Ultrafine Grains Research Articles

The enhanced mechanical properties in rapid solidification technology al alloy

Abstract As one of the most important alloys of Al-Mg-Si series aluminum alloys, 5083 aluminum alloy is widely used in mechanical parts, structural engineering, modern construction, transportation, and other fields. The objective of the present study is to explore the feasibility of producing 5083 Al alloy ribbons with increased mechanical properties via rapid solidification technology, namely single-roll melt spinning. Metallography, X-ray diffraction, hardness, and tensile tests are used to study and compare the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy hot extruded rods and explore the different extrusion temperatures of aluminum alloy. Our results show that the hot-extrusion process (300°C, 350°C, 400°C) is used to process the ultra-fine grain ribbon into bars that can be applied to structural parts. The 5083 alloy bar obtains the best mechanical properties under the 350°C extrusion process, in which the tensile strength is up to 678 MPa and the hardness reaches 118 HV.

Enhanced strength–ductility synergy of SiC particles reinforced aluminum matrix composite via dual configuration design of reinforcement and matrix

To overcome the strength-ductility conflict in particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (PRAMCs), a novel dual configuration strategy of microstructure was proposed in this work. The dual configuration including both heterogeneous grain structure and hybrid reinforcements was obtained by powder metallurgy, which was designed as submicron-sized SiC particles (SiCsm)/Al and micron-sized SiC particles (SiCm)/2024Al components. Representative alternating coarse grain (CG) bands containing SiCm and ultra fine grain (UFG) bands with dispersed SiCsm were revealed in microstructural characterizations. Compared to corresponding homogeneous composites with the same fraction particles, the dual configuration composite achieved simultaneous enhancement in strength and ductility and remained a comparable Young’s modulus of 98GPa, which represented 442 MPa in yield strength, 590 MPa in ultimate strength and 8.7 % in fracture elongation. The extra strength provided by hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening is a potential dominant strengthening mechanism. The intrinsic toughening mechanisms primarily contribute to HDI strain hardening and enhanced dislocation accumulation capacity, while the extrinsic toughening mechanisms presumably attribute to more uniform microcrack distribution and blunting effect of CG zones on cracks. Our work provides a feasible route including ball milling and powder assembly to preparate high-modulus aluminum matrix composites for strength-ductility balance design.

Mid to Late-Holocene environmental dynamics recorded in Lake Pup Lagoon, East Antarctica: Insights from environmental magnetism and biogeochemical proxies

Paleoenvironmental archives in East Antarctica have revealed significant changes during the Holocene, marked by ice sheet retreat leading to the isolation of submarine basins. These basins offer valuable insights into past climate, glaciology, and oceanography shifts that impact sedimentary processes. In this study, environmental magnetism and biogeochemical proxies to investigate the Mid-to-Late-Holocene transitions in Pup Lagoon, a coastal isolation basin is presented. Our findings reveal distinct stratigraphic zones reflecting shifts from marine to lacustrine environments. The results reveal predominant mechanical weathering in the Stornes region, producing coarse-grained “soft” ferrimagnetic minerals. Notably, a period of warm oceanographic conditions between 6000 and 4722 cal. yr BP was characterized by mixed magnetic grain sizes and ultrafine superparamagnetic grains, indicating relatively oxic open waters in the basin. Subsequent shifts to reducing conditions coincide with persistent marine sea ice cover from 4722 to 2634 cal. yr BP, favoring the retention of coarse-grained ferrimagnets. Finer magnetic grain sizes between 2634 and 2185 cal. yr BP was attributed to the increased freshwater inputs associated with the Mid-Holocene Hypsithermal. Further, diagenetic changes under persistent sea ice cover between 2185 and 1970 cal. yr BP led to the selective dissolution of fine-grained ferrimagnets. Transitioning to freshwater isolated basin conditions between 1970 and 588 cal. yr BP, fine ferrimagnet precipitation indicate oxic to suboxic conditions alongside drier conditions. Biogenic productivity increased post-isolation, which was reflected in increased (Total Organic Carbon) TOC and (Total Nitrogen) TN percentages. Additionally, the presence of greigite in the isolated phase sediment indicates reducing conditions owing to organic matter decomposition. Notably, χfd% exhibits an inverse trend to sea ice concentration, potentially indicating anoxic-dysoxic conditions due to the presence of sea ice. These observations align with broader regional sea ice concentration changes, emphasizing the interconnected behavior of local and regional factors shaping Antarctic coastal environments.

Особенности обрабатываемости резанием новых высокопрочных титановых сплавов с ультрамелкозернистой структурой для деталей авиационной техники

The results of experimental studies of the cutting parameters effect (cutting speed, feed, depth-of-cut) on the roughness of Ra, the microstructure of the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples with a conventional coarse-grained (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure obtained by equal-channel angular pressing are presented. In framework of solving the problem connected with studying the machinability of a new VT6 alloy having an UFG structure, the development of a methodology for experimental research under turning was carried out. Physical parameters such as vibrations and noise under cutting, power consumption, numerical parameters of roughness, the magnitude and the pattern of residual stresses distribution and others are determined according to cutting modes and the tool used for the operation. It is shown that when turning at a low cutting speed, the roughness of CG sample is better than UFG of the alloy. With an increase in the cutting speed by 1,5 times, on the contrary, a sample with an UFG structure has a lower roughness Ra compared to a CG sample. Differences in the morphology and microstructure of the chips formed within comparative machining are discussed, taking into account types of microstructure of the alloy being treated, namely, presence of plastic flow lines in the chip microstructure after turning an UFG sample, the formation of large shifts, chips and tiny fractures in the chips after turning a CG alloy. It is found that new titanium alloys under turning obtain better cutting machinability in terms of such parameters as surface roughness, noise and vibration under cutting, and a more favorable character of residual stresses and riveting in the surface layer. Studying these factors, it is possible to predict a significant reduction of tool wear and stabilization of its durability compared to conventional coarse-grained titanium treatment.

Ultrafine Grain 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering: Consequences on the Corrosion Resistance in Chloride Media

This paper reports experimental results concerning the corrosion of 316L austenitic stainless steels produced by ball milling and spark plasma sintering in NaCl electrolyte. Specimens with grain sizes ranging from 0.3 µm to 3 µm, without crystallographic texture, were obtained and compared with a cast that is 110 µm in grain size and an annealed reference. The potentiodynamic experiments showed that the reduction in grain size leads to a degradation of the electrochemical passivation behavior. This detrimental effect can be overcome by appropriate passivation in a HNO3 concentrated solution before consolidation. The Mott–Schottky measurements showed that the semiconducting properties of the passive layer do not vary significantly on the grain size, especially the donor density, which is responsible for the chemical passivation breakdown by chloride anions. The total electrical resistance of the layer, measured by impedance spectroscopy is always lower than the one of a cast and annealed 316L, but it slightly increases with a reduction in grain size in the ultrafine grain range. This is followed by a slight increase in the thickness of the oxide layer. The effect of chloride ions is very pronounced in terms of passivation breakdown if the powder is not passivated prior to sintering. This leads to the nucleation and growth of subsurface main pits and the formation of secondary satellite pits, especially for the smallest grain sizes. Passivation of the 316L powder before sintering has been found to be an effective way to prevent this phenomenon.

High-performance Mg–Zn alloy achieved by the ultrafine grain and nanoparticle design

Improving the comprehensive performance of low alloyed Mg is a significant challenge for biomedical applications. This paper developed a high-performance Mg–Zn alloy with uniform ultrafine grains and nano-precipitates through a straightforward, high-temperature reciprocating equal channel angle extrusion (ECAP) process and researched the microstructure, mechanical property, degradation behaviour, and biocompatibility of the developed alloy. Results showed that the lean Mg–2Zn alloy successfully refined grain to about 1 μm and produced plenty of nano-particles with uniform distribution, providing high comprehensive mechanical properties (YS: 235 MPa, UTS: 267 MPa, EL: 15.6 %). Additionally, Zn-riched nano-particles in the matrix could decrease the Zn aggregation at the corrosion layer-matrix interface and form a dense oxide film, achieving a low degradation rate (0.13 mm/year in vivo). Finally, this work realizes the low alloy content, low cost, and good properties of one biodegradable Mg alloy, which will benefit the promotion of future clinical applications.

Structure and magnetic properties of stoichiometric and RE-rich NdY-Fe-B alloy ribbons

Here we study the effect of rare earth (RE) contents on melt-spun and annealed NdY-Fe-B alloys, aiming to illustrate their phase structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties. The phase composition of RE11.8 alloys changes to a single 2:14:1 phase with increased wheel speeds. However, besides the 2:14:1 phase, the RE-rich phase can still be detected in RE16.1 alloys after increasing the wheel speeds. For ribbons prepared at 20 m/s, annealing promotes the generation of ultrafine primary grains in the RE11.8 alloys and subsequent grain growth, which leads to an increase and then a decrease in the coercivity of the alloys in the temperature range from 500 °C to 800 °C. The RE16.1 alloys consist of two phases after annealing, wherein the magnetic isolation of the RE-rich grain boundary phase relative to hard magnetic grains results in higher coercivity compared to the RE11.8 alloy. The preference of Y to enter the main phase grains rather than the RE-rich grain boundary phase leads to a decrease in the coercivity of RE16.1 alloys after annealing. These results provide new insights into the design and the development of Y-substituted Nd-Fe-B alloys.

Advantages of intercritically annealed quenching and partitioning (IQ&P) process in 4Mn steel

For 4Mn steel, the deterioration of austenite stability caused by insufficient Mn content and the neglect of strength in intercritical annealing (IA) process are the main reasons limiting its application. In this study, based on the IA and quenching + partitioning (Q&P) process, a more suitable intercritically annealed quenching and partitioning (IQ&P) process for 4Mn steel was proposed. It is found that the IQ&P process can combine the advantages of IA and Q&P, and can obtain more austenite with sufficient stability by using quenching + partitioning process while maintaining ultra-fine grain size. While maintaining high plasticity (total elongation: 23.4%), the ultimate tensile strength of 4Mn steel is increased to more than 1200 MPa with the Lüders effect eliminated.

Investigating the effect of stress ratio on fatigue crack growth rate behaviour in friction stir welded AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy plates

This study examines the characteristics of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) in AA 7075-T651 Friction Stir Welded (FSW) joints with a thickness of 16 mm. Compact tension (CT) specimens from both the base and the FSW joints were utilized to assess FCGR under various stress ratios (0.2 to 0.5). Additionally, the study involved analyzing the transverse tensile characteristics of both the based and the welded joints. The microstructures of the welds were inspected using optical and transmission electron microscopes. Findings indicate that the FSWjoint critical stress intensity factor range (ΔKcr)is lower than the unwelded base, that can be related to precipitates dissolving in the weld zone when the friction stir welding process. Consequently, in contrast to the unwelded base, the fatigue life of AA 7075-T651 aluminium alloy FSW joints is significantly reduced. A scanning electron microscope carried out microstructural analyses of the fracture surfaces of the FSW and base under various stress ratioconditions. The results showed that, in contrast to the parent material, the FSW joint has ultra-fine grains resulting in intergranular cracks in the propagation zone.

Synthesis of a novel aluminum matrix composite reinforced by carbon nanoparticles

Ultrafine grained (UFG) n-C/Al composite bulk was obtained by mechanical milling and hot extrusion with petroleum coke utilized as carbon source. After extrusion, n-C sheets got dispersed and distributed in grain interiors or at grain boundaries. The tensile strength and corresponding thermal conductivity reached 407 ± 3 MPa and 216 ± 1.6 W m−1 K−1.

Investigation of nano-clusters evolved with Ti and Zr in ferritic ODS steel and their effect on microstructure and mechanical properties

In the present study, four nominal compositions Fe-15Cr-2W-0.3Y2O3-x (x = 0, 0.3Ti, 0.3Zr, 0.3Ti-0.3Zr) of ODS steel have been consolidated via spark-plasma-sintering of mechanically alloyed powders. All the samples were characterized via SEM, XRD, EBSD and TEM analysis and tested for hardness and compressive strength at room as well as elevated temperatures. Further, strength contributions of temperature dependent strengthening mechanisms were determined and correlated with the experimental values of compressive yield strength. Results suggest that contrary to Ti, addition of Zr was found with the precipitation of dense and much finer nano-clusters (∼3 nm) and observed to be more effective in enhancing the hardness and compressive strength at room as well as high temperatures. Composition containing both Ti and Zr solutes resulted in ultrafine grains of nearly uniform sizes and exhibited considerably enhanced hardness as well as compressive strength at all temperatures. However, it favoured the formation of Y-Zr-O nano-clusters instead of Y-Ti-O due to exhibiting lower formation enthalpy as determined from their reaction energies. As per the theoretically evaluated strength contributions, Orowan strengthening was found prevailed at high temperatures and it had a major contribution in compressive yield strength at room temperature as well. The study suggests the prevailing effect of formation of Y-Zr-O nano-clusters over Y-Ti-O nano-clusters in terms of obstacles to grain boundaries and mechanical properties which may provide an insight for the development of advanced nuclear materials.

Two-stage rolling and partial annealing enables heterogeneous structure and strength-ductility enhancement for austenitic stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in civil and defense industries. However, its low yield strength severely limits its fields of application. Under conventional processing routes, uniform grain refinement improves strength but unfortunately sacrifices ductility. In order to achieve the balance of strength and ductility, a new processing route of cold rolling and cryogenic rolling combined with partial annealing was proposed in this work. The results showed that the two-stage rolling and annealing produced dual-phase heterogeneous microstructure containing micron-sized grains (>1 μm), submicron-sized grains (500–1000 nm), and ultra-fine grains (100–500 nm) arranged in lamellar structures. Compared with the single-stage cold rolled and annealed steel, the tensile strength increased to 1.1 GPa, which was slightly higher than the single-stage cryogenic rolled and annealed steel. Furthermore, the elongation was improved to 25 %. The improvement of tensile properties was mainly due to the contribution of persistent hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and twining induced plasticity (TWIP) effect to work hardening. This study not only proposed a simple and effective way to improve the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels, but also provided guidance for the design and development of high performance heterostructured materials.

Effect of ultrasonic assisted-ECAP processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluoride-induced corrosion performance of pure titanium

The influence of the ultrasonic assisted equal channel angular pressing (UA-ECAP) process on the microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and fluoride-induced corrosion behavior of grade 2 commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) is investigated. The UA-ECAP process, particularly in the first pass, induces the formation of twins and slip bands. Continued slip band activity leads to non-equilibrium structures and ultrafine grains in subsequent passes. Mechanical properties analyses show hardness progression from 147 HV (annealed state) to 233 HV (3-pass UA-ECAPed) and yield strength increase from 465 MPa to 765 MPa with elongation reduction from 24.6 % to 16.6 %. Fluoride-induced corrosion of various samples in 1 wt% HF solution is investigated through electrochemical and immersion tests. After 28 days of immersion, the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample exhibits a corrosion rate around half that of the annealed one and lower than other UA-ECAPed samples. Microscopic observations of corroded samples reveal the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample's film is denser and more uniform, as compared with the other samples. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) confirms the corrosion films on all samples consist of an outer region rich in oxygen/fluorine and an inner region rich in oxygen; however, the film exists on the 3-pass UA-ECAPed sample exhibits over twice thicker than other samples and with higher contribution of oxygen in it as well. A proposed physical model is provided to explain the 3-pass ECAP sample's enhanced corrosion resistance.

Ultrahigh energy storage performance in BNT-based binary ceramic via relaxor design and grain engineering

Dielectric capacitors attract much attention for advanced electronic systems owing to their ultra-fast discharge rate and high power density. However, the low energy storage density (Wrec) and efficiency (η) severely limit their applications. Herein, Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-K0.5Na0.5NbO3 binary ceramic is developed to obtain excellent energy storage performance with strong relaxor behavior, together with large polarization and distorted lattice calculated by first-principles calculations. The atomic-scale local structure analysis of 0.75Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.25K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramic reveals distorted polarization distribution and small polar nanoregion related with the enhanced relaxation and low hysteresis. Finite element analysis demonstrates ultrafine grain and increased grain boundary density following hot-pressing sintering are crucial factors in significantly enhancing the breakdown strength (Eb). As a result, ultrahigh Wrec of 12.39 J/cm3 and η of 87.1 % are achieved at a superhigh Eb of 713 kV/cm. Encouragingly, excellent performance of temperature, frequency and fatigue stability at 400 kV/cm are obtained, and high power density of ∼ 306 MW/cm3 as well as fast discharge speed of ∼ 23.3 ns are also realized. This work proposes a simple binary design with strong relaxor behavior, and highlights the potential of grain engineering to achieve outstanding energy storage performance with great stability and excellent charge-discharge property for pulse power devices.

Optimized mechanical properties of the hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy by regulating multiscale microstructure via laser shock peening

The hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy demonstrates well constructed microstructure and balanced mechanical properties, which promotes its wide application in aviation field. However, its relative poor resistance to wear and foreign object impact usually leads to the cumulative damage, causing sudden failure and serious accident. Laser shock peening (LSP) is a novel surface plastic deformation technique, which could strengthen the surface layer of components through gradient grain structure. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of microstructure evolution and mechanical properties enhancement of LSP processed hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy is still obscure, and its corresponding explanation would help the wide application. In the present research, the hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy was processed by LSP to regulate its superficial microstructure and improve mechanical properties, helping to understand the inner mechanism. The results reveal that LSP could simultaneously result in the merging of ultrafine α-Ti grains and refinement of coarse α-Ti grains, which reconstruct the dual-size grain structure. The crystal tilting and transformation promoted by the generation and movement of dislocations benefit the merging of ultrafine grains. Due to the different slip systems in dual phases, β-Ti phases exhibit much greater response to slip under surface plastic deformation, which are enforced to deform and construct the shell structure by sliding and phase transformation, while the α-Ti phases act as the core to synergistically construct ‘core-shell’ like structure. The increase of LSP impact time promotes the well wrapping of the ‘core-shell’ like structure and strengthens it by abundant dislocations, which also forms the gradient grain structure from surface to inner. Since the microstructure regulation and crystal defects engineering, the LSP improves the surface damage resistance and mechanical properties of the hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy obviously. Such results indicate a new technology to increase the properties of the hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy component further.

Ultrafine-grained refractory high-entropy alloy with oxygen control and high mechanical performance

Grain boundary engineering plays a significant role in the improvement of strength and plasticity of alloys. However, in refractory high-entropy alloys, the susceptibility of grain boundaries to oxygen presents a bottleneck in achieving high mechanical performance. Creating a large number of clean grain boundaries in refractory high-entropy alloys is a challenge. In this study, an ultrafine-grained (UFG) NbMoTaW alloy with high grain-boundary cohesion was prepared by powder metallurgy, taking advantages of rapid hot-pressing sintering and full-process inert atmosphere protection from powder synthesis to sintering. By oxygen control and an increase in the proportion of grain boundaries, the segregation of oxygen and formation of oxides at grain boundaries were strongly mitigated, thus the intrinsic high cohesion of the interfaces was preserved. Compared to the coarse-grained alloys prepared by arc-melting and those sintered by traditional powder metallurgy methods, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy demonstrated simultaneously increased strength and plasticity at ambient temperature. The highly cohesive grain boundaries not only reduce brittle fractures effectively but also promote intragranular deformation. Consequently, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy achieved a high yield strength even at elevated temperatures, with a remarkable performance of 1117 MPa at 1200 °C. This work provides a feasible solution for producing refractory high-entropy alloys with low impurity content, refined microstructure, and excellent mechanical performance.

Electrophoretic deposition of CNTs on a Cu foam interlayer for enhancing Cf/SiC–Nb brazed joint performance

The high residual stress and low toughness of ceramic matrix composite/metallic brazed joints poses severe challenges for the stable operation of high-speed aircraft under harsh conditions. This article innovatively tackles this issue with electrophoretic deposition (EPD), creating a CNT covered Cu foam composite interlayer for brazing Cf/SiC and Nb with an Ag–Cu–Ti alloy filler. A layer of mass ratio-controllable and percolated CNTs was physically adsorbed on the surface of the Cu foam substrate. EPD time was systematically investigated for its impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Results indicate that during brazing, the CNTs reacted with the active Ti element, transforming into ultrafine TiC grains with particle sizes ranging from 6 to 16 nm. These were dispersed evenly in the Ag solid solution. The elastic recovery rate of the cluster regions showed an increase of 123 % compared to the Ag solid solution, showing improved toughness of the seam. When the EPD time was 80 min, the shear strength of the joint produced with the composite interlayer reached 128.6 MPa, a 69 % increase over the directly brazed joint. Moreover, the fracture location of the joint shifted from the brazed seam towards the interior of the bulk Cf/SiC. Additionally, finite element analysis was utilized to confirm a significant decrease in residual stresses within the joint, and verified the findings.

Surface-initiated rolling contact fatigue on a dent: Microstructural evolutions through failure mechanism

The indentation of bearing raceways frequently contributes to bearing failures, as in gearboxes. The dents act as surface stress raisers through the Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) cycles, leading to crack initiation and spalling. The microstructural evolution mechanism occurring is not completely understood. Hence, to enhance bearing lifetime, it is crucial to identify microstructural parameters that influence crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, this study presents a multi-scale characterization of martensitic 100Cr6 bearings before and after RCF. It includes SEM, SEM/FIB, EBSD, TKD and ACOM-ASTAR observations. It showed that, before RCF, the bearing raceway features a 0.5 µm thick surface layer consisting in refined martensite and spread primary carbides, resulting from finishing operations. After RCF, no further grain refinement was observed along the raceway, except beneath the dent shoulder where a material plastic flow, nano-grains and ultra-fine grains of martensite, and sheared and spread primary carbides were detected up to 1.4 µm deep. Below and up to 3 µm deep, a fine grain layer is observed. The martensite morphology, size and disorientation suggest that it undergoes refinement through continuous Dynamic Recrystallisation and twinning. Crack initiation was preferentially observed in the nano-grains layer, at primary carbides/matrix interfaces. Above the crack, another refined region is observed resulting from high deformation and stresses through crack propagation. Finally, even in severely deformed areas, nanosized retained austenite islands were detected, indicating that it is not completely transformed.

Mechanical properties of additively manufactured ultrafine grain stainless steel-titanium boride (SS–TiB2) nanocomposites

Stainless-steel, particularly the 316L alloy, is extensively utilized across diverse industrial sectors. Nonetheless, its inherent limitation of low yield strength poses a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a novel method to address this limitation by incorporating trace quantities of TiB2 nanoparticles into the 316L matrix. The methodology involves a combination of low-energy ball milling for the preparation of the powder feedstock, followed by selective laser melting (SLM) for the fabrication of nanocomposites. The resulting stainless-steel nanocomposite exhibits a nearly-full dense structure characterized by the uniform dispersion of TiB2 nanoparticles (30–40 nm in diameter) within the matrix grain interiors and at grain boundaries. This leads to a substantial refinement in the matrix grain and a remarkable enhancement in mechanical properties. Specifically, the incorporation of 3 vol% TiB2 nanoparticles results in substantial enhancements in tensile yield strength (90.5 %), microhardness (81.4 %), ultimate strength (78.03 %) and bulk modulus (75.2 %) at room temperature compared to plain SLMed stainless-steel. This notable enhancement arises from the uniform dispersion of TiB2 nanoparticles and grain refinement, achieved without discernible processing defects such as agglomeration or interface microcracks. These findings offer a promising avenue for enhancing the mechanical characteristics of stainless-steel-based nanocomposites, thereby expanding their applicability in demanding engineering environments.

A Comprehensive Study of Friction Stir Processing Technique

Friction Stir Processing technique is a surface modification method that transforms heterogeneous microstructures into homogeneous ones, enhancing the mechanical properties of metal sheets. This single-step process, introduced by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991, offers advantages such as superior strength and formability, especially in aluminum alloys. FSP's simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness make it preferable over traditional methods. Despite challenges in aerospace and transportation applications, FSP shows promise for forming lightweight alloys at room temperature. However, producing ultrafine grain sheet metals remains a challenge. Overall, FSP presents a viable solution for improving material properties and processing efficiency in various industrial applications. This study includes the literature review of research publications from different researchers to develop the understanding regarding friction stir processing technique.