Ultimate Failure Strain Research Articles

Mechanical properties of on/off-axis loading for hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy filled with silica and carbon black nanoparticles

In this study, mechanical properties of silica (SiO2) and carbon black nanoparticles (C) with different weight fractions embedded on epoxy matrix reinforced with two types of E-glass fiber was investigated. The hybrid glass fiber consists of woven glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminated between several layers of nonwoven glass tissue. The nanoparticles were incorporated into epoxy resin as a single nanoparticle (either SiO2 or C alone) or combining SiO2 and C nanoparticles simultaneously. Fatigue performance, on-axis and off-axis tensile behaviors of these hybrid composites were investigated. The incorporation of all nanoparticles contents leads to improvement in on/off axis ultimate tensile strength, failure strain, tensile modulus and toughness when compared to neat glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites except for the hybrid nanocomposites reinforced with 0·5 wt-% SiO2 and 0·5 wt-% C simultaneously. On/off-axis tensile properties were obviously improved with adding single SiO2 or C nanoparticles rather than with adding combined ones.

Mechanical Properties of Transgenic Silkworm Silk Under High Strain Rate Tensile Loading

Studies have shown that transgenic silkworm silk may be capable of having similar properties of spider silk while being mass-producible. In this research, the tensile stress–strain response of transgenic silkworm silk fiber is systematically characterized using a quasi-static load frame and a tension Kolsky bar over a range of strain-rates between \(10^{-3}\) and 700/s. The results show that transgenic silkworm silk tends to have higher overall ultimate stress and failure strain at high strain rate (700/s) compared to quasi-static strain rates, indicating rate sensitivity of the material. The failure strain at the high strain rate is higher than that of spider silk. However, the stress levels are significantly below that of spider silk, and far below that of high-performance fiber. Failure surfaces are examined via scanning electron microscopy and reveal that the failure modes are similar to those of spider silk.

MD-based design of SiC/graphene nanocomposites towards better mechanical performance

In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been implemented to explore the main parameters affecting the reinforcing role of graphene in ceramic-based composites. Due to the importance of silicon carbide in industrial applications, this ceramic has been considered as the matrix material. Uniaxial tensile test is employed to analyze the mechanical behavior of this type of nanocomposites. Accordingly, the stress-strain curve can be achieved for each sample from which different mechanical properties including Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, failure strain, and fracture toughness can be achieved. This is followed by investigation of the reinforcing role of graphene at different temperatures. In the present work, single layer graphene sheet (SLGS) and its double layer counterpart has been utilized as the reinforcing agent at two different volume fractions (VFs) of 3% and 5%. Results show that increasing the VF of SLGS up to 5%, causes an enhancement in the Young modulus by 31.7%. Additionally, it is found that increasing the number of graphene layers has a detrimental effect on the mechanical behavior of mentioned nanocomposite samples. This is attributed to the interlayer sliding occurred between graphene layers due to the weak van der Waals interactions operating between them. Finally, the dominant mechanism of the fracture toughness of these nanocomposites is systematically studied through various case studies.

Investigation into the effect of doping of boron and nitrogen atoms in the mechanical properties of single-layer polycrystalline graphene

In the present work, classical Molecular Dynamic simulations have been performed to peruse the effect of different grain sizes, temperatures and strain rates for different percentage of boron and nitrogen doping on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline graphene. Therefore, we studied 1%, 3%, 6% and 10% of boron or nitrogen doping for grain sizes of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20nm of graphene nanosheets at room temperature. The effect of different temperatures (100, 300, 600 and 900K) on the mechanical response is investigated for five grain sizes (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20nm) and 6% of boron or nitrogen doped polycrystalline graphene. Moreover, we studied different engineering strain rates on the mechanical response of six percentage of boron or nitrogen doped polycrystalline graphene for all simulation samples at 300K. Our findings revealed that the mechanical response of polycrystalline graphene decrease as nitrogen or boron atoms are substituted into the nanosheet. By increasing of nitrogen atoms into polycrystalline graphene, a destructive affect occurs on the ultimate failure strain and tensile strength. Furthermore, the tensile strength tends to increase as the grain sizes increase from 1 to 20nm. On the contrary, the failure strain has a tendency to decrease. As the temperatures increase in boron or nitrogen doped polycrystalline graphene, the tensile strength decreases as well as the failure strain. An increasing trend has been observed for mechanical properties of boron or nitrogen doped polycrystalline graphene as the strain rate increase. However, the effect of nitrogen on the tensile strength of nanosheet is more significant compared to boron doped nanosheet.

A Biomechanical Analysis of Interference Screw Versus Bone Tunnel Fixation of Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfers to the Calcaneus

The flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer is commonly used to restore function in chronic Achilles tendon ruptures and chronic Achilles tendinopathy. The tendon is often secured to the calcaneus either through a bone tunnel or by an interference screw. We hypothesized that tenodesis using the bone tunnel method would be mechanically superior to interference screw fixation for flexor hallucis longus transfers. Eight matched pairs of cadaveric specimens were assigned randomly to the bone tunnel or interference screw technique and were loaded to failure. Biomechanical analysis was performed to evaluate the ultimate strength, peak stress, Young's modulus, failure strain, and strain energy. Unpaired comparison, paired comparison, and linear regression analyses were used to determine statistical significance. A slight 22% ± 9% decrease in Young's modulus and a 52% ± 18% increase of strain energy were found in the interference screw group. However, no differences in ultimate strength, peak stress, or failure strain were seen between the 2 groups on paired comparison. Our findings suggest that interference screw fixation provides similar spontaneous biomechanical properties to the use of a bone tunnel for flexor hallucis longus transfer to the calcaneus. The interference screw is a practical option for fixation of the flexor hallucis longus tendon to the calcaneus and can be performed through a single incision approach.

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun polycaprolactone and gelatin composite cuffs for tissue engineered blood vessels.

Sewing cuffs incorporated within tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) enable graft anastomosis in vivo, and secure TEBVs to bioreactors in vitro. Alternative approaches to cuff design are required to achieve cuff integration with scaffold-free TEBVs during tissue maturation. To create porous materials that promote tissue integration, we used electrospinning to fabricate cuffs from polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL blended with gelatin, and PCL coated with gelatin, and evaluated cuff mechanical properties, porosity, and cellular attachment and infiltration. Gelatin blending significantly decreased cuff ultimate tensile stress and failure strain over PCL alone, but no significant differences were observed in elastic modulus or failure load. Interestingly, gelatin incorporation by blending or coating did not produce significant differences in cellular attachment or pore size. We then created tissue tubes by fusing self-assembled smooth muscle cell rings together with electrospun cuffs on either end. After 7 days, rings and cuffs fused seamlessly, and the resulting tubes were harvested for pull-to-failure tests to measure the strength of cuff-tissue integration. Tubes with gelatin-coated PCL cuffs failed more frequently at the cuff-tissue interface compared to PCL and PCL:gelatin blended groups. This work demonstrates that electrospun cuffs integrated successfully with scaffold-free TEBVs, and that the addition of gelatin did not significantly improve cuff integration over PCL alone for this application. Electrospun cuffs may aid cannulation for dynamic culture and testing of tubular constructs during engineered tissue maturation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 817-826, 2018.

Design of Asphalt Light Component Pre-filled Filler Based on Oil Shale Waste Residue

The asphalt light component pre-filled filler is prepared based on oil shale waste residue. The performance of the light component pre-filled filler is evaluated based on ultimate and fatigue failure parameters, such as the ultimate bending failure strength and strain of asphalt mastic, and the bending creep stiffness variation ratio m of asphalt mastic. Test results show that the light component pre-filled filler can weaken the effect of aging on the asphalt property parameters, which is a feasible measure of the anti-aging of asphalt.

Experimental Study on Sedimentary Rock’s Dynamic Characteristics under Creep State Using a New Type of Testing Equipment

Under high stress, rock in the creep state is vulnerable to external impact load, causing the irreversible perturbation deformation of rock or even sudden failure. To explore the dynamic characteristics of sedimentary rock in the creep state, a siltstone specimen was experimentally studied using a new type of experimental system for rock creep perturbation. Compared to the currently available equipment for studying rock dynamics, this new type of experimental system provides a long-term and stable high static stress to maintain the creep state of rock specimen. This is independent of power supply because it provides static stress by gravity load. Moreover, the equipment provides a dynamic impact load through the free fall of impact weights. This study shows that the perturbation deformation of sedimentary rock increased in two stages: decay phase and sustained development phase. When the static stress reached up to ~85% of the rock’s ultimate strength and the axial strain reached up to 80% of the ultimate failure strain, the rock became sensitive to impact load. This static stress level is basically the same as its long-term strength. With increasing impact strength, the increment curve of the rock creep perturbation deformation was transformed from the decay phase to the sustained development phase in advance, making the rock sensitive to external perturbation at a low static loading stress level.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic nanofiber fabric with hierarchical nanofiber structure

Abstract Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber fabric, polyvinylidene fluoride/polyethylene glycol (PVDF/PEG) nanofiber fabric and polyvinylidene fluoride/polyethylene glycol/silicon dioxide (PVDF/PEG/SiO2) nanofiber fabrics are fabricated through a combination of electrospinning and weaving technology, inspired by the “lotus effect”. Nanofiber surfaces with a hierarchical nanofiber structure in the PVDF/PEG and PVDF/PEG/SiO2 nanofiber fabrics are formed by hydrolyzing PEG and doping with SiO2 nanoparticles, which is similar to the surface structure of a lotus leaf. The structures of these three fabrics are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the mechanical properties and wettability are analyzed. The results show that the fiber structure of the PVDF/PEG composite nanofiber doped with SiO2 nanoparticles after water scrubbing is composed of many balls, which are formed by the embedding of the SiO2 nanoparticles in the polymer. Moreover, the “ball” is not only similar to the “hill” of a lotus leaf surface, but also similar to the “small thorn” on the “hill” because of the embossment of SiO2 nanoparticles on the “ball” surface. The ultimate tensile strength and failure strain of the PVDF/PEG/SiO2 nanofiber fabric are 92.12 MPa and 18.98%, respectively. The PVDF/PEG/SiO2 nanofiber fabric exhibits superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 173.2°.

Unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polyamide-12 composites with enhanced strain to tensile failure by introducing fibre waviness

Unidirectional (UD) carbon fibre reinforced polymers offer high specific strength and stiffness but they fail in a catastrophic manner with little warning. Gas-texturing and non-constrained annealing were used to introduce fibre waviness into UD polyamide 12 composites produced by wet-impregnation hoping to produce composites with a more gradual failure mode and increased failure strain. Both methods increased the variation of fibre alignment angle compared to the control samples. The composites containing wavy fibres exhibited a stepwise, gradual failure mode under strain controlled uniaxial tension rather than a catastrophic failure, observed in control samples. Gas-texturing damaged the fibres resulting in a decrease of the tensile strength and strain to failure, which resulted in composites with lower tensile strength and ultimate failure strain than the control composites. Non-constrained annealing of carbon fibre/PA-12 produced wavy fibre composites with ultimate failure strain of 2%, significantly higher than 1.6% of the control composite.

Electrical conductivity and mechanical performance of multiwalled CNT‐filled polyvinyl chloride composites subjected to tensile load

ABSTRACTThis article reports a study on the strain‐sensitive conductivity (tensoresistivity) and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PVC/MWCNT) composites subjected to tensile loading at different strain rates for potential use in sensor‐enabled geosynthetics and other applications involving electrically conductive polymer composites. Results indicate that adding 0.5 wt % MWCNT to the composite results in 57% reduction in its ultimate (failure) strain and a fivefold increase in its tensile modulus while leaving its ultimate strength almost unchanged. Laser scanning confocal microscopy is used to investigate the microscopic failure mechanism of the composite and how it contributes to the strain‐sensitive conductivity of the composites. It is observed that tensile fractures are initiated from inside the largest bundles between 18% and 36% strain and continue through further fractal‐like fracturing in smaller bundles. Gauge factors (e.g., 3.17) comparable to or exceeding those of typical strain gauges are obtained for the composite, indicating its strong potential for structural performance monitoring and damage detection applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43665.

An experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-latex thin films

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-latex composite thin films of different MWNT concentrations were fabricated by spraying. Post-fabrication thermal annealing was then conducted on sample sets of different MWNT concentrations, and their microstructure, morphology, and mechanical properties were compared to non-annealed sample sets. The incorporation of MWNTs significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites at least up to 3wt%. In addition, annealing altered the microstructure and morphology of the latex matrix, which enhanced the interactions between MWNTs and the polymer, significantly increasing the composite ultimate failure strain and tensile strength. Furthermore, the reinforcing effects of MWNTs on the polymer matrix were investigated using numerical simulations. Stress concentrations were found to initiate at MWNT ends, thus giving rise to yielding fronts that tend to coalesce and propagate across the entire film. The enhancement of the mechanical properties of MWNT-latex nanocomposites, also verified numerically, makes them more suitable for field application as multifunctional coatings or sensors.

Effect of in situ reactions on the mechanical properties of biodegradable Mg-matrix composite

Event Abstract Back to Event Effect of in situ reactions on the mechanical properties of biodegradable Mg-matrix composite Nguyen Cao1, Equo Kobayashi1 and Tatsuo Sato2* 1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Japan 2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Professor Emeritus, Japan Introduction: Biodegradable Mg-matrix composites with high specific strength, biocompatibility and biodegradability emerged as very potential candidates for implant applications. In the recent years, researchers paid a great attention on development of biodegradable Mg-matrix composites. However, the as-produced composites still exhibit limited mechanical properties[1],[2]. In this research, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique was employed for fabricating high mechanical property Mg-matrix in situ composites for temporary implant applications. Materials and Methods: High purity Mg and ZnO powders were used for ball mixing with various mass ratios, Mg-5 mass% ZnO, Mg-10 mass% ZnO, Mg-20 mass% ZnO and Mg-50 mass% ZnO. Mg-50 mass% ZnO powders were sintered by SPS at 450, 500 and 550 oC for 30 minutes in order to investigate the composition and microstructure evolution during in situ reactions. Pure Mg, Mg-5 mass% ZnO, Mg-10 mass% ZnO and Mg-20 mass% ZnO powders were sintered at 550 oC for 30 minutes for mechanical property evaluation. Results and Discussion: As shown in figure 1, XRD patterns of Mg-50 mass% ZnO composites sintered at 450, 500 and 550 oC indicated that there were several in situ reactions occurred during sintering process as following equations[3]: From 450 to 500 oC, Mg(s) + ZnO(s) → MgO(s) + Zn(l) From 500 to 550oC, Mg(s) + Zn(l) → Mg-Zn(l) And during cooling, Mg-Zn(l) → Mg(s) + MgxZny(s) Where the subscripts s and l refer to solid and liquid phases respectively, while MgxZny refers to MgZn, Mg2Zn3 and Mg7Zn3. Figure 2 shows compression stress-strain curves of pure Mg, Mg-5 mass% ZnO, Mg-10 mass% ZnO and Mg-20 mass% ZnO composites sintered at 550 oC. As could be seen that, Mg-matrix in situ composites exhibited not only much higher compression strengths but also higher strains at failure compared to those of pure Mg. Specifically, the highest strength at 380 MPa was observed in Mg-20 mass% ZnO composite, and the highest failure strain at 12.9% was achieved in Mg-5 mass% composite compared to 156 MPa strength and 10.2% failure strain of pure Mg 10.2%. These improvements in the strength and ductility of the composites are attributed as the positive effects of in situ reaction products, which act as reinforcements increasing both strength and ductility. As indicated from XRD analysis, there were liquid phases of Zn and Mg-Zn intermetallics formed from in situ reactions during sintering. These liquid phases created well bonding of both Mg particles-reinforcements and Mg-Mg particles resulting in improvement of both strength and failure strain of the composites. In other words, the formation of liquid in situ products strongly contributed to the enhancement of strength and ductility of the fabricated composites compared to pure Mg. Further comparison between as-produced composites and cortical bones indicated that the strength of the composites are much higher than that of cortical bones (100-230MPa)[4]. Conclusion: With the effect of in situ reactions, ultimate compression strengths and failure strains of the composites were significantly improved compared to those of pure Mg. The fabricated composites also have much higher compression strength than that of cortical bones. These make as-synthesized composites become very potential candidate for temporary implant applications.

Increased lubricin/proteoglycan 4 gene expression and decreased modulus in medial collateral ligaments following ovariohysterectomy in the adult rabbit: Evidence consistent with aging

This study investigated whether ovariohysterectomy (OVH) surgery to induce menopause resulted in changes to modulus, failure strain and lubricin/proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene expression in rabbit medial collateral ligaments (MCLs), similar to aging (Thornton et al., 2015a). The MCLs from adult rabbits that underwent OVH surgery as adolescents (15-week-old) and adults (1-year-old) were compared by evaluating mechanical behaviour (adolescent OVH, n=8; adult OVH, n=7; normal, n=7), gene expression (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8), and collagen and glycosaminoglycan (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) and water (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) content. Mechanical behaviour evaluated cyclic, static and total creep strain, and ultimate tensile strength, modulus and failure strain. The RT-qPCR assessed mRNA levels for matrix regulatory genes. Adult OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic creep and failure strain, and decreased modulus with increased mRNA levels for lubricin/PRG4 and collagen I compared with normal MCLs. Adolescent OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic, static and total creep strain with decreased mRNA levels for the progesterone receptor. Lubricin/PRG4 plays a role in the lubrication of collagen fascicles which is likely related to the decreased modulus and increased failure strain observed in ligaments from adult OVH rabbits. Progesterone and its receptor are thought to play a role in the stretching of ligaments in pelvic organ prolapse and pregnancy which is likely related to the increase in creep strain observed in ligaments from adolescent OVH rabbits. Ovariohysterectomy in adult rabbits resulted in changes that were consistent with the aging MCL.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled polyvinyl chloride composites: Influence of processing method on dispersion quality, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties

The influences of dispersion quality and processing conditions on the electrical and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled polyvinyl chloride (MWCNT/PVC) composites are examined for potential use in sensor-enabled geosynthetics and other applications involving electrically-conductive polymer composites. Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the composite samples made using four different dispersion methods (i.e. probe sonication, bath sonication, mechanical stirring and batch mixing) are measured. Subsurface dispersion in the samples is quantified using laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, indicating that MWCNT bundle volumes resulting from all dispersion methods had a log-normal distribution. Dispersion qualities using different mixing methods are compared using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov D-statistic. Findings indicate that samples with higher dispersion quality exhibit greater ultimate strength and failure strain, whereas poorly-dispersed specimens have greater elastic modulus values, which are found to be in good agreement with those predicted by the Halpin–Tsai model.

Improved mechanical properties of magnesium–graphene composites with copper–graphene hybrids

New magnesium nanocomposites reinforced with copper–graphene nanoplatelet hybrid particles have been prepared through the semipowder metallurgy method. Compared with the monolithic Mg, the Mg–1Cu–xGNPs nanocomposites exhibited higher tensile and compressive strength. In tension, nanocomposites revealed substantial enhancement in elastic modulus, 0.2% yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and failure strain (up to +89, +117, +58 and +96% respectively) compared to monolithic Mg. In compression, the nanocomposites showed the greatest improvement in 0.2% yield strength, and the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain (%) (up to +34, +59 and +61% respectively), whilst the compressive elastic modulus first increases and then decreases with an increase in the graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) contents. The enhanced strength of the composites is likely to result from strengthening mechanisms invoked by the addition of Cu–GNPs hybrids.

Two-dimensional van der Waals C60 molecular crystal.

Two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides et al. have drawn extraordinary attention recently. For these 2D materials, atoms within their monolayer are covalently bonded. An interesting question arises: Can molecules form a 2D monolayer crystal via van der Waals interactions? Here, we first study the structural stability of a free-standing infinite C60 molecular monolayer using molecular dynamic simulations, and find that the monolayer is stable up to 600 K. We further study the mechanical properties of the monolayer, and find that the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress and failure strain are 55–100 GPa, 90–155 MPa, and 1.5–2.3%, respectively, depending on the stretching orientation. The monolayer fails due to shearing and cavitation under uniaxial tensile loading. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the monolayer are found to be delocalized and as a result, the band gap is reduced to only 60% of the isolated C60 molecule. Interestingly, this band gap can be tuned up to ±30% using strain engineering. Owing to its thermal stability, low density, strain-tunable semi-conducting characteristics and large bending flexibility, this van der Waals molecular monolayer crystal presents aplenty opportunities for developing novel applications in nanoelectronics.

The importance of bonding in intralayer carbon fibre/self-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites

Polymer composites are usually either stiff or tough, but seldom both. Intralayer hybrids of carbon fibre and self-reinforced polypropylene (PP) do offer the potential to achieve a unique combination of toughness and stiffness. In these hybrids, the bonding between carbon fibre prepregs and PP tapes is a crucial parameter. For a weak bonding, the 20% ultimate tensile failure strain and high penetration impact resistance of self-reinforced PP were maintained. For a strong bonding, the ultimate tensile failure strain was strongly reduced, but the flexural performance was improved. For a homopolymer PP matrix in the prepregs, the weak bonding between fibre and matrix caused the penetration impact resistance to reduce according to a linear rule-of-mixtures. For a maleic anhydride modified PP matrix however, the strong fibre–matrix bonding greatly reduced the penetration impact resistance. These results provide new insights into designing hybrid composites with a unique balance of stiffness and failure strain.

Ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) imaging of cortical bone.

Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging is one way to indirectly assess pools of protons with fast transverse relaxation. However, conventional MT imaging sequences are not applicable to short T2 tissues such as cortical bone. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences with TE values as low as 8 µs can detect signals from different water components in cortical bone. In this study we aim to evaluate two-dimensional UTE-MT imaging of cortical bone and its application in assessing cortical bone porosity as measured by micro-computed tomography (μCT) and biomechanical properties. In total, 38 human cadaveric distal femur and proximal tibia bones were sectioned to produce 122 rectangular pieces of cortical bone for quantitative UTE-MT MR imaging, μCT, and biomechanical testing. Off-resonance saturation ratios (OSRs) with a series of MT pulse frequency offsets (Δf) were calculated and compared with porosity assessed with μCT, as well as elastic (modulus, yield stress, and strain) and failure (ultimate stress, failure strain, and energy) properties, using Pearson correlation and linear regression. A moderately strong negative correlation was observed between OSR and μCT porosity (R(2) = 0.46-0.51), while a moderate positive correlation was observed between OSR and yield stress (R(2) = 0.25-0.30) and failure stress (R(2) = 0.31-0.35), and a weak positive correlation (R(2) = 0.09-0.12) between OSR and Young's modulus at all off-resonance saturation frequencies. OSR determined with the UTE-MT sequence provides quantitative information on cortical bone and is sensitive to μCT porosity and biomechanical function.

Analytical and experimental investigation of tensile properties of cross-ply and angle-ply GFRP composite laminates

AbstractThe static tensile properties in the form of ultimate failure stress, ultimate failure strain and Young’s modulus of a cross-ply glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite laminate [904, 04]s and an unconventional angle-ply GFRP composite laminate [+67.54, -67.54]s were investigated using the netting analysis, the laminate mixture rule (Hart-Smith 10% rule) and the classical laminate theory (CLT). The findings were then compared to experimental results to determine the accuracy of each analytical technique. It was found that the netting analysis was the best overall method for estimating the cross-ply laminate tensile properties, whereas neither the CLT nor the 10% rule were appropriate for estimating the tensile properties of the unconventional ply angle laminate.