in two modes. The main feature of this controller is its ability to achieve multi-objective control using different references. In this study, we have four references but only two control laws. Furthermore, an adaptive observer is designed to estimate the power grid requirements, allowing us to produce depending on the grid state. Finally, simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink will be displayed to demonstrate the stability and efficiency of the proposed implementation.

Advanced Primary Frequency Regulation Optimization in Wind Storage Systems with DC Integration Using Double Deep Q-Networks

With the gradual increase in wind power installation capacity, the proportion of traditional synchronous generators driven by fossil fuel is gradually declining. Due to the fact that wind turbines are connected to the grid through power electronic converters, which decouple rotor speeds from the system frequency and reduce system inertia levels, inadequate inertia levels can pose a threat to frequency stability when disturbances occur. To address this issue, this paper proposes a frequency regulation optimization strategy for the direct current (DC) transmission of a wind storage system. This strategy incorporates virtual inertia control and virtual droop control to adjust wind power output based on frequency deviation and rate of change. Fuzzy logic control is employed for energy storage, adaptively adjusting active power based on frequency deviation and the rate of change. Additionally, under the context of multi-DC transmission in renewable energy systems, an optimization strategy for proportion and integration (PI) parameters of the frequency limit controller (FLC) is proposed. Considering frequency deviation and DC regulation power simultaneously, the double deep Q-network (DDQN) algorithm is adopted in the simulation model to attain the optimal parameters of FLC. Simulation results conducted using MATLAB/Simulink 2022a indicate that this strategy increases the lowest frequency by 0.28 Hz and decreases the response time by 1.04 s compared with the non-optimized strategy.

Effect of Nanoporous Molecular Sieves TS-1 on Electrical Properties of Crosslinked Polyethylene Nanocomposites.

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is an important polyethylene modification material which is widely used in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as a matrix to improve the thermal and electrical properties of XLPE composites through the synergistic effect of a crosslinking agent and nanopore structure molecular sieve, TS-1. It was found that the electrical and thermal properties of the matrices were different due to the crosslinking degree and crosslinking efficiency, and the introduction of TS-1 enhanced the dielectric constants of the two matrices to 2.53 and 2.54, and the direct current (DC) resistivities were increased to 3 × 1012 and 4 × 1012 Ω·m, with the enhancement of the thermal conductivity at different temperatures. As the applied voltage increases, the DC breakdown field strength is enhanced from 318 to 363 kV/mm and 330 to 356 kV/mm. The unique nanopore structure of TS-1 itself can inhibit the injection and accumulation in the internal space of crosslinked polyethylene composites, and the pore size effect of the filler can limit the development of electron impact ionization, inhibit the electron avalanche breakdown, and improve the strength of the external applied electric field (breakdown field) that TS-1/XLPE nanocomposites can withstand. This provides a new method for the preparation of nanocomposite insulating dielectric materials for HVDC transmission systems with better performance.

Electric-field-induced assists fabrication of micro-SiC/Epoxy coating with low additive amount to improve surface insulating performance of HVDC insulator

The micro-SiC/Epoxy composite coating has huge potential for application in the insulator of high voltage direct current (HVDC) gas insulated switchgear (GIS) since it can effectively suppress charge accumulation at gas–solid interface and adaptively regulate resistive electric field distribution. However, achieving stable and fruitful properties often requires high filler concentrations, which can compromise processability and long-term stability. Thus, a new method is proposed for preparing SiC/Epoxy composite coatings based on in-situ electric-field-induced assist (EFIA). The alignment process of SiC induced by the in-situ electric field, the effects of in-situ field on the physical and chemical properties of cured composites were studied. Even at concentrations far below the percolation threshold, the alignment of SiC particles along the in-situ electric field direction can induce significant non-linear conductive properties along that specific direction in the composite. Furthermore, the EFIA-coating leads to a 59.43% reduction in surface charge accumulation, more than a 50% decrease in charge dissipation time, and a 17.3% increase in surface flashover voltage. The coating discussed in this paper will be helpful in insulation design of DC components.