Ulcerative Colitis In Children Research Articles

Ultrasonography in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are an heterogeneous group of chronic disorders of intestinal inflammation characterised by periods of remission and exacerbation. Crohn’s disease (CD) an ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major clinical subtypes of IBD [1]. CD is caracterised by transmural inflammation in a non contiguos pattern anywhere from the mouth to the anus. Ileocolonic region is the most common location of disease in pediatric CD. Classically, UC involves disease that extends proximally for a variable distance from the rectus, with involvement of the superficial layers of the colonic mucosa. Pancolitis is the most frequent presentation of UC in childhood. Disease courses are different not only in childhood from adult life but olso in the different ages of pediatric patients [2]. Definitive diagnosis of IBD relies on endoscopic and histologic findings often supported by radiologic imaging. Ultrasound scanning as innocuos and ubiquitary imaging tecnique can be used both as screening diagnostic tool in patients with suspected IBD than in the clinical management of patients with proven IBD in the effort of detect extension, grade of activity and early individuation of complications in the follow-up. Ultrasound can be performed as a standard examination without preparation called transaddominal ultrasonography (TUS) or associated with previous ingestion of an oral contrast solution that produce an osmotic fluid distension of intestinal lumen for a more sensitrive and detailed valutation of sonographic aspects of the bowel wall called small intestine contrast ultrasonography (SICUS). In Crohn disease recent data in literature show that SICUS improves sensitivity in detecting small bowel lesions both in previous undiagnosed patients from 75% to 100% than in patients with proven CD from 76% to 100% compared to TUS [3]. The execution of ultrasound in the evaluation of pediatric intestinal tract requires time, good tecnique and experience of the sonographer. The main goal of this presentation is to show the most important tecnical aspects of the execution of ultrasound examination in pediatric IBD.

Neurological function of the puborectalis muscle in patients with or without soiling after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis in childhood

BackgroundTo clarify the puborectalis muscle (PM) function in pediatric patients with soiling after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis, the author examined the neurological functions of the PM. MethodsTwelve patients 3months after IPAA were studied (average age 13.6years). Five patients showed soiling every day (group A1) and 7 patients showed soiling 2 to 3days per week (Group A2). All patients 1.5years after IPAA showed continence (group B). Twenty subjects served as a control (Group C; average age 13.5years). Right, left and posterior sides of the sacral nerve terminal motor latency (SNTML) were measured by magnetic stimulation. ResultsOn the right, left and posterior sides, patients in group A1 exhibited significant prolongation of the SNTML compared with patients in groups A2, B and C (P<.05 each). Group A2 exhibited significant prolongation compared with groups B and C (P<.05 each). There were no significant differences of the SNTML between right and left sides, between right and posterior sides and between left and posterior sides in groups A1, A2, B and C. ConclusionsThe SNTML of the PM demonstrates significant latency in those children who have early post-IPAA soilage. The neurological function of the PM potentially injured during an operation may recover, and correlates with normalization of continence.

Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in children: An update for 2014

Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have become increasingly common in Australasian children and adolescents in recent years. Furthermore, CD and UC are seen more often in younger children. These conditions are typically more extensive in children and tend to follow more severe disease courses than in adults. Although many children may present with typical symptoms (such as abdominal pain or bloody diarrhoea), others have atypical features (including oral ulceration, short stature or skin manifestations). In addition, many children with IBD will have altered growth or nutrition, which may compromise normal linear growth and pubertal development. Early identification and full assessment of children presenting with possible IBD are essential to avoid consequences of diagnostic delay and to optimise short- and long-term outcomes. Management of IBD encompasses various options and should be undertaken within a team-based, child and family-focused, multidisciplinary setting.

Accuracy of abdominal ultrasound and MRI for detection of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in children

Endoscopy is currently the primary diagnostic technique for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children. To assess the accuracy of US and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease and for distinguishing Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in comparison to a reference standard. Consecutive children with suspected IBD underwent diagnostic workup including ileocolonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as the reference standard, abdominal US, and MR enterography and colonography at 3T. The protocol included a dynamic contrast-enhanced 3-D sequence. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa values were calculated for one ultrasonographer and two MRI observers. We included 28 children (15 boys) with mean age 14years (range 10-17years). The diagnosis was IBD in 23 children (72%), including 12 with Crohn disease, 10 with ulcerative colitis and 1 with indeterminate colitis. For the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease the sensitivity was 55% for US and 57% (both observers) for MR entero- and colonography, and the specificity was 100% for US and 100% (observer 1) and 75% (observer 2) for MR entero- and colonography. Combined MRI and US had sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 100% (observer 1) and 74% and 80% (observer 2), respectively. With the addition of a dynamic contrast-enhanced MR sequence, the sensitivity increased to 83% and 87%. US and MRI could only distinguish between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis when terminal ileum lesions were present. US and MR entero- and colonography have a high accuracy for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease in children but cannot be used to distinguish Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.

ASSESSMENT OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INDICATORS AND PERIPHERAL HEMOPOIESIS AT NON-SPECIFIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN CHILDREN

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MicroRNA-124 Regulates STAT3 Expression and Is Down-regulated in Colon Tissues of Pediatric Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Altered levels and functions of microRNAs (miRs) have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), although little is known about their roles in pediatric IBD. We investigated whether colonic mucosal miRs are altered in children with ulcerative colitis (UC). We used a library of 316 miRs to identify those that regulate phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in NCM460 human colonocytes incubated with interleukin-6. Levels of miR-124 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of colon biopsies from pediatric and adult patients with UC and patients without IBD (controls), and of HCT-116 colonocytes incubated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA). Methylation of the MIR124 promoter was measured by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and the genes it regulates (encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), BCL2, BCLXL, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 [MMP9]) were increased in pediatric patients with UC compared with control tissues. Overexpression of miR-124, let-7, miR-125, miR-26, or miR-101 reduced STAT3 phosphorylation by ≥ 75% in NCM460 cells; miR-124 had the greatest effect. miR-124 was down-regulated specifically in colon tissues from pediatric patients with UC and directly targeted STAT3 messenger RNA (mRNA). Levels of miR-124 were decreased, whereas levels of STAT3 phosphorylation increased in colon tissues from pediatric patients with active UC compared with those with inactive disease. In addition, levels of miR-124 and STAT3 were inversely correlated in mice with experimental colitis. Down-regulation of miR-124 in tissues from children with UC was attributed to hypermethylation of its promoter region. Incubation of HCT-116 colonocytes with 5-AZA up-regulated miR-124 and reduced levels of STAT3 mRNA. miR-124 appears to regulate the expression of STAT3. Reduced levels of miR-124 in colon tissues of children with active UC appear to increase expression and activity of STAT3, which could promote inflammation and the pathogenesis of UC in children.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN CHILDREN: RUSSIAN PEDIATRIC CONSENSUS

Ulcerative colitis is recurrent inflammatory disorder of the large intestine characterized by continuous expansion of bowel involvement, from the rectum to the proximal parts. Despite certain similar sign with adults, ulcerative colitis in children has a number of special features and distinctions to disease course and therapy response, therefore such peculiarities should be considered while choosing the management strategy. In 2012 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation and European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition developed collaborated recommendations on diagnostics and treatment of ulcerative colitis in children based on the evidence-based medicine. On the base of European recommendations and with regard to Russian peculiarities and experience of management of children with ulcerative colitis the Russian Consensus on Ulcerative Colitis in children was developed by the group of the chief pediatric gastroenterologists specializing in inflammatory bowel diseases in children. This Consensus was approved on the 15 th of February 2013 at the Expert Counsel on Development of the Russian Consensus, which took place during the XVII Summit of Pediatricians of Russia. These recommendations contain standardized protocols, which allow to provide timely and efficient diagnostics, treatment and follow-up of children with ulcerative colitis. It is necessary to mention, that this Consensus is not a doctrine and individual features of each patient and modern scientifically based data must be taken into account.

Total colectomy for ulcerative colitis in children: when are we operating?

Ulcerative colitis (UC) in children is frequently severe and treatment-refractory. While medical therapy is well standardized, little is known regarding factors that contribute to surgical indications. Our aim was to identify factors associated with progression to colectomy in a large cohort of pediatric UC patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information System database. We identified all patients under age 18 discharged between January 1, 2004 and September 30, 2011 with a primary diagnosis of UC. Primary outcome was odds of total colectomy. Of 8,688 patients, 240 (2.8%) underwent colectomy. Compared with non-operative patients, a greater proportion of colectomy patients received advanced therapies during admission, including corticosteroids (84.2 vs. 71.3%) and biological therapy (25.4 vs. 13.6%). Odds of colectomy were increased with malnutrition (OR 1.86), anemia (OR 2.17), electrolyte imbalance (OR 2.31), and Clostridium difficile infection (OR 1.69). TPN requirement also independently predicted colectomy (OR 3.86). Each successive UC admission significantly increased the odds of colectomy (OR 1.08). These data identify factors associated with progression to colectomy in children hospitalized with UC. Our findings help to identify factors that should be incorporated into future studies aiming to reduce the variability in surgical treatment of childhood UC.

Quality of Life in Patients Postcolectomy for Pediatric‐onset Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis in children can have a negative effect on quality of life (QOL). We included 16 of 31 patients who underwent colectomy for ulcerative colitis before 20 years of age between 1980 and 2005 at University of California in San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital. A disease-specific QOL questionnaire (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire-32), validated for adults, was used to determine QOL and an additional questionnaire addressing bowel function and reproductive health in long-term follow-up of these patients. Median age at the time of survey was 20.3 years (17.9-25.3), and time postcolectomy was 6.9 years (4.8-9.0). Mean total score was 159.7 ± 43.3 (58-210). Two patients (12.5%) had scores of ≥ 200, 12 (75.0%) had 101 to 199, and 2 (12.5%) had ≤ 100. Patients ages 18 years or younger at the time of survey showed higher QOL, particularly in emotional health (P=0.020), social function (P=0.014), and overall QOL (P=0.009). Social function scored highest of all of the systems (median 7; interquartile range 4-7). Patients with scores ≤ 100 had repeated episodes of pouchitis (16-30) compared with the other 14 patients (0-3). Children who were diagnosed ages 12 years or younger tended to have higher QOL (p=0.072). Years postcolectomy did not correlate to QOL. Eleven patients were sexually active. Two males had feelings of impotence and decreased libido, and 6 females experienced dyspareunia. Three women tried unsuccessfully to conceive after colectomy. One woman became pregnant 4 times, each leading to miscarriage. Younger age at time of colectomy, diagnosis, and survey show higher QOL. Highest satisfaction was found in ability to attend school, work, and social engagements. Pouchitis continued to be an issue for a small number of the patients, with 2 patients having recurring episodes that severely affected QOL. Patients reported decreased sexual activity and fertility at the time of survey due to colectomy, especially for females.

Management of Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis

Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) shares many features with adult-onset disease but there are some unique considerations; therefore, therapeutic approaches have to be adapted to these particular needs. We aimed to formulate guidelines for managing UC in children based on a systematic review (SR) of the literature and a robust consensus process. The present article is a product of a joint effort of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). A group of 27 experts in pediatric IBD participated in an iterative consensus process including 2 face-to-face meetings, following an open call to ESPGHAN and ECCO members. A list of 23 predefined questions were addressed by working subgroups based on a SR of the literature. A total of 40 formal recommendations and 68 practice points were endorsed with a consensus rate of at least 89% regarding initial evaluation, how to monitor disease activity, the role of endoscopic evaluation, medical and surgical therapy, timing and choice of each medication, the role of combined therapy, and when to stop medications. A management flowchart, based on the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), is presented. These guidelines provide clinically useful points to guide the management of UC in children. Taken together, the recommendations offer a standardized protocol that allows effective, timely management and monitoring of the disease course, while acknowledging that each patient is unique.

Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in a Commercially Insured US Population

PurposeMost US inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) epidemiology studies conducted to date have sampled small, geographically restricted populations and have not examined time trends. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a commercially insured US population and compare prevalences across sociodemographic characteristics and time.MethodsUsing claims data from approximately 12 million Americans, we performed three consecutive 2-year cross-sectional studies. Cases of CD and UC were identified using a previously described algorithm. Prevalence was estimated by dividing cases by individuals in the source population. Logistic regression was used to compare prevalences by region, age, and sex.ResultsIn 2009, the prevalences of CD and UC in children were 58 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 55–60] and 34 (95 % CI 32–36), respectively. In adults, the respective prevalences were 241 (95 % CI 238–245) and 263 (95 % CI 260–266). Data analysis revealed that IBD prevalences have slightly increased over time. Based on census data, an estimated 1,171,000 Americans have IBD (565,000 CD and 593,000 UC).ConclusionsAnalysis of the epidemiological data revealed an increasing burden of IBD in recent years, which may be used to inform policy.

Paediatric ulcerative colitis—can we predict proctocolectomy?

Given the early onset of ulcerative colitis in children, it is desirable to identify young patients with this disease who are at risk of adverse outcomes. Identification of these patients would enable the introduction of disease-modifying therapies early in the disease course and thus prevent the need for surgical therapy.

Additional Value of Upper GI Tract Endoscopy in the Diagnostic Assessment of Childhood IBD

For the choice of treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is important to make a distinction between Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). To look for pathognomonic features of CD, upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) endoscopy has become part of the routine evaluation of children with suspected IBD; however, pathological changes can also be found in the UGT in patients with UC. The aims of the present study were to establish the role of UGT involvement in the diagnostic assessment of suspected IBD in children and to detect histopathological changes in the UGT mucosa, which can distinguish CD from non-CD (UC and non-IBD). Biopsies (colon, ileum, duodenum, stomach, esophagus) from children suspected of having IBD who underwent endoscopy between 2003 and 2008 were reassessed by a blinded, expert pathologist. The histological findings of the UGT were compared with the diagnosis based on ileocolonic biopsies and the final diagnosis. In 11% of the children with CD, the diagnosis was based solely on the finding of granulomatous inflammation in the UGT. Focal cryptitis of the duodenum and focally enhanced gastritis were found significantly more frequently in children with CD compared with children with UC and non-IBD, with a specificity and positive predictive value of 99% and 93% and 87.1% and 78.6%, respectively. Histology on ileocolonic biopsies alone is insufficient for a correct diagnosis of CD or UC in children. UGT endoscopy should, therefore, be performed in the diagnostic assessment of all children suspected of having IBD.

Postoperative Complications Following Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis in Children

Colectomy rates for ulcerative colitis (UC) and data on postcolectomy complications in children are limited. Thus, we assessed colectomy rates, early postcolectomy complications, and clinical predictors in children with UC undergoing a colectomy. Children (18 years old or older) with UC who underwent colectomy from 1983 to 2009 were identified (n=30). All of the medical charts were reviewed. The diagnostic accuracy of International Classification of Diseases codes for UC and colectomy were validated. The primary outcome was postoperative complications defined as Clavien-Dindo classification grade II or higher. The yearly incidence of colectomies for pediatric UC was calculated and temporal trends were evaluated. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of UC and colectomy International Classification of Diseases codes were 96% and 100%, respectively. The median ages at UC diagnosis and colectomy were 10.9 and 12.1 years, respectively. All of the children had pancolitis and 63% underwent emergent colectomy. Postoperatively, 33% experienced at least 1 complication. Patients with emergent colectomy were more likely to have a postoperative complication compared with patients with elective colectomy (90% vs 50%; P=0.03). For emergent colectomy, postoperative complications were associated with a disease flare of ≥2 weeks before admission (60% vs 0%; P=0.03) and >2 weeks from admission to colectomy (78% vs 22%; P=0.04). The average annual rate of pediatric colectomy was 0.059/100,000 person-years and stable from 1983 to 2009 (P>0.05). Colectomy UC was uncommon and rates have remained stable. Postcolectomy complications were common, especially in patients undergoing emergent colectomy. Optimizing timing of colectomy may reduce postoperative complications.

Rapid rise in incidence of Irish paediatric inflammatory bowel disease

AimsTo describe the change in incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) observed at the National Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and to determine whether the presenting disease...

Sixty-year Study of Incidence of Childhood Ulcerative Colitis Finds Eleven-fold Increase Beginning in 1990s

We sought to define the point at which a recently noted marked increase in the incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) had occurred in children in Victoria, Australia. A 60-year retrospective review (1950-2009) of children age 16 years or less diagnosed with UC in the state's major pediatric centers was performed. In all, 342 children were diagnosed with UC (male to female ratio of 1.25:1.0, median age 10.9 years, interquartile range [IQR] 7.0, 13.2). The overall median annual incidence of UC was 0.36/10(5) children ≤ 16 years of age (IQR 0.18, 0.66). The number of reported cases increased by 11-fold during the study period (P < 0.001). This marked increase appeared to occur from the early 1990s and has yet to plateau. Children diagnosed during the last two decades were older at diagnosis (median 10 years vs. 11.6, P < 0.0001), and had higher weight- and height-for-age z scores than those diagnosed during the first 40 years (mean weight-for-age [standard deviation] 1950-1989: -0.80 [1.56] vs. 1990-2009: -0.11 [1.17], P < 0.001; mean height-for-age 1950-1989: -0.50 [1.15] vs. 1990-2009: -0.13 [1.12], P < 0.05). More recently diagnosed children also had more extensive disease (1950-1989: 52% vs. 1990-2009: 71%, P < 0.01). The incidence of UC has increased markedly in Victorian children since 1990. Although some of this change may be attributable to earlier diagnosis, it is unlikely that this can provide a complete explanation for this still-increasing condition.

Decreasing Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Over 30 Years

The risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could have changed over time, with changes in treatment options. We studied CRC risk in a nationwide cohort of 47,374 Danish patients with IBD over a 30-year period. We determined relative risk (RR) values using Poisson regression-derived incidence rate ratios of CRC from 1 year after IBD diagnosis, adjusted for age, sex, and calendar time. We compared incidence of CRC among patients with IBD vs individuals without IBD. During 178 million person-years of follow-up evaluation, 268 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 70 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) developed CRC. The overall risk of CRC among patients with UC was comparable with that of the general population (RR, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.21). However, patients diagnosed with UC in childhood or as adolescents, those with long duration of disease, and those with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis were at increased risk. For patients with UC, the overall RR for CRC decreased from 1.34 (95% CI, 1.13-1.58) in 1979-1988 to 0.57 (95% CI, 0.41-0.80) in 1999-2008. Among patients with CD, the overall RR for CRC was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.67-1.07), which did not change over time. A diagnosis of UC or CD no longer seems to increase patients' risk of CRC, although subgroups of patients with UC remain at increased risk. The decreasing risk for CRC from 1979 to 2008 might result from improved therapies for patients with IBD.

Sa1986 Periappendiceal Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis in Children

Sa1986 Periappendiceal Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis in Children

Sa1977 A Randomised, Double-Blind Study of High and Low Dose Oral Delayed-Release Mesalamine Does Not Demonstrate a Difference in Treating Mild to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis in Children

Sa1977 A Randomised, Double-Blind Study of High and Low Dose Oral Delayed-Release Mesalamine Does Not Demonstrate a Difference in Treating Mild to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis in Children

Ano-Neorectal Function Using Manometry on Patients after Restorative Proctocolectomy and Ileal J-Pouch Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis in Children

The purpose of this study was to clarify the ano-neorectal functions in pediatric patients with soiling at a short period and without soiling at a long period after restorative colectomy and ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Ten patients after IPAA for UC in childhood were mamometrically studied, aged 10 to 16 years (mean, 13.9 years). Patients after IPAA with ileostomy closure were studied at 6 months (Group A; all patients had soiling) and 3 years after ileostomy closure (Group B; all patients showed continence). Group C served as controls and consisted of 12 subjects (aged 12 to 16 years, mean, 14.8). Maximum anal sphincter pressure at rest and maximum anal sphincter pressure during voluntary contraction were significantly lower in group A than in groups B and C. Minimum neorectal sensory threshold volume in group A was significantly higher than in groups B and C (p<0.01). Maximum neorectal tolerated threshold volumes and neorectal compliances, and positive rates of neorectoanal inhibitory reflex, showed no significant difference among the groups. Patients with soiling at 6 months after IPAA showed anal sphincter dysfunction and neorectal sensory dysfunction. The IPAA may cause damage to the ano-neorectal apparatus during rectal mobilization due to the short rectal cuff and mucosectomy.