Stomach Ulcers Research Articles

Chemical properties and inhibitory activities of tyrosinase, α‐glucosidase, and urease from chloroform extract of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. rhizomes

Abstract"Nghệ trắng" has the scientific name of Curcuma aromatica Salisb., belongs to the Ginger family (Zingiberaceae), and its rhizomes are used to prevent aging, anti‐inflammatory, and improve skin. From the chloroform extract of C. aromatica, six known compounds, including (‐)‐hannokinol (1), (3R,5R)‐3,5‐diacetoxy‐1,7‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)heptane (2), naringenin (3), 2‐(4‐(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)propan‐2‐ol (4), 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5), and bisacurone (6), were isolated. Structures of all compounds were elucidated by analyzing NMR data together with comparing them to references. All isolated compounds were found for the first time in the C. aromatia rhizomes grown in Vietnam. The results of bioactivity evaluation showed that naringenin (3) has an effect against tyrosinase and α‐glucosidase with the IC50 values of 96.4 and 248.2 μM, respectively. (‐)‐Hannokinol (1) is a moderate bioactivity ingredient capable to inhibiting α‐glucosidase and urease with the IC50 value of 216.4 and 244.4 μM, respectively. Consequently, these results suggest that chloroform extract of C. aromatica may be a practical therapeutic approach for diabetes, melanogenesis, and stomach ulcer treatment.

Review of Predicting Synergistic Drug Combinations.

The prediction of drug combinations is of great clinical significance. In many diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and stomach ulcers, the simultaneous use of two or more drugs has shown clear efficacy. It has greatly reduced the progression of drug resistance. This review presents the latest applications of methods for predicting the effects of drug combinations and the bioactivity databases commonly used in drug combination prediction. These studies have played a significant role in developing precision therapy. We first describe the concept of synergy. we study various publicly available databases for drug combination prediction tasks. Next, we introduce five algorithms applied to drug combinatorial prediction, which include traditional machine learning methods, deep learning methods, mathematical methods, systems biology methods and search algorithms. In the end, we sum up the difficulties encountered in prediction models.

Методические подходы к персонифицированной оценке риска здоровью, обусловленного напряженностью трудового процесса и ее отдельными компонентами

High work intensity (HWI) can occur in various occupational groups and induce health disorders, which means occu-pational health risk (OHR) assessment is necessary This article describes methodical approaches to assessing OHR caused by HWI with a possibility to examine contributions made by its specific components and transition to personified risk assessment. The suggested approaches to assessing OHR caused by HWI include subjective assessment of the factor and health self-assessment. They allow identifying additional likelihood of health disorders and performing further risk assessment when exposure to HWI grows by one unit as per separate HWI indicators describing its specific components. Personified risk assessment involves using a template created for specific HWI components (intellectual, sensory, or emotional loads; work monotony; work regime). The approaches were tested on workers with mostly mental work (n = 137, respondents’ mean age was 43.9 ± 8.01 years; mean work records were 14.5 ± 3.7 years). Calculated data of personified levels of the integral health risk were used to rank likely health outcomes as per their priority. Mental disorders and diseases involving elevated blood pressure were established to correspond to ‘high’ health risk. Myopia, strained headache, atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels, and chronic laryngitis corresponded to ‘medium’ risk. Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, tinnitus, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerosis of coronary vessels as well as stomach and duodenum ulcer corresponded to ‘moderate’ risk. Detailed HWI assessment made it possible to identify its leading components; the shares of sensory and emotional loads in the integral health risk reached 29.0 ± 2.4 and 25.9 ± 3.9 % accordingly (р = 0.37). It is advisable to use these findings for creating personified activities aimed at OHR mitigation.

Methodical approaches to personified assessment of health risks caused by work intensity and its specific components

High work intensity (HWI) can occur in various occupational groups and induce health disorders, which means occu-pational health risk (OHR) assessment is necessary. This article describes methodical approaches to assessing OHR caused by HWI with a possibility to examine contributions made by its specific components and transition to personified risk assessment. The suggested approaches to assessing OHR caused by HWI include subjective assessment of the factor and health self-assessment. They allow identifying additional likelihood of health disorders and performing further risk assessment when exposure to HWI grows by one unit as per separate HWI indicators describing its specific components. Personified risk assessment involves using a template created for specific HWI components (intellectual, sensory, or emotional loads; work monotony; work regime). The approaches were tested on workers with mostly mental work (n = 137, respondents’ mean age was 43.9 ± 8.01 years; mean work records were 14.5 ± 3.7 years). Calculated data of personified levels of the integral health risk were used to rank likely health outcomes as per their priority. Mental disorders and diseases involving elevated blood pressure were established to correspond to ‘high’ health risk. Myopia, strained headache, atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels, and chronic laryngitis corresponded to ‘medium’ risk. Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, tinnitus, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerosis of coronary vessels as well as stomach and duodenum ulcer corresponded to ‘moderate’ risk. Detailed HWI assessment made it possible to identify its leading components; the shares of sensory and emotional loads in the integral health risk reached 29.0 ± 2.4 and 25.9 ± 3.9 % accordingly (р = 0.37). It is advisable to use these findings for creating personified activities aimed at OHR mitigation.

Comparative Analysis of Tyrosine tRNA (MT-TY) Gene Mutation Related to Lung Cancer Patients from District Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan During 2020-2022

The uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs is called lung cancer (LC). Majority of recorded LC cases is as a result of cigarette smoking. It is one of the most occurring types of cancer around the globe. Objective: To emphasizes on amplification of specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes coding for tyrosine tRNA and to find out its association with LC patients of Peshawar. Methods: In 18 LC patients, the mitochondrially encoded tRNA tyrosine gene was studied. Samples were collected from the Institute of Radiotherapy & Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The participants varied in age from 12 to 86 years. Patients had diabetes, hypertension, hepatitis C, bronchial asthma, dyspnea, hemoptysis, cardio myopathy, and stomach ulcers. DNA extraction and PCR of the tyr tRNA gene were performed. Along with gel electrophoresis. 8 samples were cleaned and sequenced. Results: The results were used for comparison with the reference DNA sequence of mitochondria i.e., revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) Accession No 0129201. According to NCBI BLAST data, there were no variations in the nucleotide position 5826-5891 of the mitochondrially encoded tyrosine tRNA gene in LC subject. Chromatogram of tyrosine gene which was taken from UGENE software showed that there is no variation in Tyrosine gene subject sequence. Conclusions: We found no mutation in the mtDNA encoded tyr tRNA gene related to LC patient from District Peshawar Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2020-2022.

Targeted delivery of a short antimicrobial peptide (CM11) against Helicobacter pylori gastric infection using concanavalin A-coated chitosan nanoparticles

Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most cases of stomach ulcers and also causes some digestive cancers. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori is one of the most important challenges in the treatment of its infections. The present study aims to develop a concanavalin A (ConA) coated chitosan (CS) nanocarrier-based drug delivery for the targeted release of peptides to the site of H. pylori infection. Accordingly, chitosan was used as an encapsulating agent for CM11 peptide delivery by applying ionotropic gelation method. Con-A was used for coating CS nanoparticles to target H. pylori. The CS NPs and ConA-CS NPs were characterized by FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MIC of CM11-loaded ConA-CS NPs against H. pylori SS1 strain was analyzed in vitro. In order to evaluate the treatment efficiency in vivo, a gastric infection model of H. pylori SS1 strain was established in mice and histopathological studies and IL-1β cytokine assay were performed. Based on the results, the size frequency for CS NPs and ConA-CS NPs was about 200 and 350 nm, respectively. The prepared CM11-loaded ConA-CS NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against H. pylori SS1 strain with a concentration of 32 µg/ml. The highest healing process was observed in synthesized CM11-loaded ConA-CS NPs treatments and a significant decrease in IL-1β was observed. Our findings highlight the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle in the treatment of gastric infection model of H. pylori SS1 strain.Graphical

Detection and Classification of Gastrointestinal Diseases by using Machine Learning: A Review

Currently, gastrointestinal diseases claim the lives of up to two million people worldwide. GI disease treatment can be challenging, time-consuming, and expensive. One of the most recent advancements in medical imaging is the use of video endoscopy to diagnose gastrointestinal illnesses such stomach ulcers, bleeding, and polyps. Doctors require a lot of time to review all the images produced by medical video endoscopy since there are so many of them. This makes manual diagnosis difficult and has encouraged research into computer-aided approaches to diagnose all of the generated images quickly and accurately. The innovative aspect of the suggested methodology is the creation of a system for the diagnosis of digestive disorders. Machine learning techniques have the potential to significantly lower the cost of examination procedures while increasing the accuracy and speed of diagnosis. This paper describes a method for classifying GI illnesses using machine learning techniques.

Phyto-Pharmacological Investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Flowers of Bauhinia acuminata

Bauhinia acuminata is a type of angiosperm in the Fabaceae family, native to South and Southeast Asia, South China, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The common names include B. acuminata, mountain ebony, camel’s foot tree, kachnar, and butterfly ash. Angiosperm tree could be widely used as a medicinal plant common in tropical regions. Flowers, buds, stems, roots, bark, seeds, and leaves have been used to treat many ailments since ancient times. NSAIDs are one of the most important classes of drugs used today, and several clinical problems require long-term use. As a result of long-term use, side effects, especially stomach ulcers, can worsen the patient’s clinical symptoms. So there is a requirement to go for painkillers, but it is not related to problems even with chronic use. The literature says that a lot of analytical work has been done on this plant, but none of it has been evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. An aqueous ethanolic extract was prepared and its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects were evaluated in animal models. The results showed that the flower extract at 200 mg/kg dose had significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects compared to the medicinal active drugs.

Moringa oleifera: A valuable insight into recent advances in medicinal uses and pharmacological activities.

Moringa oleifera is an important medicinal plant in several countries, e.g. Nigeria, USA, Turkey, Germany, Greece, and Ukraine. The abundant bioactive and nutritional properties of this plant make it useful in many and diverse areas of life including the health, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries to mention but a few. Research has found out that the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, fatty acids, saponins, essential oils, folate, aromatic hydrocarbons, sterols, glucosinolates, glycosides among others characterise the Moringa- nutrient profile and as a result, give rise to its remedial effects on ailments such like wounds, stomach and duodenal ulcers, allergies, obesity, diabetics, inflammation, asthma, etcetera. It is the aim of this review to provide an insight into such medicinal and pharmacological remedies attributed to Moringa stating both the past and recent discoveries. This review article also takes a look into the botanical features, bioactive compounds, antinutrients, food applications, bacterial fermentation products, biosafety, industrial applications and other uses of Moringa. Finally, with belief that knowledge is progressive, we acknowledge that there are things yet undiscovered about this wonder plant that will be of value both to medicine and general life, we therefore recommend that research work continue on the plant Moringa. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Chemical Geographies of Misoprostol: Spatializing Abortion Access from the Biochemical to the Global

C 22 H 38 O 5 is a chemical that travels. Better known as misoprostol, it was designed as a stomach ulcer drug but is now used around the world as an abortion pill due to the self-experimentation of those in Latin American communities who were seeking ways to end unwanted pregnancies. We develop a chemical geography approach to misoprostol that allows us to scale inward to understand the chemical properties of this medication and also to scale out to understand how medicinal effects are interwoven with and determined by global politics. Misoprostol as a chemical alone does not guarantee a successful abortion and instead “scaffolding” in the form of mobility and information is required to transform misoprostol from a chemical to a safe and effective technology of abortion. First, we examine how misoprostol is moved by feminist networks in Mexico and Peru. Second, we argue that to be useful it is not enough just to access the pills, as information on how to use them is required. These themes culminate in our contribution of pharmacokinetical geographies, the microgeography of the placement of pharmaceuticals in and on a body and its ramifications. The chemical geographies of misoprostol tell a story of power, bodily autonomy, and resistance.

Antibodies From Hen Eggs for Human Healthcare

The blood of almost all animals contains proteins known as antibodies. The types of antibodies differ from one animal to another, but the main purpose of all antibodies is to prevent animals from getting sick. Antibodies help animals to protect themselves against bacteria, viruses, and other dangerous invaders. Scientists have found a way to obtain antibodies from some animals and use them to improve human health. Antibodies from hens are especially promising because large quantities of hen antibodies, known as IgY, can be obtained from their eggs—a process that does not hurt the birds at all. IgY is a very stable antibody that has been used to treat human diseases like dental cavities and stomach ulcers. Soon, we may even have an IgY that can treat or prevent COVID-19 and other viral pandemics. Therefore, IgY is a very valuable resource that will continue to improve human healthcare.

KARAKTERISTIK AKSESI KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga L.) BERDASARKAN KOMPONEN MINYAK ATSIRI PADA DUA LOKASI YANG BERBEDA

Rhizome with high productivity and content of bioactive ingredients is the hope to be achieved from the cultivation of galanga (Kaempferia galanga L.). Galanga is used traditionally as a medicine for stomach ulcers, colds, headaches, coughs, diarrhea, facilitating menstruation, skin diseases, and rheumatism. Production of secondary metabolites is influenced by environmental factors and the place of growth. This study aims to determine the effect of the growing environment from two different locations on the essential oil content and its constituent components from the rhizome of the galanga accessions. The samples observed were nine accessions of galanga harvested at 6 months which were planted in the Bogor, namely Darmaga (L1) and Cisarua (L2) with a altitudes of 214 m asl and 780 m asl with different agro-climatic conditions. The accessions tested included Purbalingga (PBG), Cilacap (CLP), Purworejo (PWJ), Karanganyar (KRA), Pacitan (PCT), Madiun (MAD), Galesia 1 (GAL 1), Galesia 2 (GAL 2), and Galesia 3 (GAL 3). GAL 1, GAL 2, and GAL 3 are high yielding varieties of galanga that have been released by the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia and used as comparisons based on their essential oil content. Observations were made on the levels of essential oils and their constituent compounds using GC-MS (Gas Chomatography-Mass Spectroscopy). Differences in growing places affect the content of essential oils and their constituent components from the rhizome of the galanga accession. Environmental factors that influence are sunlight and water availability. The highest essential oil content (3.78%) was obtained from the MAD accession planted in Cisarua (L2) and the highest EPMS compound (34.74%) was obtained from the PCT accession planted in Darmaga (L1). There were 73 compounds detected with four main components, namely delta-3-carene, pentadecane, ethyl cinnamate, and ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EPMS).

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH TOBACCO CONSUMPTION HABITS IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its association with tobacco consumption (smoking and snuff use) in Peshawar, Pakistan. 150 blood samples were collected from H. pylori suspected patients in tertiary care hospitals. Demographic data, tobacco consumption habits, and potential risk factors were gathered through a questionnaire. The prevalence of H. pylori among smokers and snuff users was 42%. All participants had a history of tobacco use, with 59% being smokers and 41% being snuff users. Most participants (81%) had not been tested for H. pylori before. Eight risk factors associated with H. pylori infection were investigated, including family history, stomach ulcers or gastritis, consumption of spicy or heavily seasoned food, poor hygiene practices, low socioeconomic status, history of antibiotic use, close contact with infected individuals, and consumption of contaminated food or water. Participants' opinions and beliefs about these risk factors varied. The study demonstrated significant associations between H. pylori antigen detection and smoking, snuff use, overcrowding, and various risk factors such as family history, dietary habits, hygiene practices, socioeconomic status, antibiotic use and exposure to contaminated water or food. The study emphasizes the need for further research to understand these risk factors and their impact on H. pylori infection.

Phytochemical Screening And Test For Reducing Uric Acid Levels In Male Rats After Administration Of Ethanol Extract Of The Herb Binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.)

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease generally characterized by high uric acid levels in the blood. The general treatment strategy for hyperuricemia is to decrease uric acid production using xanthine oxidation reductase inhibitors such as allopurinol and uricosuric agents. However, the drugs showed side effects, including skin rashes, diarrhoea and liver damage. To overcome the side effects of synthetic drugs, alternatives are used, namely by researching to find plants that have activity in reducing uric acid levels. The activity of reducing uric acid levels in plants is likely due to the presence of flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. Flavonoids active in reducing uric acid levels are kaempferol through xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Quercetin also has the potential to reduce uric acid levels through inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Binara plant (Artemisia vulgaris L.) has flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and saponins which have potential as antioxidants and analgesics, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and hepatoprotective, through secondary metabolites of flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic acids. The Karo people have traditionally used Binara leaves to treat wounds, diarrhoea and heartburn by chewing some of the leaves and then placing them on the wounds outside the body, such as cuts and for diarrhoea and stomach ulcers and placing them around the sick stomach. This study was conducted to know the anti-hyperuricemia effect of the Ethanol Extract of Herba Binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) on gout rats; phytochemical screening was carried out first to determine the content of Herba Binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) compounds. The results showed that Herb Binara fulfilled the simplicia characterization requirements and contained secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins and steroids. Herb Binara Ethanol Extract has been shown to reduce uric acid levels in hyperuricemia rats, with the best concentrations being 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. This was based on significantly different results p>0.05 compared to the positive control group.

Anthocleista vogelii (Planch) stem bark ethanol extract prevents inflammatory and pain phenotypes in experimental rodent models by modulating oxido-inflammatory mediators

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Anthocleista species are used to treat pain, inflammation, and stomach disorders, but the mechanism by which Anthocleista vogelii Planch stem bark ethanol extract (AVSBE) elicits its anti-pain activity is not fully understood. AimThis study elucidates the phytochemical signatures of AVSBE along with its anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in animal models of pain and inflammation. MethodsThe Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Lorke's methods were used for the phytochemical characterization and LD50 determination of AVSBE. Male and female Wistar rats and Swiss mice were given oral pre-treatment of AVSBE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg), and vehicle (10 mL/kg). Subsequently, various models were employed to evaluate AVSBE's anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, the acetic acid-induced mice writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, and hot plate models were used to assess AVSBE's anti-nociceptive activity, while the carrageenan-induced paw edema and air pouch models were used to evaluate AVSBE's anti-inflammatory activity. ResultsAVSBE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) reduced writhes, paw licking, and pain reaction time. It also decreased rat paw size and inflammatory exudate volume. AVSBE (200 and 400 mg/kg) lowered oxido-nitrosative stress, inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte counts in the exudate fluid. Animals administered with AVSBE showed no stomach ulceration. The LD50 of AVSBE is over 5000 mg/kg, p.o. GC-MS analysis revealed 19 phytochemical compounds in AVSBE, including eicosanoic, octadecatrienoic, linoleic, palmitoleic, and 9,12-octadecanoic acids, phytol, among others. ConclusionThese findings suggest that AVSBE demonstrated activities that can reduce inflammation and alleviate pain by inhibiting oxido-nitrosative stress and inflammatory mediators, contributing validity to the ethnomedicinal benefit of AVSBE in managing inflammatory and pain-related crisis.

PENYULUHAN PENGOLAHAN MAKANAN BERGIZI BAGI MAHASISWA INDEKOS SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN KECANDUAN MIE INSTAN

A lot of busyness in various activities makes a person not prioritizing their basic needs, such as food, especially students who live in boarding houses, whom can even consume several types of instant noodle food in a single day. Consuming instant noodles in large quantities and for a long time causes the accumulation of addictive substances contained in instant food in the body. Thus, many students suffer from stomach ulcers, inflammation and various diseases that attack the digestive system. Counseling about the processing of nutritious food was carried out to a student at the Indonesian University of Education who was happen to be a neighbor of the activity instructor's boarding house. One way to reduce instant noodles is to cook it yourself. The counseling approach used was in the form of eclectic counseling, which was a combination of directive counseling and non-directive counseling approaches. The results of counseling showed that clients can carry out counseling activities well and can apply cooking activities in their daily lives, so they can reduce consuming instant noodles. Therefore, it is hoped that similar activities can be carried out by clients continuously so that clients can reduce consuming instant noodles

Potential of Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica) Quills Extract as a Wound Healing Medicine: A Review of the Bioactive Components and Mechanisms

Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica), a native species of Indonesia, is renowned for its distinctive sharp quills enveloping its body. Despite its reputation as a spiky creature, the use of porcupine quills in traditional medicine in Indonesian society, especially for toothache and stomach ulcers, shows that there are benefits as an alternative to herbal medicine that has yet to be fully explored. Even outside Indonesia, North American porcupine quills are reported to have antibiotic properties related to the free fatty acids that coat the spines. Extracts of Sunda porcupine quills have also shown interesting antibacterial activity. Several bioactive compounds have been found in Sunda porcupine quills extract, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and peptides. These compounds have various health benefits, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. In addition, the antibacterial activity test on the extract showed strong potential against the growth of gram-positive bacteria. The activities of secondary metabolites that play a role in helping wound healing are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial/antimicrobial activities. Wound healing mechanisms involve several complex interactions of various cellular and molecular processes. Recent research has revealed the great potential of extracts from Sunda porcupine quills as a wound healing medicine. Although the potential of Sunda porcupine quills extract as a wound healing medicine has attracted attention, this research still has limitations. Critical measures, such as in vivo and in vitro testing, still need to be improved, leaving gaps in information that require further research. The challenge of an in-depth understanding of the activity and mechanisms of bioactive compounds is the focus on optimizing the utilization of Indonesia's natural potential. This article reviews the bioactive components of Sunda porcupine quills extract and their mechanism as a wound healing agent.

Comorbid normochromic and normocytic anemia in coronary artery disease: retrospective study

The study's objective was to ascertain the prevalence and defining characteristics of anemia in coronary artery disease patients. Retrospectively, 534 patients with comorbid anemia and coronary artery disease were examined. All patients were determined to have ongoing coronary supply route infection. The normal time of examined patients was 76.2 ± 5.11. Males with hemoglobin levels below 13.5 mg/dL and females with hemoglobin levels below 11.5 mg/dL were diagnosed with comorbid anemia. The patients were randomized by sex, age, and type of coronary corridor infection. Among all analyzed patients with coronary vein sickness frailty is viewed as in almost 75% of cases, which matches with the writing information. In individuals after 50 pallor is more normal in men than in ladies, while in youthful and moderately aged patients weak condition is more run of the mill in females. Just in under 90 case reports the determination of frailty was kept in the last clinical analysis during patients' release from the emergency clinic, in one more case low hemoglobin level was not thought about by doctors. Roughly only 35% of all instances of serious paleness were not analyzed in a medical clinic and no fitting rectification of hemoglobin level was performed. The rate of sickliness doesn't rely upon the type of constant coronary vein infection. In many patients with coronary course sickness comorbid sickliness is of normochromic and normocytic character. Alongside movement of the seriousness of the comorbid paleness, a genuinely critical increment of the hospitalization time frame is noticed. In patients with coronary corridor sickness and comorbid pallor, the recurrence of hospitalizations each year is additionally expanded alongside iron deficiency level of seriousness. In conclusion, constant types of coronary corridor sickness in old and feeble patients in 69.89% of cases are confounded by comorbid paleness of various levels of seriousness. In more established patients with coronary course sickness, the weak disorder is most frequently brought about by respiratory illnesses, stomach ulcers, and duodenal ulcers, diseases of various limitations. In many patients with coronary conduit sickness comorbid sickliness is of normochromic and normocytic character.

Detection of DNA of bacteria of the genus <i>Helicobacter</i> in pig meat

Helicobacters different from Helicobacter pylori, colonizing various animals, are also capable of causing gastritis, stomach ulcers and MALT – lymphomas in humans. Helicobacter suis is most often isolated among similar bacteria from the mucous membrane of the human stomach. In spite of its name this microorganism can also infect cats and dogs. At the same time the spread of Helicobacter suis among the pig population in different countries varies between 10.8-90.0% but in most studies it is in average 60%. It is obvious that such extensive spread of Helicobacter suis and close contacts with infected animals can contribute to occupational infections of human beings. In addition, the consumption of infected and insufficiently heat-treated pork meat is a possible route of transmission of this microorganism. In our studies on the presence of Helicobacter suis DNA in various parts of pig carcasses immediately after slaughter determined that DNA samples in 26.7% of bacterial were found on the oral mucosa, 13.3% – along the neck lines section, 6.6% - thoracic section and 0% – hock section. According to the available literature the isolation of Helicobacter suis by the bacteriological method presents great difficulties and the detection of nucleic acids of the microorganism remains as one of the few available diagnostic methods. To detect the DNA of living Helicobacter suis in pork we used the protocol for processing pork samples with ethidium monoazide in combination with PCR to study pig meat (pork neck) from various manufacturers purchased on the shelves of Kazan markets. As a result, the DNA of living Helicobacter suis was found in 0.5% of the samples.

LD50 ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF GREEN GRASS JELLY (Cyclea barbata Miers) LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST MICE (Mus musculus L.)

Introduction: Green grass jelly leaves (Cyclea barbata Miers) are well known by the public as food to reduce fever (fever), nausea, stomach ulcers, coughs and reduce high blood pressure, antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and as analgesics, so safety needs to be controlled. Acute Toxicity Test is a test used to detect the toxic effect of a substance on a biological system and to obtain typical response data from test preparations, Lethal Dose 50 and toxicity classification. Research Objectives: To determine the safety of green grass jelly leaf extract (Cyclea barbata Miers) against mice (Mus musculus L.) by LD50 acute toxicity test. Research Methods: In the acute toxicity test using the Thomson-Weil calculation method and mice as experimental animals as many as 25 mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into 5 treatment groups with the main test series group I distilled water as the control, group II was given the test extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg, group III was given the test extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg, group IV was given the test extract at a dose of 800 mg/kg, and Group V was given the test extract at a dose of 1600 mg/kgBW with one oral administration and observed the number of deaths in each test animal after 24 hours to 14 days. Research Results: The results of the acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 value of green grass jelly leaf extract was 0.6166 gr/kg BW (moderately toxic). For acute toxicity, the weights of mice were analyzed using the ANOVA and LSD tests and for allergy testing using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Conclusion: the results of the analysis show that there is a significant difference at the test level of 0.05 (???? < 0.05).