Ukrainian People's Republic Research Articles

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ДИПЛОМАТИЧНОЇ МІСІЇ УНР У ЛАТВІЇ У 1920–1921 РОКІВ

Background. Ukraine and Latvia are not close neighbours and do not share a border, but despite their geographical distance, the two countries have much in common. We have strong and mutually beneficial political, military, economic and cultural ties. Today's friendly relations between our countries have a deep historical foundation, laid more than a hundred years ago, when, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Ukraine and Latvia embarked on the path of independent development. The activities of the Diplomatic Mission of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which operated in Riga in 1920-1921, were of great importance for the establishment of Ukrainian-Latvian relations. Unfortunately, historiography lacks special works on this issue, so this article relies on a wide source base - previously unknown documents of the Diplomatic Mission and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the UPR, which are now stored in the Central State Archive of the Supreme Authorities of Ukraine in Kyiv. They reveal the peculiarities of the activities of the UPR Diplomatic Mission in Latvia in 1920-1921. The choice of sources determined the thematic focus of the article, which reflects the Ukrainian view of the work of the diplomatic mission in Riga. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is based on the basic ideas of the epistemology of the historical process and the principle of historicism, which together allowed it to investigate the process of formation and activity of the Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Latvia in the relevant historical context of the 20s of the twentieth century. Results. During the short period of its activity, the Diplomatic Mission of the Ukrainian People's Republic managed to achieve impressive success in extremely difficult conditions. Its main achievements were the diplomatic recognition of Ukraine's independence by Latvia and the full participation of the Ukrainian delegation in the Fourth Conference of the Baltic States, held in the suburbs of Riga in August-September 1920. Conclusions. However, the defeat of the Ukrainian troops at the front in late November 1920 crossed out the positive expectations and actually put an end to the great geopolitical project.

Lieutenant Colonel of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic Borys Sukhoruchko-Khoslovsky: pirouettes of the fate of the hero of the liberation struggle

Lieutenant Colonel of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic Borys Sukhoruchko-Khoslovsky: pirouettes of the fate of the hero of the liberation struggle

ТРАДИЦІЇ І ЦІННОСТІ ПАРЛАМЕНТАРИЗМУ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ЗМІН

B a c k g r o u n d . Global changes that have occurred in social relations in the world and in Ukraine recently, related to the environmental crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, require the systematization of scientific knowledge about parliamentarism as a special system of public management, in which the priority role in the formation of state policy, the parliament is the only legislative body of state power. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the traditions of people's representation and the values of political and administrative leadership, political responsibility and innovative activity of the parliament as those that contribute to the democratic development of Ukraine in the conditions of global changes. Object of study is parliamentarism in conditions of global changes. M e t h o d s . A complex of general scientific and special scientific research methods was used for: formulating the main concepts and conclusions of the research (method of theoretical analysis); comparison of legislative acts (method of comparative analysis); forecasting ways to improve the quality of the activity of the parliament and parliamentarians in the conditions of global changes, taking into account the modern values of parliamentarism, such as ethical leadership and innovative activity in public administration (methods of observation, surveys, generalization). R e s u l t s . It was determined that the principles of people's representation and representative democracy are traditional for parliamentarism as a special system of public administration, on the basis of which representative bodies of state power have functioned on Ukrainian lands for many centuries, whose activity is characterized by electability and collegiality in making political and administrative decisions. Their varieties in different historical periods of the functioning and development of Ukraine (during the times of Kyivan Rus, the Lithuanian-Russian State, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Moscow State, the Cossack Republic, the Hetmanship as part of the Russian Empire, the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Ukrainian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and in modern Ukraine) and it was found that the majority of Ukrainians perceive them as a public value characterized by a higher level of legitimacy. It is noted that a special role among other representative bodies of state power is played by Councils, which are a custom (tradition) and passed from generation to generation, for which the Ukrainian people have been fighting fiercely against various interventionists at all times and now. The essence of the concept of "parliamentarism" and its structural elements, such as: institutions of the state (political and social) and institutions of democracy (election, publicity, equality before the law, distribution of power); considered the dual nature of the parliament as a state institution and an institution of democracy, which is a representative body of state power, has its own structure, forms, methods, management technologies and is responsible for creating an effective mechanism of interaction with internal structural elements and civil society. It is substantiated that in the conditions of global changes associated with the environmental crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, a full-scale war with the Russian Federation, in Ukrainian society it is important to form a system of values in public administration, based on political and managerial ethical leadership, political responsibility, innovative activity. C o n c l u s i o n s . It is substantiated that in Ukraine, in the conditions of global changes related to the environmental crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, a full-scale war with the Russian Federation, a system of values is being formed in public administration, in particular in parliamentary activity, related to political and administrative leadership, political responsibility, the innovative activity of the parliament and further development acquires a national tradition of people's representation, which contributes to the democratic progress of the state.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMAND CENTER OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN EMIGRATION

After the defeat of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917–1921, in fact the only force that was organized to continue the struggle for the revival of statehood on the Ukrainian lands occupied by the RSFSR and Poland became the Ukrainian Military Organization (until approximately 1924, the name Military Organization was used – VO) . This organization began to be formed by the command staff of the Sich Riflemen (Sichovykh strilʹtsiv) of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It is gradually being joined by veterans of UGA and public and political figures. The organizational center was concentrated in Lviv. The material basis initially became the saved funds of the Sichovykh strilʹtsiv, in parallel, financial support was established from Ukrainian emigration to the USA. The fall of 1920 – the fall of 1922 was the period of formation of the command structure, understanding between the founders, a certain even competition for dominance and promotion of their vision of the development of VO. It was difficult to establish cooperation with public and political organizations of Galicia, state centers of ZUNR and UNR. The challenge was the ideological basis. What are we fighting for in Galicia? For the revival of statehood only in Galicia or on all Ukrainian lands. The command of the VO managed to preserve the Sobornytsky principles of activity. In mid-October 1922, the killing of S. Tverdokhlib, a Ukrainian, by members of the Military Organization, for cooperating with the Polish authorities, caused a wave of arrests. In connection with this, the head of VO Yevhen Konovalets was also forced to emigrate. This became a new challenge for the organization, because it was necessary to start organizing the leadership of the Higher Education Institution on emigration and establishing funding. There was no desire to stop at what had been achieved in 1922, but on the contrary, there was a desire to continue the struggle. Financial aid from Ukrainian emigration to the USA became more and more difficult to obtain. Yevhen Konovalets applied to the leadership of ZUNR to receive emigrant funds for the struggle. He believed that VO has the right to these funds. The leadership of ZUNR agreed to allocate a part of the money received from Ukrainian emigration to the USA for VO. In 1923, Y. Petrushevich, whose activities were subsidized by the Soviet government, began to allocate a part of these funds to VO as well. This information is represented in the documents of the Soviet special services. Keywords Military organization, Yevhen Konovalets, ZUNR (WUPR), Yaroslav Chizh, Yevhen Petrushevich, Ukrainian emigration.

Society «Educational community named after Mykhailo Drahomanov in the Wetzlar Ukrainian POW camp, Germany, 1917 - early 1918) (based on the materials of the «Hromadska Dumka»)

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the activity of the «Educational Community named after Mykhailo Drahomanov» in the camp of Ukrainian prisoners of war in Wetzlar (Germany), which during 1917 achieved the greatest achievements in its activities, which was due to the general intensification of national organizational work in the Wetzlar camp after the overthrow of the Russian tsar. In their work, the enlightened people focused on two main categories - the illiterate, for whose services the People's School worked, and at the same time those who already had a certain educational qualification (including graduates of the mentioned school), who had all the opportunities to replenish the baggage of their knowledge. A notable feature of the current work of Ukrainian activists was the involvement of prisoners in political presentations, which prepared a significant number of camp inmates to accept the idea of creating an independent Ukrainian state. The credit for this belonged primarily to educators from among Galicians, who at the call of the IDF worked in the camps and managed to raise a whole cohort of Ukrainian patriots among the prisoners, who continued the work of their teachers, giving lectures in separate barracks (by conducting readings of abstracts and impromptu evenings), as well as and outside the camp (during the dispatch of prisoners to work as part of work teams). One of the significant results of this work was the formation of a distinctly national worldview in the majority of the prisoners of this camp, which made it possible for them to further join the ranks of the armed forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which, starting from the moment of the Bolshevik coup, stood up to protect Ukraine from aggressive encroachments by Moscow.

ПОЛІТИЧНІ РЕПРЕСІЇ У ПРИКОРДОННИХ РАЙОНАХ ВОЛИНІ У 1920–1930 рр.

The article investigates the reasons, forms and consequences of the political repressions in the border areas of Volyn in Soviet Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s. In the period between the First and Second World War, after the defeat in the fight for sovereignty, Ukrainian territories were divided between several countries. This created a border problem. In particular, Volyn, being under the rule of Soviet Ukraine and Poland, became an arena of struggle of the communist system, which did not abandon the idea of spreading its influence over Western Europe. The first were brutal repressions by the Bolsheviks against the peasant insurgent movement, which rose up in Volyn as well as in other regions against the policy of “war communism”. By means of ruthless extrajudicial massacres, the use of military force, hostages, and social division of the village, when the poor population was opposed to other classes, the Bolsheviks managed to suppress the peasant rebellion. However, it was only in the mid-1920s that it became possible to completely overcome “political banditry”, as the communist authorities called it. A peculiarity of the peasant insurgent movement in the Volyn region was its orientation towards the sovereignty of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A new wave of uprisings tooke place during the period of collectivization and dekulakization between 1920s and 1930s. They were classified by the authorities as "counter-revolutionary" protests. The materials of a separate folder of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, where the most secret documents were collected, testify to the complete control of the judicial system and the determination of the work of the prosecutor's office and punitive bodies. Specifically, political cases were investigated, in which insurgents, people who cooperated with Polish intelligence and saboteurs were repressed based on the materials of the special commission on political affairs created by the Politburo. This data shows that a significant part of the population opposed the Bolshevik regime. Another form of the communist regime repressions was the deportation of the disloyal population into the interior of Ukraine and the USSR. This way, the ethnic map of the region was being changed and the most loyal population was being settled instead. Moreover, this process can be considered a contribution to the creation of fortified districts in the border regions. According to the military doctrine of the Bolshevik leadership, they were supposed to become a barrier to the advance of the enemy in the inevitably upcoming war. This preparation was also enhanced by training and transferring of subversive groups and agents into the territory of neighboring Poland. Thus, the border regions of Volyn became an arena of subversive and counter-subversive struggle. Key words: political repressions, border regions, Volyn, 1920s, 1930s, separate folder of the Politburo, political cases, Olevsk.

Interesting facts from the daily life of Ukrainian emigrants in interwar Czechoslovachchyna (1921 – 1939)

The purpose of the article. This article contains information about interesting facts from the lives of Ukrainian emigrants who ended up in interwar Czechoslovachcyna in the early 1920s. Ukrainian emigrants went abroad as a result of the defeat of the national‑liberation struggle of 1917-1921. The following went abroad: former military personnel of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUPR), the Kuban People's Republic (KPR); government officials of the UPR, ZUPR, KPR; employees of foreign representative offices of the latter - diplomatic, political, economic, sanitary missions; civilians. The publication is based on the memories and memoirs of emigrants. Interesting facts from the lives of Dmytro Chyzhevsky, Andriy Makarenko, Serhii Shelukhin, Dmytro Antonovych, Trokhym Pasichnyk, Oleksandr Oles, Fedir Slyusarenko are presented among the figures of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Interesting facts from the life of Stepan Rudnytskyi and Nestor Nyzhankivskyi are presented among ZUPR figures. Hryhoriy Omelchenko is represented among the figures of the Kuban People's Republic. The research methodology involves the application of the principles of critical analysis and comparison. The scientific novelty of the research is the display of worldview and human behavior in the center of historical analysis Conclusions. This scientific research is important for three reasons. First, it is relevant not as a dry biographical reference, but as an object with which every person can identify himself. Secondly, interesting patterns of the era of the 1920s and 1930s emerge, which allow a better understanding of the era itself (scientific and technical innovations, fashion, food, music and book preferences, etc.). Thirdly, the history of Ukrainian emigration in the interwar Czechoslovak SSR contains specific life-tested recipes for survival in difficult times.

OCCUPANTS OR ALLIES: THE VIEWS OF MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS ON THE INTERVENTION OF THE CENTRAL POWERS IN UKRAINE IN 1918

The author of the article examines views of modern Ukrainian historians on the problem of deployment of Austro-German forces on the territory of Ukraine in 1918. The paper shows a comparative analysis of the points of view of Ukrainian researchers on this problem, reveals the discussion in Ukrainian historiography regarding the use of the term «occupation» in the context of the policy of the Central Power Conclusions: the use of the term «occupation» is generally recognized among Ukrainian historians. Researchers consciously and argumentatively call the actions of the Austro-German troops occupation, and any attempts to abandon this interpretation cause resistance from the scientific community and reflects the attitude of Ukrainian historians to attempts to the absence of this term. The aim of the article is to analyze the existing views of Ukrainian historians on the problem of deployment of Austro-German forces on the territory of Ukraine in 1918. At the same time, Ukrainian historiography was able to come to a comprehensive understanding of the policy of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1918, which combines both the idea of the Austro-German occupation and the idea of allied assistance from Germany and Austria-Hungary to the Ukrainian People's Republic in the fight against the Bolsheviks. It is revealed that both of these views not only do not contradict, but also complement each other. The special value of the works of R. Ya. Pirig and V. F. Soldatenko is noted. It is concluded that the synthesis of «occupation» and «allied» interpretations became the basis for the concept of «atypical occupation», which most accurately reflects the significance of the Austro-German intervention for the Ukrainian People's Republic.

UNKNOWN MANUSCRIPTS OF SOFIA RUSOVA

The article highlights the newly discovered in the Central Archives of the highest authorities of Ukraine handwritten materials, the author of which is a prominent figure of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, one of the founders of the Ukrainian national education Sofia Rusova. The materials were found in the collection of the Ministry of Education of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian Hetmanate.The revealed works are devoted to the introduction of excursions in the educational process, in particular in the study of geography ("Winter Excursions in Primary School") and in extracurricular work (draft plan of the advisor on the organization of excursions). The participation of Sofia Rusova in the development of the curriculum of the Ukrainian school in geography, her activity on the creation of the excursion department of the Department of extracurricular education and preschool education of the Ministry of Education in 1917-1919 is highlighted. The main ideas of S. Rusova on the introduction of winter excursions in primary school, their educational potential, objects for display. The ideas of S. Rusova, set out in the draft content of the guide for excursion organizers. It is determined that Sofia Rusova stood at the origins of educational tourism in the Ukrainian school and was one of the founders of the tourist and local history direction of out-of-school education in Ukraine.

Bibliographic publications on ukrainian statehood 1917–1921: through the prism of rethinking the historical past

The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the reflection of national history in bibliographic publications on state-building processes during the national liberation struggle in the Ukrainian lands of 1917–1921 years through the prism of rethinking these events by modern historians. Research methodology: during the writing of the work the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematics and comprehensiveness were applied, as well as – general methods of scientific research – analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Scientific novelty: for the first time an attempt was made to show the problems of compiling bibliographic manuals on the history of Ukrainian statehood through the prism of the main historical directions research of this problem. Conclusions. Traditional bibliographic publications with this topic are not full-fledged sources of objective information. Incomplete process of rethinking the past, uncertainty of current Ukrainian legislation on these events, lack of unity of views among Ukrainian historians on the statehood of the revolutionary era, as well as – of clearly a defined and consistent state policy of memory on this issue, negatively affected on the bibliographic work on this topic. Such bibliographic publications are often characterized by a discrepancy between their title, the titles of the sections, and the subject matter of the materials presented. The works of the authors of national-democratic directions on this issue in such manuals are in fact hidden behind the names of sections and subsections that do not correspond to them. Misrepresentation of historical events, processes, and phenomena in the names of structural units of bibliographic manuals, the existence of shortcomings of terminological and conceptual apparatus does not contribute to receiving by the readers' objective, scientifically sound information about the state-building and liberation struggles of 1917–1921, hinders the formation in the present and future generations Ukrainians of national consciousness and historical memory of the Ukrainian people. Keywords: bibliographic manuals, Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), Directory of the UPR, Ukrainian state, Russian-Ukrainian wars of 1917–1920, Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR), national liberation war.

The Polish-Ukrainian Alliance of 1920 and “White” Russia

Abstract Relations in the Polish-Ukrainian-Russian triangle have never been simple. The history of the Polish-Soviet war of 1920 is one of the illustrative moments. Although the Polish offensive against the Bolsheviks in April 1920 was tactically beneficial to Petr Vrangel's Russian Army, the Russian white emigration was largely hostile to Józef Piłsudski's Ukrainian policy. The main reason for this hostility was the project of Poland's support for the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Russian public opinion could not support either the Bolsheviks or the Poles with the Ukrainians in this war. The article examines a wide range of Russian non-Bolshevik political thought. Through the prism of Russian national identity, the article explains how a wide range of Russian anti-Bolshevik politicians and public figures, from monarchists to Mensheviks, perceived Polish policy toward Ukraine in 1920. This research is not a study of Vrangel's Ukrainian policy, although this is an important background, but rather a study of political thought and history of ideas.

Synthetic Dimensions of the Potential of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic

The article analyzes the specifics of synthetic measurements of state potential on the example of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR). The author of the study suggests that modeling the potential of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic will enable modern historiography of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1914–1923 to elucidate the morphology of state power by elucidating the nature of political power, the functioning of the state body, its strategic goals, etc. in its western Ukrainian segment. The main research models of Western scientists of the second half of the 20 – early 21th centuries are clarified on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the state’s potential, in particular in the field of international relations: Clifford Herman, Wilhelm Fucks, Ray Klein and Ahmet Davutoğlu. The potential of the WUPR is also considered on the basis of studying the models of gravity, stratification and escalation / de-escalation, which made it possible to clarify the WUPR’s place in the system of international relations and collective security of the early 20th century. It is established that the model of gravity in the case of Western Ukraine diplomacy, in particular during its emigration period, can only partially indicate a certain cultural and / or ideological influence on the balance of international relations, and the “gravitational field” of Western Ukraine was in postwar Europe. An important feature of the stratification model is the prestige of the WUPR in the international arena, which has become the only and common interest of the united Ukrainian People’s Republic. The model of escalation / de-escalation in the realities of Western Ukraine shows that this Ukrainian state and foreign policy activity in the coordinate system of contemporary international relations was located between two points – between absolute peace and absolute war – in the context of the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918–1919 for Eastern Galicia. According to the author, the most logical in relation to the imagined model of the potential of the WUPR was the escalation from the point of view of the stronger side (Poles), in particular in view of the escalation of armaments. It acted in conditions of asymmetric imbalance: the weaker side (Ukrainians) shifted the “difficulty” of escalation to ideological and moral-ideological problems.

PHILATELY AS A SPECIAL HISTORICAL DISCIPLINE (ON THE EXAMPLES PRODUCTION AND USE OF STAMPS DURING THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917–1921)

The article analyzes the philatelic traditions during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921. The emphasis is placed on the high artistic performance of changeable banknotes in the form of stamps – shahiv in the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The peculiarities of the use of Austrian postage stamps in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic are analyzed.

Україномовні видання друкарні Арона Жупника в Дрогобичі

In the intellectual space and public life of Drohobych private publishers created the city's book culture in their printing houses. The first printer in Drohobych is considered to be Aron Hersch Zhupnik, who founded the newspaper “Drohobyczer Zeitung” in 1883. Later, the Drohobych publisher continued to print products for Jews and Poles. However, he also contributed to Ukrainian-language publications. In 1887, A. Zhupnyk's printing house published the first Ukrainian-language brochure in Drohobych. Before the First World War, Zhupnyk printed a Ukrainian postcard in Drohobych. In 1911–1912 he published the first Ukrainian newspaper “Voice of Subcarpathia” (editor and publisher – Rudolf Skybinsky). During the period of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919), the Ukrainian newspaper Drohobych Leaf (edited by Ivan Kalynovych) was published in the Zhupnyk printing house. However, the founder of the printing house was no longer alive. A. Zhupnyk's printing house also published calendars, advertising posters, payment books, orders, instructions (announcements) of the WUPR County Board, various forms: birth/death certificates, IDs, invitations to dance evenings and marriage ceremonies. accounts, and contracts of sale. Chronological boundaries of these publications are 1884 – early 1930s. A. Zhupnyk's printing house operated in Drohobych chronologically for the longest time. The merits of Aron Župnik who, unlike Polish publishers, boldly and successfully published Ukrainian publications, should be considered significant.

Ukrainian Neo-Nazism: рast and present

The article gives an answer to the question why it became possible to conduct a special operation of the Armed Forces of Russia. In order to answer it, the authors return readers to the history of Ukrainian statehood and use its concrete examples to show how Nazism originated and evolved in this country. It is emphasized that the birth of Ukrainian Nazism took place 100 years ago, with the formation of the Rada (Central Council of Ukraine) in Kiev on March 17, 1917 under the leadership of one of the most prominent figures of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism, historian Professor Hrushevsky M. S. and the adoption by Armenia on June 23, 1917 of the First Universal (Constitution), in which autonomy was proclaimed unilaterally, that is, independence of Ukraine was proclaimed. It was followed by the approval on November 20, 1917, first of the III Universal, in which the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed as a federal part of Russia (white), and then — on January 22, 1918, of the IV Universal, in which the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed, although the possibility of Ukraine entering into a federal connection with Russia after the convocation was left The Constituent Assembly of Ukraine. But a special contribution to the establishment of Ukrainian national-ism was made by the hetman regime of P. Skoropadsky, which lasted from April 28 to December 14, 1918, and the regime of Simon Petlyura in 1919–1920. Since 2014, the authorities in Kiev have been building their domestic and foreign policy taking into account the sinister traditions of their predecessors.

Східне Поділля у другій половині листопада – на початку грудня 1918 р.: регіональний вимір протигетьманського повстання

The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the overthrow of the hetman's authorities and the beginning of the institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the eastern part of the Podіlska province in the second half of November – beginning of December 1918. The methodological basis of the research consists of research principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, general scientific methods: (historical and logical) and special historical methods (narrative and problem-chronological). The scientific novelty of the article is determined primarily by the formulation of the research topic and the complex use of various sources and special works on the problem, which allowed the authors to objectively approach the analysis of the overthrow of the Hetmanate and the establishment of the UPR Directory in eastern Podillya. Conclusions. At the end of November – beginning of December 1918 in the eastern part of the Podillia province was the overthrow of the Ukrainian State administration and the establishment of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Hetmanate's mistakes in domestic and foreign policy, the lack of a sufficient social base, and the weakness of the security forces made the Ukrainian government vulnerable to radical action. The leading role in overthrowing the Hetman and establishing republican power belonged to former members of the Central Council, nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia and cooperators united in local branches of the Ukrainian National Union, patriotic oriented military and the majority of the population - the peasantry. Eastern Podillya became one of the first Ukraine’s regions where the power of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic was established. It was important for its approval to eliminate the attempt of the russian white guards to gain a foothold in some counties of Podillya. Eventually, when Vinnytsia was chosen as the temporary seat of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the eastern part of Podillya became an important springboard in establishing a new Ukrainian republican government throughout the country.

Радіотелеграфний зв’язок Української Народної Республіки (УНР) 1917-1921 років як фундаментальна основа становлення суспільного радіомовлення України

The purpose of the article is to study the issues related to the unexplored period of formation of the Ukrainian national radio broadcasting. It is about the proclamation and foundation of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR)1917–1921; to prove that radiotelegraph content serves as a prototype of modern public radio broadcasting in Ukraine.The research methodology involved the use of methods belonging to two groups: scientific and practical methods –method of studying archival materials, observation and description; scientifiс theoretical methods –formalization, axiomatization, analysis and synthesis, analogy.One of the first steps of the UNR government was creation of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, which was engaged in the production of radiotelegraph content. It allowed for effective internal and external communication of the UNR government. The main form of content was numerous orders, orders, speeches, appeals, explanatory notes, which we consider a prototype of primary information messages.Results. One of the first steps of the UNR government was creation of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, which was engaged in the production of radiotelegraph content. It allowed for effective internal and external communication of the UNR government. The main form of content was numerous orders, orders, speeches, appeals, explanatory notes, which we consider the primary information messages.Given the high social significance of radiotelegraph content, its extreme relevance in a controversial historical era, prompt delivery to the audience, a balanced approach to information, there is every reason to believe that radiotelegraph communication is a precursor to modern public radio broadcasting in Ukraine.Conclusions. Radiotelegraphic content of the Ukrainian People's Republic of the period 1917–1921 became the first information product of the young country's activity. Thanks to the production of this content, the first steps in providing it have been taken domestic and foreign institutions, communities with reliable, comprehensive information about the turbulent events of the First World War and the postwar years. Dissemination of important socio-political information by radiotelegraph and radio communication was considered a strategic task of the state. Having passed a long and painful way of its formation, the radiotelegraphic content of the period of the Ukrainian People's Republic of 1917–1921 later managed to produce purely radio methods and techniques of presenting information, which could not but affect the quality and effectiveness of providing the community with important and necessary socially significant information, which is the basis for the development of public broadcasting in Ukraine. Key words: radiotelegraph, radiocommunication, radiotelegraphic content, information message, public radio broadcasting.

Organizational and legal basis of the international activities of the Ukrainian Central Council: a historical and legal study

The research is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation and genesis of the concept of foreign policy and the main stages of its implementation during the period of activity of the Central Council of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A historical and legal analysis of legal acts adopted in 1917-1918, as well as diplomatic decisions and their consequences, was carried out. The achievements and omissions of the then government in the field of international relations are characterized. The influence and significance of the activity of the young state in the international arena, the support of foreign partners and the world community in general, especially in comparison with the current situation in the country, are outlined. Taking into account the world experience of state formation, it is obvious that the situation in the international arena and the presence of support from foreign states are important for the successful formation and development of a state. From 1917 to 1921, it was external factors had a significant impact on the restoration of Ukraine's independence. Therefore, at the current stage of state formation, especially in the conditions of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine, a thorough study of the historical and legal experience of the revival of Ukrainian statehood during the time of the Ukrainian People's Republic is extremely relevant and important. Yes, some problems of the direction are considered in general works, however, the formation of Ukraine in the international arena has its own history and traditions, which requires separate consideration and analysis, which determines the relevance of this study. A deep and comprehensive study of the experience of the implementation of the foreign policy of the Ukrainian People's Republic, taking into account the situation of Ukraine in today's conditions, will make it possible to emphasize the current situation in the international arena. In addition, the study of the peculiarities of the implementation of the foreign policy of this period will make it possible to take into account the miscalculations in the formation of the foreign policy concepts of the current elites and avoid them today. The purpose of the article is to conduct a study of the impact of the situation in the international arena on the restoration of Ukraine's statehood during the period of activity of the Ukrainian People's Republic and to take into account the positive and negative consequences of the decisions made by the political elites of that time in the process of implementing the state's foreign policy. Thus, the foreign policy of Ukraine during the period of the national revolution, in particular during the activity of the Ukrainian Central Rada, is characterized by the formation of the concept and definition of the main directions of development with the aim of gaining independence. Therefore, the most significant achievement of this period is the recognition of Ukraine as a full-fledged subject of international relations and the implementation of an independent foreign policy. In addition, the foreign policy assets of the Ukrainian People's Republic, despite miscalculations and mistakes, in addition to the formation of an independent foreign policy, were the creation of the General Secretariat for International Affairs and the development of international relations with foreign countries, in particular in the search for support and assistance in the fight against Bolshevik Russia. Thus, having declared independence and received recognition in the international arena, Ukraine once again proved that it cannot exist as part of Russia and thus made a significant contribution to overcoming the widespread stereotype of "great and indivisible" Russia, which we continue to prove today.

The Foreign Policy of the UPR Directorate Through the Prism of Cooperation with the Entente

The relevance of the article lies in the need to study the topic of the peculiarities of the functioning of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and its international policy with the countries of the Entente and Europe, because in recent years access to new archival documents from the times of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1920 has opened. The purpose of the research work is to analyze the aspects of creation and management of foreign policy of the UNR Directorate, in particular V. Vinnichenko and S. Petliura, taking into account the specifics of cooperation with the Entente countries, as well as the determination of the achievements and losses of the Directorate, which influenced the creation of the Ukrainian state. Research methods were used in the work, namely: chronological, historical, and analytical methods. Ukrainian and foreign historiography was analyzed, which described aspects of the foreign policy activity of the Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic, highlighted the greatest achievements during the conduct of foreign policy and the peculiarities of the Directorate's struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people and the recognition of Ukraine as a state by Europe and the world as a whole. The results of the study are the determination of specific actions by the Directory that led to the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, namely the establishment of rights and laws for the population. It was established that the authorities did not have a specific example from the side of running the state, which explains the use of erroneous policies by the leadership, and despite all the problems created on the way to the creation of a new state, the result of such work was the formation of a clear structure of diplomacy and the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The practical significance of the results obtained in the research lies in their use to continue learning about the topic of the formation and work of the Directory, as well as the movements of national diplomacy during the creation of state entities and the creation of Ukraine. The results of the study can serve as a basis for creating analytics regarding Ukraine's foreign policy and possible prospects for cooperation with neighboring countries

Defense of Kyiv by the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic against the military of Bolshevik Russia in January-February 1919

The era of revived but lost Ukrainian statehood in 1917–1921, provides invaluable lessons and allows us to contemplate the growth of the nation. The subject of the article is one of the key military events of this era, the defense of Kyiv in January-February 1919, during the second war of bolshevik Russia against the independent Ukrainian People's Republic. The actual material on how the army of bolshevik Russia successfully used the end of World War I to restore the occupation of the UPR is systematized. After all, the allies of Ukrainian statehood in 1918 lost the world war. The enemy also took advantage of a month-long military confrontation between the Ukrainian government and the opposition. It was revealed that a month after the removal of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi and the approval of the UPR Directory, the UPR armed forces had to organize the defense of the capital from the troops of Bolshevik Russia, which were advancing from Chernihiv and Poltava. After the anti-Hetman uprising, the command of the Ukrainian army failed to form sufficiently capable, politically stable, morally responsible, and patriotic forces to effectively confront the enemy. There were cases when units of the UPR Army formed during the anti-Hetman uprising, led by local atamans, refused to carry out orders, left the front, and raised uprisings in the rear. Combat forces could only hold off the enemy for a while, but not change the situation at the front. The organization of the defense of Kyiv was carried out by the command of the Sich Riflemen Corps. Previously, one strike group of the corps supported the forces holding back the enemy's offensive near Poltava. On February 5, 1919, the troops defending Kyiv left the capital without shifting the nature of the confrontation from defense to street fighting. Keywords Sich Riflemen, Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Bolshevik troops.