Ukrainian Historiography Research Articles

Визнання Голодомору геноцидом українського народу країнами Латинської Америки

The issue of recognizing the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian people is one of the priority directions in the cultural and humanitarian cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. As of November 2023, only 7 out of 33 Latin American countries have recognized the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people at the parliamentary level. These are Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Chile (Chamber of Deputies), Colombia (Chamber of Representatives), Paraguay (Senate) and Brazil (Senate). Both chambers of the National Assembly of Argentina adopted only declarations commemorating the victims. In Ukrainian historiography, despite the presence publications dedicated to the study of the problem of recognizing the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian nation by the international community, there is still a lack of research that would study this issue precisely at the level of individual countries or regions. One of the most understudied areas is the recognition of the Holodomor as genocide by Latin American countries. In the article, based on a number of Spanish- and Portuguese-language documentary sources, an attempt was made to analyze the peculiarities of recognition of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide by Latin American countries. The research examines the key factors that influenced the process of Latin American countries recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide of the Ukrainian people. Certain aspects of the procedure for approving relevant documents in different countries of the region are given. The role and contribution of the Ukrainian communities of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil in the popularization of the Holodomor topic, its comprehensive discussion and political recognition of this crime are shown. The impact of the level of interstate dialogue between Ukraine and the countries of the region, as well as the activities of Ukrainian diplomatic representatives aimed at condemning the crime of genocide, is reflected. In article author analyze the impact of cooperation of the Russian Federation with certain countries of the region on the recognition of the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people. In the case of Uruguay and Brazil, the activities of Russian diplomats aimed at opposing this achievement were noted. Keywords: Recognition of Holodomor as genocide, Latin America, Ukrainian diaspora, Ukrainian diplomacy.

Канібалізм у Дніпропетровській області під час Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. (за матеріалами кримінальних справ ГДА МВС України)

The topic of cannibalism has not gained popularity in Ukrainian historiography today. Such a situation has developed due to high triggering, psychologically and morally painful components of the problem and the specifics of working with it. At the same time, its study is highly important for highlighting the consequences of the Holodomor for the Ukrainian people. Isolated expressions of cannibalism were known in steppe regions of Ukraine during the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923. During the Holodomor, this phenomenon gained mass and spread to the entire territory of the USSR. As before, it also arose based on artificially created socio-economic conditions of life. Long-lasting starvation led to a mental breakdown with subsequent destruction of the established prohibitions of the starving’s behavior and became one of the uncharacteristic ways of adaptation. People were driven to despair and lost their dignity. The study covers the territory of the Dnipropetrovsk region during the Holodomor. The reproduced dynamics of cannibalism (significant increase) coincides with the escalation and worsening of famine in the spring-summer of 1933 in the region. The localization of places of concentration of cannibalism has a high probability of the most catastrophic food situation in the western part of the region. The highest number of cases of cannibalism are in the Dolynskyi, Novoprazskyi, Oleksandriyskyi, Pavlogradskyi, Petrikivskyi, and Pyatikhatskyi regions. There are 72 known cases of cannibalism in the Dnepropetrovsk region. By gender, 64 women and 29 men were involved in criminal cases. Individual crimes significantly dominate group crimes (in a ratio of 56 to 16, respectively). Most cases of cannibalism occurred within the family or were related to relatives. It was determined that the main group of victims were children (61 cases). The biggest percentage was for own children. Victims are also those children who were complicit in murder and cannibalism but, after the conviction of their parents, remained with “such an experience” in society. Society reacted aggressively to cases of cannibalism - the local population often executed cannibals. Calls and actions against cannibals forced the authorities to intervene and intercept the initiative to solve the problem legally. During the first open cases, the culprits were sentenced to death through fusillade. We see this as an attempt to stop cannibalism as a phenomenon. In total, 17 people were sentenced to death for cannibalism in the Dnipropetrovsk region. Secrecy of criminal cases against cannibals and the transfer of documents for consideration to the State Political Administration authorities shows that the communist regime did not expect the scale of the problem and an attempt to hide such cases from society. The authorities skillfully transferred their blame for driving people to despair and cannibalism onto the “socially hostile element”. Manifestations of cannibalism on the ground were used to continue the polarization of the village, further maraud rhetoric, further entrenchment of postulates of communism, and promotion of agricultural tasks. Criminal cases against cannibals were opened in the local area, in the regional area, they were reviewed and brought forward, and the remainder were confirmed in Kharkiv. In addition to execution, cannibals were sentenced to 10 years in a concentration camp - 70 people. There were also sentences of 5 years of exile, sending to the correctional facility, dismissal for health reasons, or acquittal. At the same time, witnesses of the Holodomor in the Dnipropetrovsk region mentioned a much larger number of cannibalism cases. The absence of criminal cases indicates the likely loss or deliberate destruction of such documents by the communists. In general, criminal cases with accusations of cannibalism and corpse-eating are one of the understudied specific sources of information for the formation of a martyrology of genocide victims - both the killed and the killers. At the same time, the cases contain diverse information of the auxiliary or initial level of research on the regional specifics of the course and consequences of the Holodomor, everyday realities, and factors that led to cases of cannibalism. Keywords: Holodomor, cannibalism, carrion-eating, SPA (State Political Administration), criminal cases, Dnipropetrovsk region.

THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN ALLIANCE OF 1920 IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article is devoted to the study of the development and main trends of modern Ukrainian historiography of the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance of 1920. The source base of the study are monographs, articles, and dissertations of Ukrainian historians in the period from 1991 to 2022. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, which can be generally characterized as a contextualist method of interpretation, which places the main emphasis on historical conditions and the intellectual context of the discourse of a given historical era. These principles are especially relevant for the mentioned issue given its political sensitivity, which has not disappeared to this day. As a result, the political context at the time of the creation of the text can significantly influence the research questions and interpretations of the researchers. The author notes that since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991, Ukrainian scholars have rejected the Soviet paradigm of the history of the Polish-Soviet war and have largely adopted the interpretive schemes of emigration historiography. In this narrative, in contrast to the Soviet one, S. Petliura, when signing the agreement with Poland, was guided by Ukrainian national interests. However, Ukraine became a hostage to the selfish interests of Poland, which eventually betrayed its ally. However, as the author proves, the interpretive model that depicts the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance as the resultant force of Polish and Ukrainian interests and resources is beginning to dominate Ukrainian historiography. The aspect of uniting for the common struggle against Bolshevism began to come to the fore. A significant role in this process is played by the possibility of contacts between Ukrainian historians and Polish colleagues, the essential filling of many factual gaps and, not least, the geopolitical situation of Ukraine.

GREEK SHIPPING ON THE BLACK AND AZOV SEAS AT THE TURN OF THE 40s - 50s OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE AUSTRIAN CONSULAR REPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN PRESS)

The article aims to examine the participation of the Greek merchant fleet in the navigation of the Black and Azov Seas in the mid-nineteenth century on the basis of a complex of Austrian sources that has been little studied in Ukrainian historiography. The latter included published reports from Austrian consular offices in Odesa, Berdiansk, Mariupol, Trebizond, and Galați. Materials from the Austrian press of the time are also used, primarily from the Austrian Ministry of Commerce's “Austria” newspaper, which was published as a daily newspaper from 1849 to 1856 and as a weekly from 1856. During the period under review, the Greek fleet was in a leading position in shipping in the Black and Azov Seas, successfully competing with the Austrian, British and Italian fleets. The success of the Greek merchant fleet was due, among other things, to the fact that seafaring was an ancient Greek craft, and in Ottoman times they were able to maintain the continuity of experience and tradition. In addition, this was facilitated by the developed network of Greek trading houses, which were widely represented in the main area of their fleet's navigation, in the Mediterranean Sea, especially its eastern part, and in the Black and Azov Seas. Therefore, the radical political and economic changes in the Black and Azov Seas regions did not take them and the Italians by surprise, and they were the first to take advantage of the rapid development of trade and transport traffic there. And despite increased competition in the mid-nineteenth century from the Austrians and the British, the Greeks continued to hold top positions in the shipping of the Black and Azov Seas. Moreover, unlike the Sardinians, they were gradually involved in long-distance voyages beyond Gibraltar, mainly to Great Britain. At the same time, the challenges for the traditionally sailing Greek merchant fleet from the emergence of steamship lines on the Black Sea were outlined. The first indicators were the activities of some of the Greeks' main competitors, the Austrians, in the Danube ports and on the Bulgarian coast, and the British, Austrians and Turks in the Anatolian ports.

Реакція населення Поділля на «вдосконалене» самообкладання: 1928 рік

The paper analyzes the moods and attitudes of the rural population of Podillia in 1928, which were caused by the Bolshevik regime’s intensified offensive against private ownership in the villages and aimed at its elimination. This policy was part of Stalin's “revolution from above," with self-imposed taxation becoming one of its important components. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, employing both general scientific and specialized research methods: the problem-chronological, historical-comparative methods, and critical analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is defined by the authors' interest in a topic that has been insufficiently researched in Ukrainian historiography: the reaction of the rural population of Podillia to the initial measures of the Bolshevik occupation regime, which sought to eliminate private ownership in Ukrainian villages and impose collective farming by enforcing inflated self-taxation plans. Conclusions. The year 1928 marked an intensification of the struggle between Ukrainian peasants and the Bolshevik regime, which, in pursuit of the “socialist restructuring” of the village, deliberately brought peasant farms to ruins by increasing financial pressure through the method of “improved” self-taxation. This led to widespread discontent, which was mostly manifested in peasants’ protestations, refusals to vote for the self-taxation rates imposed by the authorities, etc. and threatened to escalate into violent resistance.

The image of Dmytro Vyshnevetsky in Ukrainian historiography

The image of Dmytro Vyshnevetsky in Ukrainian historiography has followed the changes in history as an academic discipline. At the time when the Cossack myth was created, historians’ romantic views of the Cossack past resulted in an image of the prince as a noble knight, the Cossack father-hetman, and the founder of the first Zaporozhian Sich. Once positivism made its way to historiography, the activities of the prince were subjected to a more critical analysis, and historians began to question his role of the founder of the first Sich. However, it was not denied that the fortress built by the prince could have served as a prototype for the Cossack Sich. During the Soviet era, three currents in Ukrainian historiography emerged: Soviet, Galician from the Interwar period, and foreign. An ideological confrontation took place between Soviet and foreign historiography, in relation to the assessment of the prince’s activities and the view of the Cossacks. In the 1990s, censorship was liftem and Ukrainian historians gained access to archives. This resulted in a large number of works on the Cossacks. Again, just like 70 years before, there was a need for the emergence of national awareness (based on the Cossack myth), so in addition to purely academic investigations with a critical attitude towards the work of the predecessors and the involvement of new source material, amateur researchers produced a number of works. By the mid-1990s, the prince had been somewhat idealized in Ukrainian history which stemmed from a search for heroic figures among representatives of the Ukrainian elite in the young Ukrainian state. Since the early 2000s, Ukrainian researchers have been trying to assess Dmytro Vyshnevetsky’s activities in a pan-European context, relying on newly available sources, particularly abroad.

Рецепція «Історії України-Руси» Михайла Грушевського в сучасній українській історіографії

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the process of understanding M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in modern Ukrainian historiography. The research methodology involves the use of the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematicity, as well as general scientific and special-historical methods typical for historiographical research. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the little-known problem of the reception of M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in the historiography of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. Conclusions. The article has concluded that the research of M. Hrushevskyi's main work has acquired unprecedented intensity during the last three decades. This was facilitated by wider-scale publishing work - the mass reprinting of the original and English-language versions of "History of Ukraine-Rus" made it available to a wide range of readers and researchers. As a result, numerous different-format studies of individual problems and nuances of the grand narrative (historiosophical, methodological, problem-thematic, etc.) as well as attempts to understand it holistically in the context of the progress of Ukrainian studies at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 21st centuries appeared. These studies convincingly showed "History of Ukraine-Rus" as the most significant historical work for Ukrainian historiography, which metaphorically established the title of "historical passport of the Ukrainian people". At the same time, the mentioned intensity of research reflection makes it possible to outline further historiographical perspectives. Thus, the work on the contextualization of the historiographical ideas and problems of the multivolume work is far from finished. For example, a special elucidation of the specifics of the establishment of the Sobornist ideology on its pages seems to be promising. However, the most important task seems to be the need to synthesize current studies on individual parts of the "History of Ukraine-Rus" and prepare a general work on this monument, which should appear as a collective interdisciplinary project.

The participation of Red Army soldiers in the providing of complete collectivization in Podillia

The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of archival sources, general and special literature, to shed light on the participation of Red Army soldiers in the providing of complete collectivization in Podillya. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism using both general scientific and special research methods: problem-chronological, historical-comparative, critical analysis method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the disclosure of an insufficiently studied problem in Ukrainian historiography, designed to clarify the role and place of the Red Army in the establishment of the Bolshevik totalitarian regime in the Podilsk village. Conclusions. The Red Army, from the moment of its creation, was considered by the Bolsheviks as one of the institutions of the implementation of the communist regime. Being 2/3 peasant in terms of social composition, it was to become a school of political education and cultural enlightenment in the spirit of communist ideas for former peasant owners. The strengthening of such work is observed at the end of the 1920s, when the regime's attempt to resume the "military-communist assault" ran into desperate resistance from the peasantry and became a threat to the existence of the communist government. From that time, the Bolshevik leadership not only set specific tasks for the Red Army, but also tried to systematically control the political and moral attitudes of the Red Army. One of the important directions of the work of military units was to assist the authorities in the process of socialization of one-person peasant farms. In the conditions of complete collectivization, the army was entrusted with tasks not only of an educational and propaganda nature, but also of direct participation in the collectivization of the village. In particular, the military units stationed in Podilla were involved in: training personnel for collective farm construction; taking over the villages that were transitioning to complete collectivization; sending groups of Red Army soldiers to collective farms to perform specific tasks; admission to collectives by whole divisions; organization of special Red Army collective farms. By carrying out extensive educational and propaganda work, applying methods of ensuring military discipline and practicing selective repression among the commanding and rank-and-file staff, the Bolshevik authorities managed not only to overcome oppositional sentiments in the army, but also to turn it into an obedient tool of the communist dictatorship.

«Зворотній курс» у політиці США щодо Японії 1947-1952 рр.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the evolution of the foreign policy course of the USA in relation to post-war Japan and to show the economic, political, and strategic achievements of the "Reverse Course". The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness and multi-vectority, objectivity and systematicity. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that Ukrainian historiography on the issue of the history of post-war Japan is extremely small and has a number of white spots, in particular, on the issue of cooperation between the Japanese government and the American military administration. Conclusions. American policy in Japan proves that yesterday's enemy can become a potential partner and, even more so, an ally in the future. Having paid a bloody price for the victory, the USA began radical reforms in Japan, which were aimed, at least in the first period of occupation, at the demilitarization and deindustrialization of yesterday's enemy. However, practice has shown that building a strong and structural economy, liberalizing and democratizing political processes work much more effectively. After the end of the Korean War, Japan's economy started to grow steadily and very soon led to the famous "economic miracle." Modern Japan is a successful democratic state that ranks among the top five in terms of GDP and other economic indicators and is a pioneer in the latest technologies and science. The example of Japan, in our opinion, is indicative and proves that a country that has survived a devastating war with terrible losses can recover if deep and comprehensive reforms are carried out in all social, political, cultural, and economic spheres.

The State of Research on the Font Poster in Scientific Discourse

The purpose of the research. This article is a review and aims to examine the state of research on the problem of the modern font poster in the works of Ukrainian scholars. The research methods are based on the principles of historicism and general scientific generalisation, and include the use of source, art historical and comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the processed material introduction from the scientific research field into the scientific circulation of one of the important areas of graphic design – the font poster. It is proposed to consider the font poster as a means of communication with visualisation tools in the formation of ecological culture in the modern world. Conclusions. The process of researching the topic of the modern font poster in the scientific discourse allowed us to identify several thematic areas in the developments of scientists that should be considered in the context of a broader connection in the graphic practice of today, namely: 1) communicative and advertising properties of the poster; 2) font design as a special form of social consciousness expression; 3) the font poster contradictions and development. As a result of the study, we conclude that today there is a shortage of thorough fundamental research on the font poster. Despite the large number of scientific studies of various areas of graphic design, including poster graphics of the early twenty-first century, presented in Ukrainian historiography, only a small number of works deal with the design of font posters and their features. Also, the topic of the international font poster development is not fully reflected in scientific research. The situation is even more critical with the study of the modern font poster, which, apart from a few articles, has received little substantial attention in the Ukrainian research literature. A separate gap is the environmental font poster. Thus, the state of the font poster research reveals the need for a comprehensive study and determination of its modern specificity.

Prvá svetová vojna a Ukrajina : transnacionálna perspektíva

The article deals with the prospects of research of history of Ukraine throughout the years of the First World War from the perspective of transnational aspect. This educational approach has been a dominant one in Western historical study nowadays. However, in Ukrainian historiography, it has not received such popularity and influence yet. The author tries to demonstrate research prospects of usage of several scientific achievements of Western historians, depicting the connection with Ukraine in the First World War. In particular, this is the Ukrainian issue in international relations in 1914–1918, the history of Ukrainian cities during the First World War, the refugees from Ukrainian lands, violence during the War period 1914–1918, propaganda. On the one hand, these particular stories and plots from the War time show us the need of additional educational investigations done by Ukrainian historians. On the other hand, they convincingly demonstrate the value of Ukrainian narrative of the Great War, that significantly complements transnational history of this global confrontation since the beginning of the last century. Moreover, it outlines the potential perspective of a large-scale scientific project, namely – the rethinking of Eastern European history of the First World War, where the scientists from European countries would be involved.

Наукова творчість професора Сергія Копилова: віхи, напрями досліджень, надбання (До 60-річчя від дня народження)

The article aims to clarify the formation of Professor Serhii Kopylov's personality as a talented scientist, his multifaceted scientific work, and its significance in Ukrainian historiography in the study of the problems of historiography, source studies, biography, philocarty, and local history. The methodological basis of the study consists of the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematicity, and comprehensiveness, as well as the ideas of the schools of Annals, New Social History, and the genius of A.D. Toynbee. The research methods used include the following: comparative-historical analysis, logical analysis, prospective analysis, chronological analysis, narrative analysis, scientific source criticism, periodization, and actualization. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt, made for the first time in historiography, to analyze the main areas of the scientist's research and, on this basis, to reconstruct a comprehensive picture of his scientific work and to determine its scientific value. Conclusions. The analysis of Serhii Kopylov's work has given grounds to distinguish the following four stages: Stage 1 (1963-1985) - the genesis of the personality traits of an intellectual from childhood to the end of his studies at the Faculty of History of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and his first steps in the field of historical research. His thesis became his first notable success in student research: it won first place in competitions of student research papers in the fields of history and later humanities, for which he was awarded a gold medal in 1986 by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR; the formation of professional skills characterized the 2nd period (1985-1997). This period was characterized by the formation of professional competencies of a historian-scientist (completion of postgraduate studies, defense of the PhD thesis at the end of 1988) and refocusing scientific interests from the study of Bulgarian studies to the problems of Ukrainian Slavic studies. The 3rd period (1998-2006) was marked by an intensive process of developing the talent of a researcher-analyst and improving his professional qualities, thus transforming into a well-known Ukrainian scholar of Slavic studies, as evidenced by the publication of dozens of articles, the monograph "Problems of the History of Slavic Peoples in the Historical Thought of Ukraine" (2005), and the defense of his doctoral dissertation "Ukrainian Historical Slavic Studies of Modern Times: Origins and Stages of Development" (2006); the 4th period (2007-2023) was marked by the flourishing of scientific creativity, which was based on the study of biography, history, source and local history, and philology. Serhii Kopylov's scientific achievements include more than 330 publications, including five monographs and eleven manuals and textbooks. His study made it possible, firstly, to recreate the integrity of the picture of the jubilee's scientific work, which is an organic combination of various objects of research; secondly, to identify its main directions, in which the author was able to achieve the most significant results: Ukrainian historical Slavic studies of modern times, biography, historiography, source studies, local history, and philocarty; thirdly, to reveal the decisive role in the development of methodological foundations of scientific creativity of the irrevocable break with the postulates of Soviet/Russian methodology that took place in the second half of the 90s XX century - the first half of the zero years of the XXI century.

Театральна діяльність на Буковині в умовах Другої світової війни (1941-1944 рр.)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the conditions of theater activities in Bukovyna during the German-Soviet war, based on the available sources and existing developments of theater history researchers. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, system and the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, problem-chronological, biographical, historical-genetic ones. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the state of theatre activities during World War II, specifically the period of the German-Soviet campaign in 1941-1944, of the Romanian theater in Bukovyna was comprehensively analyzed. Conclusions. Thus, during the German-Soviet war, the theatrical activities remained an important component of the cultural space of Chernivtsi, a means of citizens' education. Despite the restoration of the National Theater, theater troupes from various cities in Romania, mainly Bucharest and Iași, presented their activities in the city and the region. The repertoire of the theaters included both world classics and Romanian drama, as well as plays on historical and patriotic topics. The theater faced the task of eliminating the 1940-1941 gap in cultural ties. Sometimes theatrical events carried some propaganda that was considered acceptable in wartime conditions. There was a practice of theatre tours in the cities of Bukovyna and Northern Bessarabia, which took place in 1942-1943. During the war, the fates of Romanian actors and actors of the Chernivtsi Ukrainian Regional Theater were different. Some actors were arrested by the Soviet authorities at the beginning of the German-Soviet war and in its final period.

ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ УЧАСТІ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ В РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ВІЙНІ (2014–2018 рр.)

The article summarizes the historiography on the topic of the study on the participation of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014–2018. The relevance of the research topic is due to the lack of special comprehensive historical studies on the participation of border guards in the Russian-Ukrainian war in Ukrainian historiography. It is worth noting that the participation of border guards in repelling Russian aggression was not limited to direct combat operations. In addition, the border guard institution had to ensure various control measures on the demarcation line in certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In addition, it is worth taking into account not only the course of military events, but also a number of numerous factors that, in their entirety, also have a significant impact on the course of the war. In particular, national issues, problems of regional social, economic, political and cultural development. At the same time, when studying modern armed conflicts, it is necessary to take into account the issue of civil-military cooperation in the state territories that have been liberated from the aggressor. Some historiographical sources include memoir literature, which provides testimonies of direct participants in hostilities. Thus, based on the achievements of modern Ukrainian scientific thought, it becomes possible to summarize the historiography of the problem in question in order to determine the place and role of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014–2018. Prospects for further research include the analysis of the source base in order to assess its representativeness in the study of the history of the border agency’s participation in the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014–2018.

CВІТАНОК БІЛОРУСЬКОЇ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ТА УЗУРПАЦІЯ ВЛАДИ РЕЖИМОМ ОЛЕКСАНДРА ЛУКАШЕНКА

Despite the geographical and cultural proximity, the contemporary history of Belarus is poorly represented in Ukrainian historiography. The study of the socio-political processes that took place in the Republic of Belarus after it became an independent country is necessary to understand the reasons for the failure of its nationally oriented course in 1991–1994, the Lukashenko regime’s coming to power and its subsequent transformation into a state unfriendly to Ukraine and the Euro-Atlantic bloc. After gaining independence during the «parade of sovereignties» in 1988–1991, Belarus began to experience the processes of national revival of the Belarusian language and culture and democratisation of social and political life, initiated by the national conservatives from the Belarusian Populat Front (BPF), but already in the fourth year of independence, the above-mentioned processes were curtailed and the Republic of Belarus, headed by the permanent president Alexander Lukashenko, became known as «Europe’s last dictatorship». Nevertheless, mass opposition protests have been taking place almost throughout the entire period since 1994, from the so-called Minsk Spring to the large-scale protests of 2020. The article generally chronicles the anti-authoritarian resistance of civil society in Belarus in the 1990s, examining the formation and activities of Zianon Pazniak’s Belarusian People’s Front party, the confrontation between different branches of power against the backdrop of Alexander Lukashenka’s first victory in the presidential election and his subsequent usurpation of power, human rights violations, fraud during the presidential election, regime repression of the opposition and its activities. A special focus on the Belarusian Popular Front is due to the importance of this party as the most significant opposition force during the period of independent Belarus’ existence.

РУХ ПРОТИ ЯДЕРНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ У США: ВІД АВАРІЇ НА ТРИ-МАЙЛ-АЙЛЕНД ДО ЧОРНОБИЛЬСЬКОЇ КАТАСТРОФИ

The purpose of the research is to highlight the formation and development of the movement against nuclear energy in the USA in the 1970s and 1980s. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism and problem-chronological and complex approaches. We used the following methods: historical and systemic – in the process of considering the movement against nuclear energy in the USA as an integrated part of the social activity of the American public in the period of the 1970s – 1980s; historical-chronological – to identify features and changes in the dynamics of the movement against atomic energy; problem-genetic – in the study of the impact on the movement of key incidents in atomic energy; comparative – to establish common and different forms, character and activity of anti-nuclear power protest organizations in the USA. The scientific novelty of the article. For the first time in Ukrainian historiography, an attempt was made to investigate the origins of the movement against nuclear energy in the USA, its dynamics and key events as one of the largest social phenomena of the country in the 1970s and 1980s. In the example of the Three Mile Island station district, the development of protest organizations and the strategy of rallying American society in the conditions of a radiation incident is traced; the impact of the Chornobyl disaster on the activation of the movement against nuclear energy in the USA was revealed. The article also shows the impact of anti-nuclear public activism on the social and political sphere of the USA. Conclusions. An organized movement against nuclear energy emerged in the mid-1970s as opposition to the development of the U.S. civilian nuclear program. The Three Mile Island incident in March 1979 undermined social confidence in the industry, fueling anti-nuclear activism. The Chornobyl disaster in Ukraine on April 26, 1986, mobilized and consolidated the movement against nuclear energy in the United States, finally halting the development of the industry for more than 30 years.

ІСТОРИЧНА НАУКА В ТВОРЧОСТІ І. ФРАНКА: ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНИЙ ДИСКУРС

The article is devoted to the study of the role of the prominent Ukrainian writer, philosopher and public figure Ivan Franko in historical science. It considers the works of historians, philosophers, literary scholars, and cultural critics of various fields: scientific, popular science, fiction, criticism, etc. as historiographical sources. The publications of Ivan Franko’s contemporaries, researchers of the Ukrainian PCP, independent Ukraine, and the Ukrainian diaspora are analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of each group of historiographical sources are highlighted: access to sources of researchers in Ukraine; national principles and the lack of an ideological component of diaspora historiography; the class approach of Soviet scholars; new opportunities for researching the historical scientific achievements of Ivan Franko in the period of independent Ukraine. The creative heritage of the scientist is considered as an organic combination of historical themes, the principle of historicism with literary and artistic means of their coverage, development of his own view of the world historical process and Ukraine’s place in it. The author analyzes the main stages and directions of his scientific research, which reflect the evolution of historical consciousness and scientific approaches in his work. The article analyzes the works of Ivan Franko, which are characterized by a deep analysis of historical events, political changes and cultural development, as well as the impact of these studies on the development of Ukrainian historiography and the formation of national historical consciousness. The article examines Ivan Franko’s contribution to the development of historical science and his creation of a foundation for further research in this field. The study allows us to better understand the influence of Ivan Franko on the development of historical research and highlights the importance of his scientific development for modern historical science.

РОШФОР, «ЗАЛІЗНИЙ БАРОН»: ЗВИТЯГА, КРОВ, ЧАВУН І КЛІМАТ. ДО ПИТАННЯ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ДВОРЯНСЬКИХ СІМЕЙ ФРАНЦІЇ

The article about the family of Rofshore and René de Rochefort, in particular, is an attempt to research and analyze the history of France in the period from the end of the 15th to the early 17th century, through the prism of the life and activities of one of the brightest representatives of the nobility during the reign of the Valois dynasty and the Wars of Religion in France between Catholic majority and Protestant minority. This article is the first attempt in Ukrainian historiography to research and describe the biography of René de Rochefort, paying attention to the key events that unfolded in France – one of the leading states of Europe at that time, and figures who were contemporaries of René de Rochefort. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of the Rochefort family to the formation of cultural, economic and political processes in the country, as well as on their relationships with other influential families and political structures. A large part of the article is devoted to the search for interrelationships between climatic changes in Europe at that time and socio-political processes in France. This is what determines the relevance and purpose of researching the problem. One of the evidences of this era are fireplace stoves – firebacks, which were intended for heating homes and were widely used in France and Europe, in particular by people of noble origin. They were cast from cast iron, a material that was a kind of symbol of this era and was widely used in everyday life and military affairs. Most of the firebacks of this era were able to reach our time and are an invaluable source for the study of history, in particular, a fireback with the image of the coat of arms of René de Rochefort – one of the most prominent political figures of France in the 16th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivism and systematicity, as well as periodization methods, historical-systemic and historical-comparative approaches are used, the research reveals new facets in understanding the interaction of climate and history. The biographical description of the life and activities of the Rochefort family sheds light on many blind spots in the history of France and helps to understand the social and political processes of that time.

ЗАХІДНОЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ФАКТОР ІНДУСТРІАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЛУГАНЩИНИ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – ПЕРШИЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ СТ.

The article researches the role of foreign specialists – Europeans in the formation of the industrial base of the Luhansk region at the end of the XVIII – the first half of the XIX century. It is noted that despite its political and scientific importance, this topic is practically not researched by representatives of Ukrainian historiography. First of all, are highlighted the activities and results of Charles Gascoigne, who in 1795 created two leading Luhansk enterprises – a coal mine in Lysychansk and a metallurgical plant in Luhansk. Are shown the reasons for the failure of the Gascoigne project, the most important of which is the lack of infrastructure that would allow the supply of industrial products from the Luhansk region to the southern region of modern Ukraine. This problem is tried to overcome with the help of foreign specialists, who proposed the organization of water communication on the Siverskyi Donets River for the transportation of industrial goods. As a result of the conducted research, the authors reached the following conclusions. The development of industry in the Luhansk region, which involved European specialists at the end of the XVIII century failed. The main reason for this failure was the lack of infrastructure to connect the Luhansk region with the southern regions of Ukraine. The proposed projects of European specialists in the organization of the river connection did not bring a positive result. Created by the voluntarist decision of the government of Catherine II, cut off from the places of supply and leading sales markets, the base of heavy industry in the Luhansk region was barely able to support itself in the first half of the XIX century, and could not provide resources and cannons during the war of 1853 – 1856. As is known, the ineffective support of the army became one of the main reasons for the humiliating defeat. The next period of industrial development of the Luhansk region (more successful) began in the 1870s and was associated with the wide involvement of private foreign capital and the active construction of railways. We will consider this aspect in the following scientific articles.

НА ПЕРЕТИНІ ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ, ДЖЕРЕЛОЗНАВСТВА ТА АРХІВІСТИКИ: ДО ЮВІЛЕЮ ДОКТОРКИ ІСТОРИЧНИХ НАУК, ПРОФЕСОРКИ ГАЛИНИ КОЦУР

The article highlights the life and creative path of Halyna Heorhievna Kotsur, doctor of historical sciences, professor, acting head of the department of archival studies and special branches of historical science at Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, on the occasion of her anniversary. The multifaceted issues of the scientist’s scientific research are analyzed, three main stages of her scientific research activity are singled out, and her contribution to the development of Ukrainian historiography, cultural history, religion, source studies, archeography, and archival science is highlighted. Halyna Heorhievna Kotsur has more than 300 scientific and scientific-methodological works, including 14 individual and collective monographs, more than 40 textbooks and training manuals. She proudly represents the interdepartmental Scientific School of Historiography, Source Studies and Archival Studies of Shevchenko University. Her works are Ukrainian-centric, interdisciplinary in nature and are on the border of many fields of knowledge about history, culture and man. It is noted that H. H. Kotsur is one of the developers and implementers of the Educational Program «Archivistics and Documentation Management», a highly qualified teacher and mentor of student youth, a multifaceted personality, a person of high moral qualities. Her lectures are professionally oriented, creative in nature, based on the latest achievements of historical science and archival science.