Ukrainian History Research Articles

The Struggle of Ukrainian Women for the Right to Higher Education: Historical and Philosophical Receptions of Liudmyla Smoliar

Abstract The article examines the conceptualization of the struggle of Ukrainian women for the right to higher education by the Ukrainian historian Liudmyla Smoliar. In the book The Past for the Sake of the Future, she analyzed this topic in a socio-political and cultural context. The researcher noted that under the influence of the social movement of the early 1860s, women were allowed to study at the universities of Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odesa. Achievements and victories of the pioneers of this field were interspersed with obstacles and new prohibitions. Economic dependence on parents, and then on husbands, outdated legal norms, and political discrimination forced women to look for ways of self-realization. Summarizing the circumstances in which women had to assert their right to education, the researcher concluded that women gradually achieved convincing success, overcoming numerous obstacles at each stage of the arduous struggle for their rights to higher education.

Ukrainian identity in the images and symbols of Olena Kulchytska’s graphic works

This article introduces the graphic work of Olena Kulchytska (1877–1967) within the cross-cultural context of Austro-Hungary and the Russian Empire pre-1914, where she received her training. Kulchytska is at once an internationalist and European artist and indebted to regional religious practice and local folkloric motifs. She practised her craft designing ex-libris bookplates, an important genre in Ukraine. The article then analyses the iconography of Kulchytska’s graphic works on military themes, emphasizing their significance in the context of Ukrainian identity. The parallels between the horrors she depicted and events from Ukrainian history (from the Early Middle Ages to the second half of the twentieth century) are identified, and the quite timeless character of most of the images and symbols is demonstrated. The practical significance of this study lies in its emphasis on the war theme in modern art, especially in the conditions of the current war in Ukraine.

Sentyivskyi Shantse as a component of the defensive structures of New Serbia: Historical and archaeological aspects

The relevance of the research topic is manifested in the context of the unique geopolitical position of Potyasmynia and the broader region of the “Zadniprovian lands” of the Hetmanate and New Serbia in the mid- to late 18th century. This period was characterised by acute political and military transformations, which led to intensive construction of fortifications, including the Sentyi Shantse. Considering the importance of understanding the historical context and significance of defensive structures in this region, the study of the Sentyi Shantse becomes an essential element in unravelling historical events and processes. The aim of the study is a comprehensive elucidation of the historical significance of the Sentyi Shantse, the stages of its historical existence and fate, relying on the use of historiography, cartography, and archaeology data. In addition to general scientific methods, the authors employed special-historical methods, namely: chronological, historical-typological, and cartographic methods, which allowed for balanced and well-founded research results. The research included a historiographic analysis of scientific works, identifying the specificity and differences in the vectors of shantse research in scientific sources from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century and contemporary history. The predominance of the goals of historical anthropology was established. The specificity of the two main periods of studying the Sentyi Shantse in the system of defensive structures of Potyasmynia in the mid- to late 18th century was determined and characterised. Six chronological stages in the history of the shantse were identified and characterised. The results of its archaeological research were introduced into scientific circulation and analysed. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of applying the research results in the study and writing of works on local history topics, in the preparation of lectures on regional and Ukrainian history, as well as in their use in highlighting the history of the region in museum activities

Ukrainian art studies of the 20th century: ways of development and main problems of research.

It has been investigated that Ukrainian art history in its historical development has followed a path characteristic of European artistic thought. The tasks faced by Ukrainian art history at the beginning of the 20th century are considered. During 1905–1917, art history in Ukraine acquired signs of structure, the directions of research were quite clearly defined. Based on the analysis of art studies of the 1920s, it was determined that they are characterized by a combination of clear retrospective vision, methodically correct handling of iconographic sources. The fact that the problem of national peculiarities of Ukrainian art history, its origins, driving factors, and priorities is of fundamental importance has been revealed. The article states that the Soviet totalitarian regime initiated a new stage of the «state» approach to the development of national inversions of science, literature and, in particular, art history. It was found out that specific conclusions regarding the national style were removed from many works of domestic art researchers by censorship. The need to organize and harmonize with the national historical concept of chronology and periodization of Ukrainian art history remains an equally urgent task. In this regard, the publication is supplemented with tables with a chronology of cultural events and publications of art-historical publications. It was found that Ukrainian art history actively developed in the context of the general national revival. With the beginning of totalitarian repressions and the liquidation of literary and artistic associations in the Ukrainian SSR (1932), the development process moved to western Ukrainian lands, primarily to Lviv. It was noted that in the post-war period, after well-known socio-political and socio-cultural changes, art history, art criticism, as well as artistic creativity throughout the territory of Ukraine, were united under one ideological slogan of socialist realism. It is emphasized that an important role in this difficult period was played by Ukrainian figures of culture, science and art of the diaspora. It is revealed that Ukrainian art history of the second half of the 20th century developed in difficult socio-political and cultural conditions. It has been found that the second half of the 20th century, marked by the repeated "revival" of the socialist realist method, nevertheless proved the continuity of the development of the national concept in the field of art history. A new stage logically began during the years of independent Ukraine. It is highlighted that the national concept of the historical development of Ukrainian culture and art has become the leading one in the domestic humanitarian field. It is important that the revival of Ukrainian art criticism has begun.

MYTHOLOGICAL INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE CYCLE "LEGENDS OF OLD KYIV" BY NATALENA KOROLEVA

The article reveals that in the literary reception of Natalena Koroleva, there is a predominance of researches dedicated to religious-philosophical issues, the interpretation of evangelical themes. The analysis of her particular protagonist is of homo religious character. The writer's interest in historiosophical themes is driven by the aesthetics of neo-romanticism and neoclassicism, lyrical-impressionistic storytelling and a desire for the heroic and the sublime things. When delineating the intertextuality of the writer's works, literary scholars primarily focus on the Gospel intertext, while somewhat less attention is given to the analysis of mythological intertextuality that is realized in "The Legends of Old Kyiv." It has been revealed that in her cycle, the writer has recreated various ideological systems. They move by different means towards one goal such as faith in the spiritual power of humanity. It has been established that the narratives of Herodotus' history are skillfully interwoven in the author's legends incorporating ancient Greek mythologems. As mythological prototypes, the writer utilizes plots involving Zeus and Apollo/Phoebus. In the literary realm of "The Scythian Treasure" legends, Zeus is portrayed as the primordial ancestor because the human lineage along the banks of the Dnieper River traces its origins to Targiotas, the son of Zeus and Lartis, the daughter of Borysthenes. In the legend of "Melusine," he appears as the one who determines the fate of humanity. The chronotope of Natalia Koroleva's legends is imbued with "traces" of Apollo. It is depicted that in the "Scythian Treasure" and "On Delos," the effect of the god's presence is achieved through literary details being his attribute characteristics: bow and arrows, swan, discus throwing, the art of prophecy. The Apollo context in the legend "On Delos" is complemented by "The Borysthenian code" (Lada, Dadzy-Bog, Yar-Bog, Khors) in the writer's work. It is noted that while describing the presence of other peoples in the history of Ukraine, the writer focused on the history of Kyivan Rus allowing her to incorporate Scandinavian codes into the cycle of texts ("Swan Gild Princess," "Stuhna"). Owing to her mythological thinking, Natalena Koroleva managed to achieve a symbiosis of different cultures and demonstrate the resilience of Ukrainian identity.

Economic initiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine in the context of the study of periodicals .

The subject of researchis: economic initiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine through the prism of studying periodicals. The purpose of the scientific articleis to investigate the economic initiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine through the prism of studying the periodicals of 1991-1994. Research methods. All components of the research are based on the main principles – sientificity, historicism, objectivity, systematicity, development, the priority of concrete truth, pluralism, as well asmethods of learning socio-economic processes of social development-analysis, synthesis, problem-chronological, comparative-analytical, archeographical, content-analysis,retrospective, statistical,system andintegrated approach. Work methodology. In the process of researching the specified issues, we took as a basis the main provisions: the history of Ukraine, economic history and the history of economic thought, the work of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners in the specified field, Fund of the Presidents of Ukraine (iinterview, speeches of the President of Ukraine L.M. Kravchuk in front of domestic and foreign mass media), materials of the information service of the President of Ukraine, etc. Work results. In the context of the mentioned problems, we investigatedeconomic initiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine through the prism of studying periodicals. Field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the field of studying the problems of economic history and the history of economic thought, the history of the development of the national economy, and the history of Ukraine. Conclusions. So, researchof the economic initiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine through the prism of studying the periodicals of 1991-1994 gives reason to assert that Leonid Makarovych quite clearly understood what the economic course of a young independent state should socially oriented market economy, which proclaims the diversity and equality of all forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production, establishes the rights of the state to conduct its own economic policy, create its own budget, tax and banking system, monetary unit, labor market, valuable papers, as well asassistance to foreign investors, in particular, foreign business entities should have equal rights with domestic entrepreneurs, including property rights, reinvestment and repatriation of the corresponding share of profit with preferential taxation. Along with constant willingness to develop various ties with Western partners, priority and vital importance for L. M. Kravchuk remained all forms and directions of economic cooperation with sovereign republics. It should be noted that the outlined issues remain open because of the researchinitiatives of the first President of independent Ukraine, will provide an opportunity to follow the peculiarities of the formation and development of the institution of the presidency, as well as its influence on state-building processes, including economic ones.

Professor O.F. Kistiakiwsky: reconception of the layers of Ukrainian history (for the 190th anniversary)

The article analyzes the life and scientific biography of the prominent Ukrainian criminologist, professor of the University of St. Volodymyr Oleksandr Fedorovych Kistiakiwsky (1833–1885), through the prism of the genealogy of his family, which gave the world a remarkable scientific dynasty, and the restoration of those scientific and political contexts in which his academic activity took place. The author searches for the position of the scientist’s biography on a broader map of world scientific development, demonstrates the consonance and dissonance of his views with important methodological crossroads of legal science, highlights the parallels between his scientific worldview and modern scientific concepts.Among the significant ideas of the scientific researches of professor O.F. Kistiakiwsky the author calls his attention to the embryology of law – conscientious work with the materials of customary law and, thanks to this, the ability to have a broader vision of the sources of criminal law; operationalization of historical and comparative methods in criminal law in such a way as to find «general criminal law», «general principles of justice in the diversity of law of all times and peoples» – ideas, consistent with the internationalization of modern criminal law and universalist trends in its development; successful integration of dogmatic and sociological study of criminal law phenomena with the aim of qualitative expansion of heuristic horizons; the constant humanistic focus of his scientific research and its powerful influence on the development of criminal law theory and practice.The author’s research is proposed an interesting hypothesis concerning the genealogy of O.F. Kistiakiwsky and based on ego-documents related to the history of everyday life and attention to micro-history, which makes it possible to rethink some layers of macro-history and to evaluate certain interpretations of it in a new way. Carried out at the junction of the comparison of family narratives of the father and great-granddaughter of Oleksandr Fedorovych Kistiakiwsky, the author’s investigation offers a bold version of the connection of the Kistiakiwsky genealogy with the figure of Oleksandr Bezborodko, a representative of the Ukrainian Cossack nobility, prince and chancellor of the Russian Empire, and offers further researchers new paths for academic searches and insights.

Artur Orlyonov's work in the context of the development of modern historical battle painting

The purpose of the article is to examine the creative work of the artist Artur Orlionov in the context of the development of contemporary historical and battle painting, focusing on the themes and series of works, general techniques and methods of artistic representation. The research methodology consists in the application of general scientific and special research methods, in particular, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalisation and abstraction, rerview and analysis, description and comparison, which helped to analyse the works of A. Orlionov. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the work of the contemporary Kyiv artist A. Orlionov became the subject of a scientific study, within which the generalisation and a brief systematisation of the thematic focus of artistic works were carried out, as well as the historical and artistic dominants of the works, stylistic features of the construction were determined. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that A. Orlionov belongs to the generation of contemporary artists of the historical and battle genre, representing the Kyiv school of painting. His creative work reflects a significant chronological range of Ukrainian history, starting with Kyivan Rus, the Ukrainian Middle Ages, the Cossack era, the Liberation Movement and the modern period. According to the plot and number of works, they can be combined into separate series. In terms of the plot, A. Orlionov's works include depictions of battle scenes, thematic paintings of historical significance, portraits of outstanding figures of Ukrainian history. A. Orlionov's work belongs to modern examples of Ukrainian historical and battle painting, which, based on the study of numerous sources and facts, contains the author's understanding and interpretation of important historical events and figures of different periods of Ukrainian history. Key words: historical and battle painting, Kyiv school of painting, artist Artur Orlionov, National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture, composition, stylistic dominants, battles, historical figures, history of Ukraine.

EDUCATIONAL TRAVELS AS A PHENOMENON OF THE EARLY MODERN AGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF STORIES OF EDUCATION ABROAD OF THE DESCENDANTS OF POLISH NOBLY FAMILIES OF THE RIGHT BANK OF UKRAINE IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES)

The article highlights one of the newest forms of education in the mentioned period in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, namely educational journeys. These journeys became an important part of the educational program for the noble youth. Peregrination did not involve studying in a specific educational institution. The journey often took place parallel to institutional education or even without it. Besides knowledge, these journeys expanded cognitive horizons, social capital was accumulated, and contacts with representatives of the European elite were established. It is noteworthy that this expensive event contributed to preparing the nobles for future political careers.
 The educational component of life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the XVI-XVIII centuries, which included some Ukrainian lands, had its own hierarchy. Its first degree was home education. Gradually, parents and the younger generation began to get used to the idea of upcoming separation. After the young nobleman began to attend an educational institution (the nearest geographically Jesuit collegium, taking into account the confessional peculiarity of the territory), the family mentally prepared for a new step – a trip to Europe to get education and acquire practical skills.
 The author also noted that the most extensive academic travels are represented in parental instructions. As a result, it became possible to present certain peculiarities of European society's development. It is mentioned that this issue is scarcely covered in Ukrainian history of pedagogy. Instead, it has attracted and continues to attract lively interest among Polish researchers.

MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: GOVERNMENT OR OPPOSITION?

MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: GOVERNMENT OR OPPOSITION?

Topografia ukraińskiej pamięci historycznej po 1991 r.

UKRAINIAN HISTORICAL MEMORY AFTER 1991: A RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCE This article attempts to systematise the strategies of constructing Ukrainian historical memory during the 30 years of independent Ukraine. The focus is not only on the official policy of remembrance (or lack thereof ), but also on how the memory of historical events reaches the wider public through the media or culture and literature. The research describes the role of (micro)narratives of witnesses to history and subsequent generations growing up in the shadow of the post-colonial and post-totalitarian legacy in the formation of the national memory in post-1991 Ukraine.

Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society in the Study of Archaeological Heritage

The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the role of Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society (1865-1920) in the study of archaeological heritage and to determine its significance in the overall heritage of its scientific achievements.
 Scientific novelty. After studying the documentary sources it has been found out that during its activities Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society evolved from an amateur group into a true center of historical research in Podillia, and archeology became one of the main components that secured the Society recognition and authority in scientific circles at the end of the 19th century – early 20th century.
 Conclusions. In order to write the history of Podillia with pro-Russian ideological content, a group of priests and local intellectuals at Podillia Theological Seminary was organized and got the name of the Committee for Historical and Statistical Description of Podillia Eparchy. Over the years, the Committee had grown into a full-fledged center for studying the history of Podillia, called Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society, whose work had acquired scientific features, and the areas of research and their content had gone far beyond the tasks set by the ruling elite.
 The high level of organization and results of research in the field of archeology ensured the Society to be recognized in the academic world at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. And such achievements as the collecting and well-argued systematization of the collection of archaeological objects, as well as the system of the compiled Archaeological Map of Podillia, are patterns that retain their relevance and meaning to this day. Such a high assessment of the results of the Society’s activities was given by authoritative Ukrainian historians of that time, such as V. Antonovych, D. Doroshenko, I. Krypiakevych, and O. Ohloblyn.
 From the experience of the Society, it follows that the main condition and reason for its progressive evolution was the very content of Ukrainian history, the objective study of which naturally formed individual national self-awareness and fostered patriotism.

CIVIL IDENTITY OF A PERSONALITY: URGENCY OF FORMATION AND DETECTION IN MODERN UKRAINE

The article analyzes features of personality’s civic identity through awareness of relevance of its formation and detection in modern Ukraine. The following methods were used to conduct the research: analysis and generalization of pedagogical and methodical sources in order to identify the range of issues that require scientific and methodical study; methods of comparative analysis, interpretation and generalization of facts; comparative and analytical methods to analyze formation of personality’s civil identity; system analysis for development of ways of forming personality’s civil identity in modern Ukraine. The concepts of "identity", "personal civil identity", "national identity as a component of citizenship", "state identity", "civil and social competences" are characterized. It is noted that civil identity of a personality is related to a person's sense of belonging to a certain state, the signs of which are considered to be presence of citizenship, high level of trust in authorities, fellow citizens, respect, pride for one's own state, patriotism. It is emphasized that the very concept of democracy is inseparably connected with the concept of "civic identity" in the sense that democratic processes in the state, as a rule, depend on the citizens' informed and active civil position. It was found that the markers of civil identity are language (promote Ukrainian the status of the state language, its mandatory use in official sphere, in educational system and mass media activities), state symbols (anthem, flag, coat of arms of Ukraine), calendar of holidays (which honor important events in the history of Ukraine, its outstanding people. Important role of the educational subject "Civil education" in formation of civil competence, which we consider the basis for further formation of personality’s civil identity based on it, has been determined. Fullness of civil competence in the content of 9 branches of education was analyzed, the content was specified through skills and attitudes. Possibilities of educational subjects in formation of civil competence of schoolchildren were represented. Key words: identity, civil identity of a personality, national identity as a component of civil identity of a person, state identity, civil and social compences.

Hlukhiv People Amature Chamber Choir of Sacred Music creativity as a component of Hlukhiv region’s culture (the end of 20th – early 21st century): art reflections

Statement of the problem. The 20th century in the history of Ukraine was marked by the harsh policy of the USSR authorities in relation to religion and national self-identity. Aiming to destroy everything sacred for Ukrainians and transform them into an universal faceless nation, the government achieved the opposite result. Against a background unsuitable for revival, sprouts of spirituality and “Ukrainianness” appeared as a counter-response to the totalitarian radicalism of the government. Recent research and publications. We established that the Hlukhiv phenomenon was revealed in the works of O. Vasiuta (1998), H. Lokoshchenko (1990), L. Horenko (2006), V. Ivanova (1997), M. Kyianovska (2000), L. Kornii & B. Siuta (2011), K. Maiburova (1971), M. Yurchenko (2001). The purpose of these publications is to study the origins of the development of professional Ukrainian music and its integration into the world music space. The publications addressed the activities of the Chamber Choir were appeared in local periodical press, in particular the newspapers “Hluhiv region”, “Day”, “Courier”, “People Tribune”, “Week”, “Panorama”, and others; they have narrative character without analytical science approach and adopted to usual unprofessional readers. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of this article is a coverage of the creative activity of the Hlukhiv People Amateur Chamber Choir of Sacred Music. For this, source studies, scientific, historical, and analytical research methods were used, as well as generalization and systematization of information about the activities of the creative team. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the analysis and systematization of the Choir’s repertoire, in highlighting of its history and aesthetical principles directed its progress, in presentation of social and cultural context of the time, and revealing of significance the choir collective’s activity for actualization of Ukrainian national spiritual heritage. Research results and conclusion. The choral culture of Hlukhiv is a bright page of the centuries-old history of developing the Ukrainian choral singing. Its traditions were revived at Hlukhiv region in the 20th century through the activities of the Sacred Music Chamber Choir. The main vectors of the group’s creativity are highlighted: promotion of the Ukrainian-language repertoire, performance of works by countrymen composers M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, preservation of the canonical traditions of choral singing, and performance of sacred music. These areas of activity make it possible to identify the team’s creative work as an important component of the national Ukrainian culture. Regardless of historical and political obstacles, the choir’s activities achieved their goals: the performance of outstanding countrymen’s music gained popularity and found its continuation in the repertoire of the Choir department of the Hlukhiv School of Arts; classical and sacred choral music became part of the repertoire of city concerts; due to successful concerts and tours of the Choir as well as the active promotion work of its leader Kateryna Kobzar, the people of Hlukhiv got the opportunity to hear the performances of famous Ukrainian musicians, the guests of the city.

“History of Ukrainian Сulture” as a research field and academic discipline: suggestions for solving pressing problems

“History of Ukrainian Сulture” as a research field and academic discipline: suggestions for solving pressing problems

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LOCAL STUDIES PRINCIPLE OF STUDYING GEOGRAPHY BY MEANS OF EDUCATIONAL EXCURSIONS

The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of the local studies principle of learning as a local one in students' assimilation of the content of geographical education and to show the possibilities of educational excursions in the formation of their geographical competences.
 The article analyzes the process of the formation of the local lore principle in the study of geography in publications of scientific-geographical and didactic content. The contribution of a number of scientists to the development of modern geographic local history is outlined. The role of Ya. Zhupanskyi and V. Krul in the formation of national local history in Ukraine is highlighted. The position of S. Rusova regarding the important role of the regional studies principle in the educational process is indicated. After L. Chubrei with the co-authors, we state that "The principle of regional studies involves the systematic establishment of connections between the study of geography and the knowledge that students acquire as a result of direct study of the region. Mandatory use of acquired regional knowledge in education is the main purpose of educational regional studies."
 The model programs for the study of geography were analyzed. They show the importance of educational excursions. It was established that in the program of S. P. Zapotocki, educational excursions occupy a higher priority position, especially in the 8th - 9th grades, which makes it possible to implement the principle of regional studies in education and instill in children love for their region, and then for the Motherland. The list of excursion topics in the school geography course program (S.P. Zapotocki, etc.) is highlighted. Examples of locations for excursions are offered on the following topics: "School excursion to a geological monument of one's region", "Excursion to a region with a natural landscape. Acquaintance with nearby forest/steppe landscapes, description of their condition", "Excursion to the national (local) natural park".
 It is substantiated that excursions into nature involve not only familiarization with objects or phenomena and processes occurring in it, but also the identification of relationships between individual components of nature on the one hand, and between nature and the economic and cultural activities of the population on the other. They contribute to the development of schoolchildren's observation, imagination, visual thinking, purposeful perception, the formation of a caring attitude towards nature and are a form and means of environmental education. It was established that the educational excursion is complex in terms of methodology and organization. It requires thorough preparation of the teacher and students.
 Preparing a teacher to conduct an educational excursion into nature includes: 1) formulating the purpose and objectives of the excursion; 2) choosing a route, getting familiar with it in the area, studying the nature of the tour area and its attractions; 3) determination of objects of observation, number and placement of stops during the excursion, content and methods of working with students at each stop; 4) determination of the general task and individual and group tasks for students; 5) development of safety instructions, recommendations for equipment, group and individual equipment of tour participants.
 It was established that Ternopil region is rich in attractive tourist attractions in general and geological ones in particular. Thus, there are more than 90 geological monuments of nature in Ternopil region. The largest concentration of interesting geological objects is confined to Transnistria in the south and to the structural-denudation escarpment of Podillia in the north. Excursions to caves will obviously be the most interesting for students. Verteba near the village of Verteba is an excursion destination within Ternopil region. Bilche Zolote and Krystaleva (Krystalna) in the village Crooked Mlynky, Ugryn, and Optimistichna are also used for orienteering, but the expediency of involving the latter in educational excursions is highly questionable.
 A number of examples of single-theme and multi-theme educational excursions on the territory of Ternopil region have been developed. The main focus is on excursions to geological monuments. An excursion to the Kristalna and Verteba caves is offered, as well as to the exposure of Cretaceous rocks in the village of Monastery The possibilities of educational excursions to the national natural park "Kremenetsk Mountains" and to the Chervone tract have been revealed. The contents of a one-day hiking route in the territory of Podilskyi Tovtry are proposed, with an introduction to the geological structure of the outcrops and the floristic features of rock-steppe areas.
 The itineraries of educational excursions proposed by us can be used by geography teachers of Ternopil and neighboring regions.
 We consider the development of methodological recommendations and the selection of educational locations for conducting all educational excursions provided by model programs to be promising directions for further research.
 Keywords: geographic competence, local lore principle, educational excursion, tourist trip, geosite, exposure.

ONYMS WITH THE ROOT КРАС- (КРАСН-): IN SEARCH OF IDENTITY AND TRADITION

The article studies onyms with the root крас- (красн-), based on the Lexical Indexes of Ukrainian Historical Dictionaries stored in the Ukrainian Language Department of the I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the NAS of Ukraine, and in published lexicons such as "Dictionary of Old Ukrainian Language of the ХІV–ХV Centuries" (Kyiv, 1977–1978), "Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" edited by Ye. Tymchenko (Kharkiv, Kyiv, 1930, Vol. 1), and "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of ХVІ – the First Half of ХVІІ Century" (Lviv, 1994–2017, Iss. 1–17).
 In the first place, such onomastic classes have been analyzed: anthroponyms, toponyms, in particular, oikonyms, microtoponyms, hydronyms, and microhydronyms, which are commonly found in business documents all over Ukraine and beyond (Greece, Romania). A rich anthroponymic vocabulary is stated in the Lviv Stauropegion Brotherhood's documents.
 Much attention is given to the structure and word formation of these names. As been noted, in historical sources of the investigated period, single-component anthroponyms prevail, while toponymic names are mostly two-component. Complex formations are observed in such onomastic classes as anthroponyms and oikonyms, in which the first component is an attribute with the root крас- (красн-), and the second is an appellativus. One of the productive constructions of the toponymic system of the time is the "adjective + noun" model, which demonstrates one of the ways of Ukrainian onyms emergence.
 Moreover, a rich palette is revealed by microtoponymic names (names of fields, woods, groves, meadows, tracts, mountains, lands, etc.), in which the motivating features are the "color of the landscape" and "beauty" – "the quality of something beautiful".
 Additionally, the article at most illustrates the usage of the investigated names in written sources of ХІV-ХVІІІ centuries.
 Eventually, the study pays attention to the functioning of names with the root крас- (красн-) nowadays. As investigated, such names show traditionality and originality in developing Ukrainian onomastic heritage.

Історична політика Російської православної церкви щодо України як складова неоімперської геополітики Росії

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main historical narratives of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), to fi nd out the interpretations of Ukrainian history as the ideological basis of Russian geopolitics of the integration of the post-Soviet space and the incorporation of Ukraine, to show the use of the historical policy of the ROC as an argument for the legitimization of the war against Ukraine. Th e methodological foundation of the research is the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematicity, and comprehensiveness. The methods of analysis and synthesis as well as problem-chronological, historical-genetic, and historical- comparative methods have been used. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that, for the fi rst time, the article examines the problem of the Russian Orthodox Church’s use of historical policy to form an ideological basis for the implementation of the neo-imperial geopolitical doctrine of the absorption of Ukraine by Russia. Conclusions. Th e ideologues of the original “Russian civilization” and “Russian world” are used as the theoretical foundation of Russian foreign policy towards Ukraine and as a rationale for the current geopolitical confrontation with the Western world. Th e historical policy of the Russian Orthodox Church is based on the promotion of the interconnected concepts of “Holy Rus”, “historical Rus”, and “historical Russia”, which imply the large civilizational space of the “Russian world”, of which Ukraine is an integral part. Th e importance of Ukraine in the historiosophical constructions of the Russian Orthodox Church is determined by the fact that the origins of Russian Orthodox spirituality and statehood are connected with the territory of modern Ukraine. Therefore, together with the Kremlin, the Russian Orthodox Church implements the neo-imperial geopolitical project of “the Russkiy Mir (“the Russian World”), aimed at restoring the Russian superpower and integrating the post-So- viet space”. Its ideological foundation is the historical-religious concept of “Holy Russia”, which implies the absorption of Ukraine by Russia. The claims of the Russian Orthodox Church about the entry of Ukraine into “historical Rus” and, accordingly, into “historical Russia”, the statements about one people, one faith, and a common state, insisting on the canonicality of the Russian Orthodox Church over the terri- tory of Ukraine – all these are the basis of the justifi cation that denies the separate identity of Ukrainians, the legitimacy of the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the right to the existence of the Ukrainian state and gives reasons to assert that the common past determines the common future. These arguments have become the rationale for Russian geopolitical expan- sion and aggression against Ukraine.

UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS IN THE INTERWAR POLAND: PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

The purpose of the article is to comprehensively investigate the forms and directions of international activity of Ukrainian historians of interwar Poland based on the analysis of various historiographical literature. The research methodology relies on the use of an interdisciplinary approach. Based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, the research has d the structural-functional systematic analysis of historiographical facts and the comparative-historical method. The article has used the heuristic possibilities of periodisation, classification and typology methods. The scientific novelty of the article consists in an attempt to comprehensively reconstruct the participation of Ukrainian historians of interwar Poland in international scientific cooperation. Conclusions. Despite the generally repressive cultural policies of the Polish government, Ukrainian historians in the Second Polish Republic generally adapted well to the difficult political and financial circumstances. Giving a proper response to numerous socio-political and cultural challenges, they managed to preserve the traditions formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Mainly traditions of international scientific cooperation and, despite constant financial problems, Ukrainian free socio-humanitarianism in foreign forums. In terms of institutions, international scientific cooperation was most actively established by the members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw. This cultural activity gained special national importance in the 1930s of the 20th century, when Ukrainian socio-humanitarianism was subjected to devastating repression under the Soviet occupation. In general, in the conditions of stateless existence at the time, the international scientific cooperation developed by Ukrainian historians in the Second Polish Republic was a kind of cultural diplomacy, realizing the important task of establishing the political subjectivity of Ukrainians.

The vision of regional history in the Soviet textbooks of the socio-humanitarian block in 1920-1930

The article examines the peculiarities of forming the vision of regional history, which was presented in the textbooks of the socio-humanitarian block of the 1920s-1930s. The historiography of the issue is analyzed. Examining the vision of regional history in Soviet textbooks, the author touched on the problem of the Soviet school system functioning in general and the history lesson in particular. The main textbooks of the specified period, which are representative of the presented issues were also analyzed, because they concern secondary general schools, that is, those children who were the basis of the school education system. The article reveals the spatial vision presented in the work of M. Yavorsky "A Brief History of Ukraine" – the main textbook of that period. Among the regions distinguished by the Soviet information policy were: Ukraine as part of the USSR; Naddniprianshchyna with the main city Kyiv, Galicia, Volyn and Zakarpattya (Transcarpathia). Also, the peculiarity of the vision of regional history, which was formed at the beginning of the next decade, is revealed. It consisted in shifting the vector from the west to the eastern spaces – Russian lands. Kyiv as a regional center receded into the background, giving way to St. Petersburg and Moscow. The specified vision deepened even more at the end of the 1930s. Textbooks of that period almost did not describe Ukrainian lands, dividing them into two artificial regions, "Eastern and Western" Ukraine. Instead, the regional vision spread to Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Caucasus.