Ukrainian Private Research Articles

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПІДТРИМКИ НАУКОВИМ ТОВАРИСТВОМ ІМЕНІ ШЕВЧЕНКА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ В ГАЛИЧИНІ (кінець ХІХ – перша третина ХХ ст.)

Article investigates the main directions of the Shevchenko Scientific Society towards the formation of elementary schooling in Galicia at the end of the 19th and first third of the 20th century. In particular, an analysis of the correspondence of the society with elementary educational schooling institutions of Galicia is performed. Separated contribution of the society with following elementary schools: (“M. Shashkevych School”, “T. Shevchenko’s Selected Girl’s School”, “B.Hrinchenko Private People’s School”, etc.).Organizational and pedagogical principles of functioning of these educational institutions in support of the Shevchenko Scientific Society is revealed. Tha article provides the information regarding financing of elementary schools for improving the educational and living conditions of Ukrainian students, providing pedagogical and methodological textbooks. The author conducted an analysis of support of Ukrainian private schools by the Shevchenko Scientific Society, operating in Galicia in the late ХІХ and first third of the ХХ century.The author investigated an importance of cooperation and interaction of Ukrainian educators, who carried out the pedagogical activity in primary schools of Galicia and the Shevchenko Scientific Society and analyzed the support of Society for the development of Ukrainian elementary education not only in the territory of Galicia, but also abroad (in Chernivtsi). The role of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in creating conditions for joint work of educational societies of Galicia for the formation of Ukrainian elementary education is revealed.Thus, the activity of the Shevchenko Scientific Society for the Ukrainian elementary school in Galicia at the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century was purposeful and determined by the needs of educational institutions. The support of Shevchenko Scientific Society addressed the urgent needs of various branches of schooling, educational societies and organizations that acted on the path towards the formation of the educational sphere.

NATIONAL EDUCATION IS THE MAIN GUARANTEE OF ESTABLISHING NATIONAL ELITE

In the article, the scientist focuses on the goal of education – the formation of a leading strata of the Ukrainian people – intellectuals, the national elite. The article states that the national character is formed only by the national school. The purpose of education is defined - formation of the leading layer of the Ukrainian people - intellectuals, national elites. It is noted that a conscious volyn political elite was formed. In a systematic analysis of archival sources, the author notes that in the State Archives of Ternopil region (fund 351) you can learn about the teachers of the gymnasium: the director and teacher of Latin Sergey Ulianovich Milyashkevich, professor of general history, geography and Latin Andrei Kutsa, professor of Ukrainian language and literature Victor Gnazhevsky , teachers of religion (Yuriy Ivanitsky), natural sciences and arithmetic (Luka Skibinetsky), manual labor, calligraphy and drawing (Vasyl Doroshenko), French and German; (Katerina Milyashkevich), teacher of mathematics. Physics and Chemistry (Vasyl Kavun). Describing the preconditions for the emergence of Ukrainian gymnasiums in Volyn, the author notes that at that time in the late 1920's Volyn voivodship operated 1144 schools, of which 390 were late saturdays, 750 Polish and only 4 schools with Ukrainian language education. The state program of assimilation of national minorities (the Ukrainian minority in the Second Common Polish Commonwealth was the second largest national group after the Poles, accounting for about 15% of the total population) in Volhynia was through compulsory school education in the spirit of the Propolis ideology. At the same time, Ukrainians sought to uphold the right to open schools with their native language of instruction even in those areas where they were quantitatively prevailing. This was guaranteed to the Ukrainians by the Polish Constitution of 1921. (Articles 110-111), but in reality it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Even the opening of a Ukrainian private school required a lot of effort - only with the permission of the minister of religion and public education. Kremenets Gymnasium, as well as Lutsk, as well as Rivne (arose thanks to the "Enlightenment" of 1923), nourished the native language, professed Orthodox traditions, revered outstanding national figures, leaders of the nation. It is from this angle that the role of the Ukrainian Gymnasium in Kremenets is shown, along with similar gymnasia in Lutsk and Vinnitsa in the formation of the secular and spiritual national consciousness of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, who later worked on asserting the statehood, including in the UPA ranks, for the development of the Ukrainian national culture.

UKRAINIAN PRIVATE GYMNASIUM AS A CENTER OF LITERATURE AND ART LIFE OF KREMENETS

Literary and artistic life of the Ukrainian Private Gymnasium named after Ivan Steshenko was an integral part of the dynamic political, cultural and educational life of community in the town of Kremenets in the 20’s of the XX century. The author of the article, based on the relevance of the topic, based on objective analysis, using both archival sources and multi-lingual literature, analyzed literary and artistic facts that had a great influence on the formation of the Ukrainian elite of Volyn. It was the Ukrainian Gymnasium that contributed to Ukrainian literature the names of Ulas Samchuk, Cyril Kotsyuk-Kochinsky, Oksana Lyaturinskaya, Maria Kavun-Kreminyarivska, Yuriy Mulik-Lutzyk and others. The analysis of the cases of the Ternopil regional state archive allowed the author to analyze the documentary materials that make up several hundred issues of the fund number 351. Some diary of the work of teachers, on the basis of records you can learn about the versatile orientation of learning and education. The facts of the visit to Kremenets Gymnasium Bohdan Lepky in 1935, which in the conversation with the students reminded us that Vyacheslav Lipinsky is also the son of Volyn land. A special page of the activity of the gymnasium was written by the work of the Gymnasium circle «Postup», the content of which was the reading of literature - from Drahomanov to Vynnychenko, from Mikhnovsky to Dontsov, from nationalist publications to the «Public Voice». The author analyzes the process of teaching the Ukrainian language and literature in the gymnasium and emphasizes the literary work of the teachers of the Ukrainian language and literature - Sofia Orlovskaya in the gymnasium and Filimon Kulchinsky in the seminary. Only during the lectures, at evening rallies, in the preparation of academies, they threw grain in the young souls. They did not teach us politics, they simply taught us to think and understand us ... ". Both of them were fond of Lesya Ukrainka, Kotsiubynsky, not mentioning already about Shevchenko, whose image, as Orlovsky said, should be kept under holy images. The Ukrainian gymnasium brought out the great literature of Ulas Samchuk, Kirill Kutsyuk-Kochinsky, Oksana Lyaturinskaya, Maria Kavun-Kreminyarivska, Yuriy Mulik-Lutsk, and others. writer Ulas Samchuk wrote a autobiographical novel "Youth of Vasily Sheremety" about the gymnasium period of life, and in memoirs "On a white horse" and "On horse-raven" a lot of space was devoted to the Kremenets of that time, the Ukrainian gymnasium. It is "Youth of Vasily Sheremety" that gives a convex picture of the literary and artistic preference of the students who arranged disputes on the works of G. Chuprynky, M. Voronoi, O. Olesya, P. Tychyna, V. Vynnychenko's collective readings on the literary-creative association «Youth». It is concluded that a private gymnasium in Kremenets played a big role in the life of the region, and a whole bunch of Ukrainian writers whose names were immortalized in the memorial tables.

Troops of the Central States in Ukraine (1918): cases of violations and material damage

The purpose of the study is to find out the amount of losses inflicted in 1918 to the Ukrainian treasury and private individuals by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. The research is based on the data that had been collected by Hetman P. Skoropadsky`s Ukrainian Government.
 In 1918 the population of Ukraine was subjected to penalties by the troops of the Central States in Ukraine. The military units seized the property of the former tsarist army as military loot, requisitioned and confiscated property of the local population. In some cases, in this way the troops carried out orders of their military command about using of coercive measures in food procurement and protective actions conducting. In other cases, soldiers and officers acted according to their own initiative using their official position for enrichment and their benefit. Both cases contradicted Ukrainian laws and agreements about procedure of Central States troops staying in Ukraine.
 According to the hetman authorities, the most common violation of law was committed by withdrawal of food. Among the incidents related to foreign troops, the greatest damage was caused by explosions at ammunition depots in Kiev (6 of June, 1918) and Odessa (31st of August – 1st of September, 1918). Since the troops of the Central States were responsible for protection of ammunition in both Kiev and Odessa, they were responsible for the incident and for damage recovery.
 The Ukrainian authorities calculated that the total amount of losses that the Austro-Hungarian and German troops had inflicted to Ukraine in 1918 was 6 921 520 241 rubles (DM 7 690 578 046).

How states tighten control: a field theory perspective on journalism in contemporary Crimea.

This article contributes to denationalizing Bourdieu's field theory by analysing the relationship between a regional news media field, the state and transnational influences. The article seeks to answer the question of how a state can impose limits on the autonomy of the news media field during political transition. Field theory is applied to changes that have taken place in Crimean news media since Russia's annexation of the peninsula in 2014. Drawing on narrative interviews with journalists who worked in Crimea in 2012-17, expert interviews, and secondary sources, I demonstrate how Crimea's news media field went from being dominated by varied Ukrainian private news media owners to becoming dominated by the Russian state. I show that states can employ direct measures such as anti-press violence and ownership appropriation of news media outlets in order to increase concentration of state media ownership. In addition, states can reallocate capital in the news media field, disenfranchising some journalists and outlets while favouring others. The adaptive strategies of individual journalists, who, upon losing capital, can sometimes relocate or leave their jobs, also changes the composition of news media fields. Departing from a common view of social spaces as bounded within nation-states, I examine how the news media field of Crimea has been shaped by both transnational influences, and by the direct imposition of Russian state power through a reconstitution of national borders.

Conflict of Laws Regulation of Contractual Dispositions Upon Death: Should Ukraine Follow the EU’s Approach?

The paper analyses a possible conflict of laws regulation regarding an inheritance contract under current Ukrainian Private International Law in the absence of special conflict of laws rules that are applicable to contractual dispositions upon death. Since the EU Succession Regulation contains special conflict of laws rules applicable to the agreements as to succession, this paper evaluates the possibility of using its approaches for conflict of laws regulation of inheritance contracts, as they are known in Ukrainian law. Thus, this paper analyses the characterization of the agreement as to succession and conflict of laws rules applicable to it under the EU Succession Regulation. It is concluded that most of the rules of the EU Succession Regulation of the agreements as to succession should be accepted by Ukrainian legislation.

ШКОЛА ЧИ ТЕАТР? КУЛЬТУРНА ПОЛІТИКА НА СХІДНОГАЛИЦЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст. У ДИСКУСІЯХ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ІНТЕЛІГЕНЦІЇ

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the discussion process in the environment of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of Galicia in the early twentieth century concerning ways of developing national education under the pressure of the Polish educational system. It is noted that at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century’s the biggest challenge for Ukrainians in that region was the very slow growth of the number of educational institutions in comparison with the cultural needs of the population. At that point the situation with the middle schools was particularly deteriorated. It was Hrushevsky who drew attention to this problem for the first time, pointing out the state of affairs with middle school. The scientist proposed to establish private Ukrainian grammar schools, transferring for this need the funds accumulated for the construction of a national theater in Lviv. K. Levytsky, O. Borkovsky, E. Levytsky, O. Barvinsky did not agree with M. Hrushevsky, criticizing his idea on the pages of the newspapers « Dilo » and « Ruslan » . They drew the community's attention to the loss of reputation from curtailing the initiated national projects. This increased the emotionality of discussing the priorities of national progress: the parties, instead of rational and thoughtful analysis of the arguments of the opponents, just raised the degree of controversy. Other leaders of the social and cultural life of the region joined the discussion (for example, I. Trush and S. Chernetsky). The resonance of the discussion is also evidenced by the fact that it ended in the courtroom: the director of the theater M. Gubchak appealed to the editor of « LNV » and personally I. Franko for publication against the construction of the theater and lost. As a result, it was noted that the adherents and opponents of Ukrainian private schooling were judged by life itself - on the eve of the war in Galicia there was an extensive network of secondary schools, which each year produced an increasing number of educated personnel of the national intelligentsia. These were they who were at the forefront of the struggle for the revival of statehood on the Transnistrian lands, and in the interwar period they created an effective resistance to aggressive polonization of the population of the region. At the same time, it is emphasized on the considerable emotionality of controversy among the Galician Ukrainians. Divided into numerous party groups, refusing to carry out a dialogue with their opponents, preferring to profane their vision of the situation, rather than look for the grain of truth in it. This markedly disoriented the entire Ukrainian community, as well as complicated the creation of an effective counterbalance to the Polish domination in the province. The impact this had on the liberation of Galicia should be represented in the further research of the phenomenon of public controversy.

Struggle of the 'Teacher Community' Society for development of Ukrainian private schooling in Galicia (1910-1914)

The paper describes achievements of the Ukrainian 'Teacher Community' Society in the development of Ukrainian private schooling in Galicia on the eve of World War I. It is pointed out that from its foundation date the Society in concert with other national-cultural organizations ('Mutual Support of Ukrainian Teachers', 'Prosvita', Shevchenko Scientific Society (SSS) etc.) started struggling for transformation of Utraquist Polish-Ukrainian schools into Ukrainian-speaking educational institutions as well as made considerable efforts to set up Ukrainian gymnasia. It is stated that among the Society's trusty allies in the implementation of identified tasks were not only Ukrainian national-cultural organizations but also political parties, namely the Ukrainian People's Democratic Party (UPDP). Owing to joint strenuous activities, a Regional School Union was set up, which became a coordinating body of Ukrainian private schooling. Specifically, it examined performance records of school management, admitted applications of candidates for teacher's jobs etc. It is proved that the most active phase of cooperation between the Teacher Community and the Regional School Union lasted from 1910 to 1911 - a lot of constructive meetings were held and joint actions organized, which contributed to the establishment of Ukrainian schooling in Galicia. Convincing achievements of the Society were the organization of preparatory courses for the first form of gymnasia, aimed at improved accessibility of training to school youth, and introduction of celebration of national holidays in regional Ukrainian language gymnasia. It is indicated that the Teacher Community faced numerous topical tasks which it failed to solve in 1910-1914 (enhancement of cooperation of the Society with the Austrian Union of Secondary School Teachers, pressing the Regional School Union for transformation of Utraquist gymnasia in Stryi and Berezhany into Ukrainian-speaking educational institutions). It is concluded that the Company was rather efficient in protecting the interests of its members through petitioning local authorities in case of offences against any member of the Society and generally sought to raise the national-cultural level of Ukrainian teachers.

The Formation and Development of Legislation on Ukrainian Private Law

The paper analyzes the case of legislation and case practice in Ukraine, in particular the trends in thecurrent process of codifying international private law. The analysis of international private law documentsapproved for the past 35 years internationally shows that the majour forms (ways) of modern codificationsof International Private Law are the following: 1) introbranch form - within the general codification of civillaw; 2) interbranch form, the codification o civil law includes a special part with the majour norms and institutesof general and special parts of international private law; 3) autonomous branch form - issuing aspecial law applying to codifying international private law; 4) complex autonomous form - issuing a law orcode combining the principles and conflict of law norms of international Private Law as well as the provisionsof international civil process. Ukraine chose a large-scale codification of international private law, i.e.approved a complex autonomous law On International Private Law (enacted as of September 1, 2005),applicable to the choice of law and civil conflicts concerning foreign law and order. This way of codifyinginternational private law is typical of the pluralist concept of private law dominating in Ukraine currently.The law materialized the idea of converging formalist and pragmatic approaches to conflict of law regulation.The case practice for the period of the applicable law since 2005 has shown its relevance and demonstratedinteresting examples of its application. Between 2010 and 2013, the law of 2005 experiencedsignificant changes, which in turn may not be considered as a reform of Ukrainian international private law.The paper concludes that currently, the Ukrainian law on international private law requires updating due tothe development of European conflict of law regulation and formation of new conflict of law approaches.

Economic efficiency of network-based solar power stations employment in private housing estates

This paper focuses on the economic efficiency issues and the peculiarities of private network-based solar power stations establishing in Ukraine. There have been determined the possibilities of “green” tariff usage. There have been calculated capitalized and current charges incurred by housing estates in case of network-based solar power stations employment, profit due to the electricity output at the solar power station, payback period upon their employment. As a result of the research conducted by the authors, they have reached a conclusion that network-based solar power stations return a profit only at sufficiently high capacity and providing their connection to the ‘green’ tariff. The maximum profits at the minimum payback period are returned by the power stations with the capacity close to the maximum, acceptable for the ones in private housing estates. It is worth mentioning that the main deterrent restraining the mass employment of solar power stations in Ukrainian private housing estates are sufficiently large initial expenses. Besides, an important factor in successful realization of projects on establishing network-based solar power stations in private housing estates is the support on behalf of the state.

Ukrainian Private Universities: Elements of Corruption

Ukrainian Private Universities: Elements of Corruption

Antitrust Damages Actions in Ukraine: Current Situation and Perspectives

The article gives an overview of Ukrainian legislation and experiences concerning antitrust damages actions. The analysis has led to a number of conclusions: private claims are rare in Ukraine due to difficulties in obtaining evidence, high legal costs, and lacking confidence in the Ukrainian court system. The paper gives examples of Ukrainian private antitrust enforcement practice and provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics of ‘compensated’ damages caused by antitrust infringements in Ukraine. The value of ‘compensated’ damages is compared to the value of the economic effect of stopping antitrust infringements, as well as to the value of the overall welfare loss deriving from market power in the national economy. Finally, some new sources of damages caused by market power are discussed considering the development perspectives of this branch of antitrust activity.

Antitrust Damages Actions in Ukraine: Current Situation and Perspectives

The article gives an overview of Ukrainian legislation and experiences concerning antitrust damages actions. The analysis has led to a number of conclusions: private claims are rare in Ukraine due to difficulties in obtaining evidence, high legal costs, and lacking confidence in the Ukrainian court system. The paper gives examples of Ukrainian private antitrust enforcement practice and provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics of ‘compensated’ damages caused by antitrust infringements in Ukraine. The value of ‘compensated’ damages is compared to the value of the economic effect of stopping antitrust infringements, as well as to the value of the overall welfare loss deriving from market power in the national economy. Finally, some new sources of damages caused by market power are discussed considering the development perspectives of this branch of antitrust activity.