Ukrainian Movement Research Articles

The Ukrainian (post)revolutionary processes:: diaspora mobilisations in the United Kingdom and Poland

This paper explores the Ukrainian diaspora mobilisation in the UK and Poland in the aftermath of the Euromaidan and the Russian aggression from the end of 2013. It examines the two referred case studies of the Ukrainian diaspora and focusses specifically on the interaction between the mobilisations of old and new diasporas, the formation of new Ukrainian “diasporic communities”, and the diaspora contribution to homeland development. The literature on social movements shows that transnational diasporic mobilisations in the UK and Poland may be seen as “extensions” of the Euromaidan social movement in Ukraine. The empirical data shows that the Ukrainian diasporic communities in both countries have united and grown stronger due to the events in Ukraine. The communities have been engaged in development activities of different forms contributing with their resources and skills to bring about social, economic, and political support in their homeland. Moreover, diasporic communities in both countries claim to be recognised by the national government as important actors. The article concludes that the Ukrainian diaspora has the desire, motive, opportunity and means to engage in transnational activities, at least for the time being, which makes it an active diaspora.

Retrospective of Competition and Festival Events and the Emergence of the Musical Olympic Movement in Ukraine in the 20s of the XX century

The purpose of the article is to carry out a scientific analysis of works aimed at studying the socio-cultural, organizational, methodological, and musical-creative aspects of the competition-festival movement, as well as individual groups of art history and historical and cultural works devoted to the creative biography and biographies of prominent figures of Ukrainian musical culture, whose initiative and organizational activities led to the emergence of the Olympic musical movement in Ukraine. The methodology consists of the use of source study and historiographic methods in the development of scientific literature, as well as historical-cultural, historical-musicological, comparative-historical, and biographical methods to determine the contribution of Ukrainian composers and outstanding musicians to the development of the competitive and musical Olympic movement in Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the implementation of a comprehensive art study of the origin and development trends of the musical Olympic movement in Ukraine. Conclusions. The paper analyzes the research and publications of authors in the field of the competition and festival movement in modern Ukraine, summarizing works on the history of Ukrainian music, which cover the mid-1920s - early 1930s, i.e. the period of the emergence and active development of the musical Olympic movement in Ukraine, the continuity of times from the origins to the revival of the All-Ukrainian Musical Olympiad is shown.

The Issues of “Europe” or “West” in the Discourse of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement

The article raises the issue of European principles in both Ukrainian literature and culture. Particular attention is paid to criticism of the interwar period and Dmitry Dontsov, the editor of The Bulletin and the ideologist of volitional nationalism. It analyses in detail critical remarks and theses by Y. Kosach concerning the “separation” of Ukrainian literature from Europe and the “gap” between humanism and the Ukrainian literary tradition caused by D. Dontsov and The Bulletin.The influence of D. Dontsov’s Eurocentric ideas on Y. Kosach’s critical literary essay “On Guard of the Nation” is identified and interpreted. It is proved that D. Dontsov’s essential principles: nationalism, idealism, voluntarism, and heroism became the basis for Y. Kosach’s essay. Based on the matching nature of the fundamental concepts of D. Dontsov and Y. Kosach in the essay “On Guard of the Nation”, it was discovered that the views of both thinkers on the specific Ukrainian quality of being European, and on the problem of Europeanism were generally identical. In the essay “On Guard of the Nation”, Y. Kosach distinguished heroism, activist psychology, and chivalry as the primordial and leading motives of Ukrainian literary works. In the report “The Crisis of Contemporary Ukrainian Literature”, the words that used to be almost sacred for Y. Kosach of Dontsov’s era – “Gothic”, “literary imperialism”, “heroic, dynamic literature”, “true Occidentalism”, “traditional Europeanism” – sounded with a great deal of sarcasm and negation.

Problems of organization and activities of guerrillas of Ukraine during the summer of 1941-1942 from the point of view of the modern western historiography

The article analyzes the peculiarities of western scientists’ coverage of the problems of organization and effectiveness of the guerrilla movement in Ukraine, which, in their opinion, had a rather complex and ambiguous phenomenon. The role of various factors that took place in the creation and leadership of the detachments, including both the factor of upper leadership of the movement, and the factor of spontaneity, has been examined. The circumstances that served as an accelerator for its expansion in 1943 have been clarified; the thesis of the "nationwide struggle against the Nazi invaders", to which western scientists have always been skeptical, has been considered from a critical point of view. There are some contradictions in the works of historians of Western Europe, the United States, Canada and other countries to the estimation of the effectiveness of guerrilla action. The authors did not ignore the typical problems associated with the attitude of Soviet leaders to the seemingly excessive independence of the guerrillas. Western historians also clarify the relationship between the guerrillas and the local community, which has not always been cloudless. In addition, they constantly emphasize the indifference of guerrilla leaders to the events of Holocaust. Moreover, as a rule, partisans of Jewish origin often felt protected from anti-Semitic manifestations only in mono-ethnic Jewish detachments. The situation of girls and women guerrillas was rather difficult; many of them were forced to become mistresses of certain captains due to the aggressive behavior of male guerrillas. It should be highlighted that the classic work of D.A. Armstrong (1922-2010), Professor of the University of Wisconsin, "Soviet guerrillas. Legend and Reality, 1941-1944” stated that by the autumn of 1942 there were almost no guerrillas in Ukraine. The exceptions were the regions of Sumy and Chernihiv; according to his estimates, even at the beginning of 1943 there were no more than 20,000 guerrillas in Ukraine. It is noteworthy that the historical department of the US Army during the Cold War was monitoring closely the Soviet publications on the activities of Soviet guerrillas. In 1965 the bibliography of books, essays, memoirs, and collections of documents on the guerrillas group in the occupied territory of the USSR, which was collected there, figured up to 227 titles. Western scientists supported the formula of the "involuntary Resistance Movement" that existed in the occupied lands not only in Ukraine. According to them, the activities of the guerrillas had more psychological and political significance than purely military one - that is, the population should have felt that they were the representatives of the Soviet government.

Кукавское восстание, август 1918 года: украинские гетманские власти, антигетманская оппозиция, австро-венгерские войска

The study of the official documentation of the Ukrainian State authorities (the Ukrainian state headed by Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskiy) and the Austro-Hungarian troops command of stationed in Ukraine makes it possible to determine the goals, nature and staff of the participants in the uprising in Kukavka (Podolia) in August 1918 and to reconstruct the sequence of events connected with this uprising.
 The uprising was organized by former executives of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It was conceived as part of a public uprising. Its programme provided for liquidation of the hetman state, restoration of the Ukrainian People's Republic, expulsion of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops supporting the hetman, destruction of large landholdings in Ukraine and distribution of landowners’ land among the peasants. Probably, following the example of the participants in the anti-government movement in Ukraine in 1768 (Koliivshchyna), the rebels of Kukavka intended to exterminate those who were considered as the oppressors of the Ukrainian people, especially the of estate owners.
 The uprising was preceded by thorough preparation. The members were well armed and had a considered plan of action. The battle groups formed in the villages consisted mainly of former military men of the Russian tsarist army, the veterans of World War I.
 On August 14, in Kukavka, the part of the combat groups united into a large detachment. In the following days, the detachment raided the territory of Mogilev, Yampolsky and Bratslav districts, absorbing the rest of the battle groups and trying to raise wide circles of population to fight.
 The plan of involving of a large number of peasants into the uprising failed. The movement did not become widespread. The total number of the participants, did not exceed three thousand people. By the end of August, the rebel army had been eliminated after a series of clashes with Austro-Hungarian military units.

Program Documents as a Source on the History of the Anarchist Movement in Ukraine in the Early 20th Century

The article considers programs and program documents as a historical source on the history of the anarchist movement in Ukraine in the early 20th century. Without a doubt, the historical conditions prevailing in Ukraine and Russia in 1903–1914 influenced the formation and nature of sources. In particular, the absence of a central body and the denial of the movement as a whole affected the core of the source base, marked by a relatively small number of party-organizational documents with particular characteristics. The all-Russian character of anarchist activity also had an impact on the nature of sources. They were distributed in Ukraine, but their contents did not contain any references to specific activities in its territory.The article provides a classification of sources, which are divided into such groups: programs and statutes, congress resolutions, party press, activists’ memoirs and observations, private correspondence. The article describes the programs and program statements of anarchists. The specifics of the program-organizational sources of anarchists are also determined. They are characterized according to the views of anarchists on the organization itself and the party leadership. Not recognizing any organization, considering any leadership a sort of violence against an individual, anarchists advocated full autonomy and independence of groups, interaction on a federal basis.The article characterizes the programs and program statements of anarchists as a historical source. The historical value of documents is determined; their specificity is defined. The research of documents establishes ideological principles, tactics of struggle, ideas about the role of some social groups in the revolution. The studied documents allow establishing the territory of anarchist activity in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century.

Volunteer health activity as a form of social formation student youth

The article describes the features of volunteer health care as a promising innovative form of social development of student youth.The authors found that the peculiarity of the volunteer movement in Ukraine is the largest group of volunteers working in the social sphere in general and the development of the health environment. In particular, are students, and the number of young people who are constantly or sporadically volunteering is constantly growing.In general, in volunteering, young people are primarily interested in the development of communication, organizational skills and abilities, as well as in the development of leadership qualities of the individual. Very often they become volunteers to form and develop their professional abilities, which will create opportunities in the future to become competitive and highly qualified specialists.Modern student youth influences all social spheres and processes in society only on their principles of altruism and the desire for change. The relevance of volunteering and its popularity among students explain, first of all, the psycho-physiological features characteristic of student age. Studying in a higher education institution coincides with the beginning of the period of maturity, which is characterized by the strengthening of conscious motives for behaviour. Such personality qualities as purposefulness, determination, endurance, persistence, principled news, independence, initiative, ability to control oneself become more stable. In the process of students' participation in the volunteer movement, these qualities have the opportunity to develop and contribute to the further professional development of future professionals, especially in the social sphere.Volunteer health care as a promising innovative form of extracurricular activities (health, correctional and recreational work, etc.) researchers, theorists and practitioners call a key component in the effective formation of health competence of student youth.Prospects for further research in this area are in particular, innovative areas of volunteering aimed at improving the quality of life, deepening solidarity between people, the realization of basic human needs to build a more just society and more.

The Euromaidan Revolution, Reforms and Decommunisation in Ukraine

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s adoption of four decommunisation laws in April 2015, their implementation and the controversy they generated. The first section analyses changes in Ukrainian memory politics prior to 2014. In 2006, the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance (Ukrainskyi Instytut Natsionalnoi Pamiat—UINP) was established but given meagre resources by President Viktor Yushchenko; pro-Russian political forces were opposed to both the Holodomor recognised as a genocide and official recognition of the Ukrainian resistance movement. The second section provides an analysis of Ukraine’s decommunisation process which was made possible by: the Euromaidan Revolution; collapse of pro-Russian political forces; election of a large pro-European parliamentary coalition; and the impact of Russian military aggression on Ukrainian attitudes to Russia and Ukrainian national identity. Together these four factors reduced opposition and energised those who supported decommunisation. In the third section we argue that six criticisms of Ukraine’s decommunisation raised by Western and Ukrainian scholars were exaggerated and misplaced.

Службові листи як джерело з історії протестантського руху на українських землях (1905–1917 рр.)

The purpose of the research is to analyze the official letters of the authorities as a source on the history of the Protestant movement in Ukraine in 1905–1917. The following scientific tasks are envisaged: source analysis of official letters, determination of types of available source information, introduction of new documents into scientific circulation and provision of their characteristics for the purpose of further scientific retrospective. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. During the writing of the article the method of system source analysis, archival heuristics, descriptive method and method of analysis and synthesis were used. The textual method made it possible to study the structure of the text, given the specificity of its presentation. The novelty of the research is the introduction into scientific circulation of new sources, determining their scientific relevance and expanding the boundaries of research in aspects of the issue. An analysis of documents revealing the peculiarities of conducting services and prayer meetings by religious communities of the Protestant movement, the rules of transition to non-Orthodox faiths and the principles of implementing political decisions on Protestants as an opposition to the government. The processed sources have a great informative potential on the government's policy towards the religious opposition, various aspects of the activities of certain areas of the Protestant movement, and the sources provide an opportunity to study in detail the phenomenon of Protestant movement popularity in Ukraine during the study period. The introduction of official letters into scientific circulation as a source for covering the history of the Protestant movement will contribute to an objective study of the peculiarities of its manifestation and the policy of the authorities. The scientific value of the article is due to the formulation and study of current sources on the history of the Protestant movement in Ukraine.

Богдан Дороцький – активіст студентського руху і меценат української культури

The purpose of the article is to clarify and systematize the facts of the life of a graduate of Lviv Polytechnic, activist of the Ukrainian student movement, public figure Bohdan-Volodymyr Dorotsky (1909 – 1945). The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism, using general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as comparative and biographical methods. The scientific novelty of the article is to make an attempt to study the biography of a graduate of Lviv Polytechnic, an active member of the Ukrainian student movement, public figure Bohdan Dorotsky against the tragic events of 30 – 40 years of the twentieth century on the basis of a critical analysis of sources and published materials. Materials from manuscript sources and periodicals revealing little-known facts from the life and work of Bohdan Dorotskiy have been introduced into the scientific circulation. Conclusions. Bohdan-Volodymyr Dorotskyi is a representative of the generation of Ukrainian figures who, in the absence of Ukrainian statehood in the 1930s and 1940s, focused their work on the development of the Ukrainian student movement and the support of culture. Both patriotic traditions of the family and studies in Ukrainian gymnasiums, participation in the Ukrainian scout movement, as well as persecution of the family by the Polish authorities had a significant influence on this area of his interests. While studying at Lviv Polytechnic, he actively worked in the governing bodies of student organizations: the student society "Osnova", the Union of Ukrainian student organizations in Poland, the Society of friends of education, the cooperative "Student Usurer". A special mission of Bohdan Dorotsky was his participation in the publication of the official magazine UUSOP - "Student Way", as well as books of young poets. Bohdan Dorotsky's active work attracted the attention of Polish, Soviet and German security agencies. He was arrested several times by the Polish authorities. Tragically died in 1945 having been killed by members of the Polish nationalist organization.

УЧАСТЬ ВІЙСЬКОВИКІВ-УКРАЇНЦІВ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ АРМІЇ В МАСОВИХ РЕВОЛЮЦІЙНИХ ПОДІЯХ У КИЄВІ (БЕРЕЗЕНЬ 1917 р.)

The article examines the unfolding of the revolutionary events in Kyiv in March 1917. The participation of Ukrainian combatants in mass revolutionary events is considered in the context of the emergence of the Ukrainian military movement in the Russian army. Military Ukrainians were active organizers and participants in demonstrations, assemblies and meetings held in the city at the beginning of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921. The influence of military participation in mass events on the formation of their national identity is analyzed. The actions promoted the idea of the national-territorial autonomy of Ukraine among the military. It is determined that gaining national-territorial autonomy of Ukraine was one of the main demands at the meetings. The result of the mass events was the creation of governing bodies by the Ukrainian military movement, which led to its greater organization and determination. Ukrainians began to form national military units under the influence of mass events. In March 1917 the creation of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment began. The issues of forming a military unit were constantly discussed by Ukrainians at their meetings. They tried to involve the Kyiv Military. District Command in mass events and hoped for its help. Attention is drawn to the influence of the Polish military on the emergence of the Ukrainian military movement. It is concluded that the participation of the Ukrainian military in mass events in Kyiv gave impetus to the deployment of the Ukrainian military movement at the front and in the rear of the Russian army.

Establishment and development of peace and youth peace movement in Ukraine

Establishment and development of peace and youth peace movement in Ukraine

НАГРУДНІ ЗНАКИ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ТОВАРИСТВА ЧЕРВОНОГО ХРЕСТА У 1930–1940 РОКАХ

The article examines the circumstances of the formation of the military-defense Red Cross movement in Ukraine and the various forms of encouragement and distinctions of society in 1930–1940. Historiographical and source analysis shows that the scientific problem has not been the subject of a special comprehensive study. There is also a powerful source base, based on archival documents, which provides a systematic study of the history of the Red Cross in 1930–1940. However, they demand a critical attitude, because the Soviet bureaucracy, manipulating the facts, adjusted the existing situation according to the political model. The source base, which is based on documentary materials of Ukrainian and Russian archives, as well as on numerous documentary publications, allows to comprehensively cover the diverse work of the Red Cross. In addition, this study uses materials from the stock collection of the National Museum of History of Ukraine, which has a unique collection of faleristics. Thanks to the collected badges of the Soviet Red Cross, it is possible to study the history of the society and trace the peculiarities of this period. It has been proven that the totalitarian regime brutally controlled all aspects of public life. The military orientation of the Red Cross in the USSR on the eve of World War II was a natural result of internal and external processes. In order to encourage and involve more people in the sanitary and defense work, the Executive Committee of URCS and RC introduced various awards. However, they failed to improve the implementation of mobilization plans in the 1930s. This organization depended entirely on the will of party officials and was viewed through the prism of party-state ideology. In the difficult conditions of wartime, when the army and the rear were acutely short of medical personnel, the Red Cross Society played an important role in attracting the masses to sanitary work.

Еко-націоналізм, Асоціація «Зелений Світ» і шлях до незалежності України наприкінці 1980-х – на початку 1990-х рр.

Introduction. The problem of social activism in the Ukrainian SSR after the Chernobyl disaster is widely studied by researchers. American researcher J. Dawson developed the theory of eco-nationalism in the late 1990s, according to which a specific movement emerged in the “nuclear” Soviet republics – eco-nationalism that combined ecological and national movements. She contends, however, that the two movements existed in parallel and their degree of convergence depended on the local context. Novelty. Although there are a number of studies on specific aspects of this theory, they are fragmented and the situation in the Ukrainian USSR has not been the subject of deep research. The purpose of the article is to investigate the social activism in Ukraine in the late 1980s - early 1990s taking the example of the Ukrainian environmental association «Green World». Methods. The study is based on an analysis of the original documents of the KGB and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the memoirs of members of the association. Results. The Chernobyl accident was a catalyst for the general public’s dissatisfaction with the Soviet government’s policies in many areas. First of all, it led to the emergence of the anti-nuclear movement, which we identify with the environmental one. Important role in the emergence of environmental movement in Ukraine played creative intellectuals - writers who at the same time represented the ideas of cultural nationalism. The accident radically changed their views on nuclear energy and sparked a public debate on its prospects in the republic. At the initiative of the Union of Writers of Ukraine, the “Green World” Association was established. During 1987-1989, it started activities, hold many protests, adopted the program and strategy. “Green World” has become a leader of the environmental movement and an umbrella to unite disparate environmental informal groups. Conclusions. Although the association’s official documents do not contain slogans of obvious nationalist orientation and it has chosen an ecological niche for its activities, we have found a number of facts that allow us to claim that it supported many nationalist actions and demanded expansion of the Ukrainian ethnic group’s sovereignty in the USSR. Thus, it contributed to the spread of the eco-nationalism ideology and the shaking of the foundations of the USSR, which led to Ukraine’s independence in 1991.

ДО СТОРІЧЧЯ ЗАСНУВАННЯ УАПЦ У М. КИЄВІ: ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ВІДРОДЖЕННЯ ЦЕРКВИ (1917–1921 рр.)

The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) was officially established in 1921, at the First All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Sobor in Kyiv. The highest church hierarchy was also designated while laying conceptual and canonic foundations of the church. The restoration of the independence of the Ukrainian Orthodoxy became possible thanks to the transformational processes in society during the Ukrainian Revolution, which brought about the people’s struggle for political and cultural independence. The center of the autocephalous movement was the city of Kyiv, where the first national Orthodox parishes were created and from where clergymen were sent to create local church communities. It was in Kyiv that important councils were held and the top church leadership was concentrated. The city also hosted the main UAOC cathedral. The article analyzes the internal political situation in Ukraine and in Kyiv during 1917–1921, characterizes the influence of the religious policy of the Ukrainian and Bolshevik governments on the formation of the UAOC. The paper reveals the role of public, cultural figures and Orthodox laypeople of the city of Kyiv in the development of the autocephalous movement in Ukraine. The author claims that due to the revolutionary time’s political instability, the process of restoring the church independence was slowed down, and efforts on the behalf of national church leaders had only partially successful results. At the same time, many years of attempts to restore the church’s autonomy contributed to the revival of national discourse and allowed the ideological and organizational structure of the church to be clearly defined. At the First All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Sobor, the autocephaly of the UAOC was proclaimed, and Vasyl Lypkivsky was ordained Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine. The Sobor adopted the church canons, which were fixed in a document entitled «The Acts of the All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Sobor in the city of Kyiv, 14–30 October 1921» According to the «Acts», the UAOC introduced Ukrainization and reformation of internal church life, consolidated the transition from the «episcopal-autocratic» structure of the church to the «church-conciliar» one, conferred the role of the UAOC governing body to the All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Council (Rada), and so on. The Sobor was crucial for the implementation of all the changes made by church leaders and officially consolidated the status of the church as a separate institution.

PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE POLICY BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL HUBS 4.0

Purpose. The aim of the article is determining the state of innovative processes in Ukraine and the EU, studying the best practices of the EU on the implementation of the principles of Industry 4.0 for enterprises with the involvement of scientists and support at the state level. Methodology of research. The following methods were used in the study in order to achieve this goal, namely: an abstract and logical method in study the essence of categories and concepts in the field of Industry 4.0; comparative and economic – in the analysis of domestic and world experience in the introduction of innovative products on the basis of Industry 4.0; statistical analysis and generalization – to process an array of statistical and empirical data and formulate the relevant conclusions of the study. Findings. An analysis of the best European practices aimed at the development of Industry 4.0 was carried out. The projects directed on improvement of the state and regional policies directly, their popularization and informing of a society and the projects directed on introduction (transfer) of technologies of Industry 4.0 directly to the enterprises are considered. Some tools of realization of their principles in Ukraine are resulted, their low efficiency is defined. Positive changes in the domestic legislation aimed at improving the process of innovation and digitalization of production are presented: adoption on July 21, 2021 by the Cabinet of Ministers of Resolution No. 750 to promote the implementation of the technological approach “Industry 4.0” in Ukraine. The resolution provides state financial support for the movement of Industry 4.0 in Ukraine through the creation of Centres 4.0, which will search for projects aimed at digitalization of production, further examination of selected projects and their acceleration and technology transfer. Originality. The practical and methodological principles of supporting the Industry 4.0 movement in Ukraine are substantiated, recommendations for ensuring the innovative development of Ukrainian industry are provided. Practical value. It is proposed in accordance with the Resolution to create working structures - 4.0 centres on the basis of infrastructure of higher education institutions, research institutions, etc., which with state support will carry out further examination of innovative projects and their acceleration and register them in parallel (enter the network) as digital hubs (DIH) on the European Smart Specialization Platform. This combination will expand the Centres’ capacity to attract European grants for Ukrainian SMEs to implement technologies related to Industry 4.0 and will enable Ukrainian innovation specialists to gain experience and support from representatives of developed European digital hubs. Key words: innovations; technology transfer; Industry 4.0; digitalization; hub; Centre 4.0.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEM OF THE ANTI-JEWISH POGROM MOVEMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE IN 1917–1921

The state of the research of the problem of Jewish massacre on the territory of Ukraine during the National Liberation Struggle of 1917–1921 is analyzed. This issue is extremely difficult to study because it is caused by a set of historical stereotypes, socio-economic contradictions and antagonisms. That is why it must be considered in the context of difficult objective circumstances that developed in one of the most critical periods of Ukrainian history. The aim of the article is to analyze and systematize the historiography of the problem of the anti-Jewish pogrom movement on the territory of Ukraine in 1917–1921. It is necessary to study the scientific works deal with the causes and preconditions of the Jewish massacres in Ukraine, their consequences and forces involved in the massacre movement, the main rule-making and institutional measures taken by government agencies to ensure the right to life. Analysis of the source base of the study showed a growing interest of scientists in studying the outlined problem. It is represented by a significant number of works, mostly articles, which to a greater or lesser extent reveal a number of aspects of this complex phenomenon.  The attitude of the Ukrainian authorities to the Jewish massacres was negative. Thay made attempts to fight this evil by all available means, in particular by providing rule-making and institutional support for the problem, the use of military force and the introduction of various punishments, including the death penalty, for rioters, providing material assistance to victims, and so on. The effectiveness of such actions, although determined by the difficult conditions of wartime and anarchy, still provided positive results. The main conclusion of the analysis of the outlined tragic events is the realization that all national conflicts that arise between peoples, their groups or individuals must be resolved through negotiations and mutual compromises. Taking to concideration to this, only the formation of an effective concept of state ethnopolitics will ensure a harmonious combination of the interests of the titular nation and the non-ethnic population. Prospects for further research of the problem of the anti-Jewish massacre  movement in Ukraine in 1917–1921 are that they should be analyzed from the point of view of today. After all, both then and now Russia seeks to influence Ukraine in various ways, using large-scale misinformation, outright lies, falsification of facts, and defamation of Ukrainian statehood before the world.

ЄВРЕЙСЬКІ ПОГРОМИ КІНЦЯ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ. У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ

The article analyzes modern tendencies in Ukrainian historiography of XIX – and early XX century Jewish pogroms. General works on the history of Ukraine, special works devoted to anti-Jewish violence, and the study of the similar problems, that has been published in the last two decades, are considered. The general context of works, their sources, previous researches influence, conclusions of which the authors came, etc. are analyzed. Reading the intelligence on the pogroms, we can see, that the pogroms were largely the result of modernization, internal migration, the relocation to Ukraine of workers from the Russian provinces of the Romanov Empire and so on. Pogroms are also viewed in the context of social and revolutionary movements. That is, the violence, according to researchers, led to the emergence of Zionism. Also, Jews were actively involved to the left movement, while falling victim to extreme Russian nationalists and chauvinists - the Black Hundreds. We have special works dedicated to the pogroms of the first and second waves, which, however, are not so many. Their authors find out the causes and consequences of the pogroms, the significance of violence for the Jewish community and Ukrainian-Jewish relations, the attitude of the authorities and society to these acts of violence, and so on. Some Ukrainian historians research the problem of pogroms on various issues. Among them are works on the history of Jews from different regions of Ukraine, communities of individual cities, Ukraine as a whole; the history of the Ukrainian peasantry, the monarchical and Black Hundred movement in Ukraine, the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, migration processes in Ukrainian lands, the formation of modern nations, the life and work of prominent figures and more. The authors conduct full-fledged research using a wide source base, including archival materials, which, however, are often factual in nature. This is a disadvantage, because historians are "captured" by the sources on which they rely. We also have conceptual research that refers to a broad historiography of the problem, including foreign. These works often draw the reader's attention to a broader - the imperial, modernization or migration context. It is important, that researchers see actors of Ukrainian history in the Jewish population. Because of this, they are much less interested in the future of the Jews who left the Ukrainian lands than in the researchers of Jewish history.

БОРОТЬБА РЕПРЕСИВНО-КАРАЛЬНИХ ОРГАНІВ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ З УКРАЇНСЬКИМ ПОВСТАНСЬКИМ РУХОМ (1945 - СЕРЕДИНА 1950-Х РР.)

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the struggle of the repressive and punitive bodies of the Soviet state against the Ukrainian insurgent movement in the first post war decade. After the end of World War II, Ukrainian insurgents continued their armed struggle against the Soviet totalitarian regime. But punitive actions by the Soviet regime did not stop the insurgents. Simultaneously with the communist election campaign, the Ukrainian armed underground distributed its leaflets, carried out attacks by agitation and propaganda groups, and polling stations. One of the most insidious methods used by the punitive and repressive authorities of the Soviet state was the creation and operation of special groups that operated under the guise of UPA units or OUN Security Service militants. New forms of struggle also provided for operations by small shunting units of the MGB against specific insurgent formations, or individual underground activists, primarily district, district and regional OUN leaders, whose location was identified by the agency or special groups. In general, the repressive authorities chieved some results. The Soviet government gave a significant place in the fight against the OUN-UPA to fighter battalions from the local population, the formation of which began in 1944, and special groups that included former insurgents. The government's hopes for the rapid and complete destruction of the liberation movement did not materialize, as it enjoyed the support of the population and, in turn, chose the optimal model of functioning in the relevant period. That is why the repressive and punitive apparatus changed its own tasks during the struggle against Ukrainian nationalists. These changes gave the Soviet security forces the opportunity, acting in small groups, with accurate intelligence data, to cover a larger area and eliminate the remaining nationalists. In the mid-1950s, the Soviet state was able to destroy the main centers of the Ukrainian insurgent movement and establish a totalitarian regime throughout Ukraine.

Украинская «Чёрная сотня»? Концепция К.К. Федевича как попытка «украинизации» Союза русского народа

Historian K.K. Fedevich, author of the book For Faith, Tsar and Kobzar. The Little Russian Monarchists and Ukrainian National Movement (1905–1917) put forward a revisionist concept whereby the Little Russian monarchists and the black-hundredists (primarily, the Pochaev Division of the Union of the Russian People) were the right wing of the Ukrainian national movement. In an effort to prove his theory, Fedevich focuses on the “Ukrainian national terminology” and “Ukrainian discourse” in the black-hundredists’ newspapers, misrepresenting the historical-political and social-economic analysis of such specific phenomen as the Volhynian Black Hundred. His thesis that after 1917 many Little Russian black-hundredists joined the Ukrainian camp is correct; however, its substantiation does not stand up to scrutiny. Fedevich thinks that the reason to this transfer was the “Ukrainian” campaign of the Black-Hundred. The author of the article argues that the “Ukrainization” of former mebers of the Union of the Russian People was based on the desire of peasants to get land, and thus qualifies the Little Russian Black Hundred as a radical peasant movement akin to social movements of the Middle Ages. Furthermore, the article brings forward materials about the participation of the former black-hundredists in the Ukrainian movement during the Civil War and pogroms in 1919 as well as focuses on Fedevich’s glaring errors. The author concludes that in spite of a number of interesting findings, Fedevich’s concept is of tendentious nature.