Ukrainian Historiography Research Articles

РАУЛЬ ВАЛЛЕНБЕРГ – РЯТІВНИК ЄВРЕЇВ БУДАПЕШТУ В РОКИ ГОЛОКОСТУ

The article is devoted to the rescue of Hungarian Jews who were doomed to deportation and extermination during the Nazi occupation of the country. The methodology is based on the use of interdisciplinary approaches at the intersection of world history, psychology, ethics, as well as theoretical and conceptual developments of researchers of Raoul Wallenberg’s biography. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the figure of Raoul Wallenberg is considered as the savior of Hungarian Jewry. During the Nazi occupation of Hungary, two ghettos were created in Budapest for privileged and ordinary Jews. In the «International Ghetto» lived those persons who were under the protection of diplomatic missions of neutral countries. The rest of the Jews were gathered in the «Great Ghetto». The saving mission of R. Wallenberg consisted in the fact that he issued Swedish documents and transferred people to the «International Ghetto», where access to the Nazis and Nilashists was prohibited. During the «death marches» organized by A. Eichmann’s team, the Swedish diplomat led out of the columns and removed from the trains those Jews who received «protective documents» (passports, certificates), and also wrote down the names of those who asked for help and rescue. In total, R. Wallenberg managed to issue 4,500 «protection documents» and save Jews from both ghettos, i.e. more than 100,000 people, from deportation. The story of a man who gave up his own comfort and well-being in order to save unfamiliar Hungarian Jews rightfully remains indicative for the current generation, as it proves that humanity, compassion, and helping the needy do not have a statute of limitations, but can manifest themselves unexpectedly, unexpectedly, not only for those around them, but also for himself. For Wallenberg, these qualities became defining, because he spared no effort, no time, no money to protect people. He used every opportunity to save those condemned to deportation and death. The young man did not leave Budapest during the siege of Soviet troops and stayed in the city until the last. After all, he understood his rescue mission and tried to save the lives of as many Jews as possible.

НОВІ ПРІОРИТЕТНІ НАПРЯМКИ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ В ПЕРІОД ПРЕМ’ЄРСТВА ТОНІ БЛЕРА

The article analyzes the state and perspectives for the further investigation of the foreign policy of the Prime Minister Tony Blair (1997–2007). It is noted that the attention to the problem is caused both by Great Britain’s support of Ukraine in resisting russian full-scale invasion, and by the high level of activity of T. Blair and his Institute for Global Change, which are actively engaged in the development of concepts regarding a new vision of the place of post-Brexit Great Britain in the world. At the same time, they support Ukraine, actively analyze the importance and impact of russia’s war against Ukraine on the international world and security situation. The work outlines the traditional and new investigations of foreign historians who multifacetedly have scrutinized and continue to research the problems of the foreign policy of Great Britain during the prime ministership of Tony Blair. The formed scientific discourse on the relations of Great Britain with the USA and the EU countries, the problem of Great Britain’s participation in the Iraq war is highlighted. This discourse is marked by a reassessment of observed events, the formation of non-conventional approaches to problems, which is of particular interest and provides prospects for further research. Ukrainian historians continue to research issues of Great Britain’s foreign policy. Emphasis in works devoted to T. Blair’s foreign policy is usually placed on issues of Great Britain’s relations with the USA and the EU, Great Britain’s participation in the Iraq War and a number of military conflicts. The urgent need to form a scientific discourse, systematic, active scientific discussion at conferences and round tables is stressed. The author reveals the aspects of the British foreign policy which have to be investigated in the Ukrainian historiography: the cooperation with the Latin American countries (economic and political motives and interests, for instance, his visit to the states of the region, he was the first British Prime Minister who visited Argentina since the Falklands War), Blair`s interest in the time of his premiership towards the African countries (the creation of the Commission for Africa in 2004) and, especially, his lobbying of the initiatives during his heading in the G8. The article emphasizes the active use of a number of tools of public diplomacy, mass media by T. Blair, his understanding of the world’s globalization trends, and active support of these trends through economic, political and other levers. Moreover, the aspects for the further investigation are mentioned and characterized.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ НА ШЛЯХУ ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Relevance and purpose of the article. In response to information and globalization processes in the modern world, to the occupation-genocide war of Russia against Ukraine reconstruction and transformation of sciences is ongoing, including Ukrainian historiography in electronic form, which is accompanied by an update of methodological, cognitive-scientific, educational, ideological and educational functions, enrichment of the source base at the expense of electronic information resources, expansion of the issues of scientific research studies, transfer of research results into digital form, and hence the new format of their presentations and introduction into social practices. The research methodology is based on taking into account the assets of predecessors, systematic adherence to the principles of historicism, continuity, anthropological, sociocultural and critical-analytical approaches, the involvement of methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis, comparative studies, methods of historical-chronological, historical-genetic knowledge and personal reflections. Presentation of the material built in four blocks: a) methodological and terminological foundations of the formation of electronic historiography; b) formation of historiographical sources in digital format and involvement of their information resources; c) creation of electronic historiographical texts; d) traditional and public historiography in the digital information space. Systematized information about the format and content of electronic web portals and websites of academic historical institutions, historical faculties and departments of national universities, creation of electronic texts based on the involvement of sources and literature on electronic carrier, formation of public history in digital format. Highlighted the value of electronic information resources of libraries, archives, museums for the development of historiography, the historiographical context of the concepts «electronic source» and «informational electronic resource» is clarified. Separated place and role in the structure of the source base historiography of electronic information resources of social networks, Internet communities, bloggers, in particular Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Viber, Instagram, Twitter, Telegram, Messenger etc. Expressed a warning about the need to be critical of information, drawn from social networks, checking their authenticity, comparison with other sources, specified, th at they are often used for disinformation and manipulation of consciousness through fake posts, for compromising historians, which was especially evident in the conditions of the current war and Russia's informational aggression against Ukraine, the «war of histories», the imposition of the paradigm of «one nation» and «Russian peace». Conclusions and suggestions. Formation of electronic Ukrainian historiography, involvement in scientific studies of sources on digital media, the creation of electronic texts is intended to contribute to the new quality of research work, formation of a new generation of scientists as a response to the challenges of the digital revolution, globalization of the modern world, the information explosion and Russia's war against Ukraine. It is important to continue further research into the problems of the formation and development of digital historiography, updating the methodology, increasingly wider involvement of electronic information resources and increasing on this basis its role as a system of scientific knowledge and educational discipline on the development of historical science.

ЩЕКАВИЦЬКІ НЕКРОПОЛІ В РАМКАХ ІСТОРІЇ МІСЦЕВОСТІ ЩЕКАВИЦЯ

The article covers the topic of the history of Shchekavytsia district from the first mentions in the annals of the 10th – 11th centuries to the 1950s. Emphasis of attention on the Shchekavytsia burial ground of the 10th – 12th centuries. and the Shchekavytsia necropolis and the Church of All Saints, which were destroyed by the Soviet regime in 1935–1936. There are few articles on the topic of the Shchekavytsia necropolis, because most researchers of this area turn to the debatable questions about the origin of the name, the location of the Shchekavytsia mountain described in the annals, and the Shchekavytsia burial ground. Shchekavytsia Mountain and its adjacent territories are part of the historical center of Kyiv. Throughout the history of the city, Shchekavytsia has played various roles in its functioning. After analyzing the sources, it can be stated that this topic is insufficiently disclosed in modern Ukrainian historiography and needs more research. The purpose of the work is to investigate and represent the historical and cultural significance of the historical district of Shchekavytsia. Considering the vulnerable situation of the area, which is threatened with complete destruction of the archaeological and historical potential, it is advisable to research and systematize data on the history of Shchekavytsia. A lot of information was obtained from descriptions and guidebooks of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Data on the medieval history of the Shchekavitsa area within the framework of research into the medieval Podol can be found in the works of archaeologists I. I. Movchan, V. G. Ivakin, and G. Yu. Ivakin. As well as researchers Melnyk O. O. Kozak O. D., Protsenko L. A. Shchekavytsia necropolis was most fully described by L. A. Protsenko back in the 1990s. This work is important in the context of the systematization of data on the history of Shchekavytsia and Shchekavytsia necropolis, in particular.

Протидія антицерковній політиці радянської влади в Україні у 20–30-х рр. ХХ ст.: причини, перебіг та наслідки

In the article research the resistance of Ukrainians to the anti-religious policy of the Bolsheviks, the first years of their stay in power. The article notes that one of the main characteristic features of the development of Ukrainian historiography at the current stage is the increasing attention of scientists to problems related to the history of church life in Ukraine. This especially applies to the Soviet period of history, when the traditional church, which used to be one of the determining factors in the development of Ukrainian society, suffered a significant blow as a result of the implementation of the anti-church policy of the Soviet government. At the same time, especially in the first decades of the existence of the Bolshevik regime, opposition to the anti-religious policy of the Bolsheviks on the part of the Ukrainian population was quite noticeable. This aspect, in our opinion, needs a more detailed scientific rethinking, which is aimed at this scientific article. Are shown the main directions and types of resistance, its results and consequences for the further implementation of the church policy by the Soviet authorities. It also depicts a complex of punitive repressive measures against the religious communities of Ukraine during the period under study. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that from the moment the Bolsheviks came to power, their anti-church company encountered spontaneous protests from various religious communities. The protest took various forms – from ignoring and sabotaging the anti-religious initiatives of the Bolshevik government, to active armed resistance against its representatives. This, in turn, led to the intensification of the terror of the Soviet authorities against the church, which, in the end, was forced to recognize the politics and power of the Bolsheviks.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПРАЦЬ І. ФРАНКА: СУЧАСНА УКРАЇНСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ

The article examines the coverage of I. Franko’s historical research in modern Ukrainian historiography. The authors emphasize that until recently, this problem was covered quite tendentially in Soviet historiography. It was a secondary and not so important topic in the assessment of the scientist’s legacy compared to his achievements as a writer, poet, essayist, translator, public and political figure. Soviet studies were built on the basis of Marxist-Leninist methodology. Emphasis was placed on the scientist’s political beliefs, which were presented through the prism of the fight against Ukrainian «bourgeois nationalists». The research of diaspora scientists differed significantly from the Soviet ideological analogues. But in these studies, the problem of scientific research of I. Franko’s historical views was not excreted into a separate topic. Only in the studies of modern Ukrainian scientists this problem rise to the conceptual level and receive comprehensive coverage. In the writings of modern Ukrainian scientists, we can trace both criticism of previous assessments of Ivan Franko’s historical scientific heritage, attempts to form a general vision of the scientist’s historical worldview and prospects for further research into his historical scientific heritage.

An Unfinished War: The Historiography of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Problems

The article analyses the historiographical process related to the history of Ukrainian nationalism, namely the activities of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the 1930s–1950s. Drawing on the chronological-terri-torial and conceptual-methodological principles, the authors divide the secondary sources into five main groups: writings by authors of the Ukrainian diaspora, works of Soviet scientists and publicists, post-independence Ukrainian historiography, communist and contemporary Polish historiography, Western history writing. Within each group, key publications are examined through the prism of documentary sources, methodologies, and conceptual approaches, as well as the socio-political context in which they were created.

ЛИСТИ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ФІЗИКА П.Г. БОРЗЯКА ДО ЗОЛОТОНІСЬКОГО КРАЄЗНАВЦЯ М.Ф. ПОНОМАРЕНКА

The aim of the work is to analyze the letters of a Ukrainian physicist Petro Hryhorovych Borzyak to Mykhailo Fedorovych Ponomarenko, a well-known local historian of the Cherkasy region of the second half of the 20th century, from the period of 1967–1972. The scientific novelty of this article is determined by the fact that the study of the epistolary heritage of the researcher P.G. Borzyak is conducted for the first time. In modern Ukrainian historiography, a specialised study of the specified topic of regional history has not been conducted before. Based on a detailed analysis of letters from the fund of a local historian M. F. Ponomarenko (5428), stored in the State Archive of the Cherkasy Region (SACR), a number of research interests of P.G. Borzyak was outlined. Methodology. In the process of handling the topic, biographical and chronological methods of historical research and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The archeographic method of source research was also applied. Conclusions. Based on a brief overview of the fund of P.G. Borzyak (No. 61) from the Institute of Archival Studies of the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky and archival materials collected by a local historian M.F. Ponomarenko from the SACR fund (5428), documents that will supplement the biography of the scientist were covered. During the research, it was found that P.G. Borzyak was quite actively interested in the history of the left-bank Cherkasy region, in particular – the villages of the former Irkliiv district. Communication with a local historian M.F. Ponomarenko highlights the awareness of P.G. Borzyak regarding the biography of an amateur local historian Kost Fedorovych Kushnir and his desire to save the creative and historical heritage of this researcher. Because according to the physicist, it contained valuable materials on the history of the coastal villages of the Irkliiv region, the genealogy of the local population and folklore.

Letters of O. S. Sklyarenko to the Zolotonosha Local Lore Specialist M. F. Ponomarenko (1963 – 1976)

The article first published the correspondence of Oksana Semenivna Sklyarenko, the daughter of the famous Ukrainian (Soviet) fiction writer Semyon Dmytrovych Sklyarenko, to local historian Mykhailo Fedorovych Ponomarenko, the founder of local history in Cherkasy region. Also, the scientific novelty of this study is due to the fact that no fundamental study of the epistolary legacy of S. D. Sklyarenko has been carried out in modern Ukrainian historiography. Thus, this correspondence will allow solving the problem of expanding the source base of the study of the writer's biography. At the same time, the correspondence reflects the relationship of the local historian with the writer's family and his environment. The contribution of M. F. was characterized Ponomarenka in preserving the memory of S. D. Sklyarenko and popularizing his work in Zolotonyshchyna. Based on a brief overview of the fund of S. D. Sklyarenko (No. 467) from the Central State Archive-Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine and archival materials collected by local historian M. F. Ponomarenko from the fund (5428) of the State Archive of the Cherkasy Region, this publication highlights the documents, which will complement the scientist's biography. In the process of analyzing this correspondence, it was found that M. F. Ponomarenko was engaged in collecting materials for the writer's personal exhibition in the Zolotony Museum of Local History and actively published local history articles about S. D. Sklyarenko in the regional periodical press. At the same time, the letters contain information about the professional activities of O.S. Sklyarenko and her family. In the process of developing the topic, biographical and chronological methods of historical research and the general scientific method of system analysis were used. The archeographic method of source research was also applied.

The political and military elite of the Ukrainian national liberation movement movements of the 1920s–1950s: modern Ukrainian historiography

The political and military elite of the Ukrainian national liberation movement movements of the 1920s–1950s: modern Ukrainian historiography

Політичні партії як інститути громадянського суспільства в Україні

Background. Civil society institutions play a crucial role in the state-building processes of independent Ukraine. Given this, the question of researching the peculiarities of civil society institutionalization in Ukraine is relevant. Ukrainian historiography lacks a unified interpretation of issues related to the formation and structural elements of civil society. This article explores various perspectives on the structuring of civil society institutions. The novelty of the research lies in synthesizing approaches to defining the term 'civil society' and its core institutions.The relevance of the study is driven by the need for theoretical understanding of the formation and functioning of civil society institutions in Ukraine, as they represent the interests and needs of Ukrainian citizens. The aim of the article is to analyze the affiliation of political parties with civil society institutions. Methods. Comparative research was carried out in the article, historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systemic methods and analysis were applied. Different views of researchers on political parties belonging to civil society institutions are analyzed. The normative legal documents of the period of restoration and development of the Ukrainian independent state, constitutional projects, works of modern researchers were worked out, which consider the issues of institutionalization of civil society in Ukraine. Results. Having worked out regulatory and legal documents, constitutional projects, works of researchers on this topic proved that political parties are one of the key institutions of civil society in Ukraine. The most important criterion for the justification of belonging to the institutions of civil society is the active involvement of citizens in solving political problems when they actively participate in the development of state policy aimed at solving problems that are relevant to society, through the involvement of specialists, the creation of analytical centers, the study of public opinion and holding public hearings. Conclusions. An important role in the functioning of the state and the life of society is played by political parties, which are one of the institutions of civil society in Ukraine, which represent and protect the interests of citizens in the political arena, attract broad segments of the population to discuss pressing problems.

Діяльність Йозефа Бузека у галузі польської та галицької статистики

The article analyzes the activities of Professor Józef Buzek (1873–1936), a prominent figure in Polish and Galician statistics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an economist, demographer, lawyer, and sociologist. In leading positions of state statistical bodies, as a politician and teacher, he made a significant contribution to the historical and statistical research of Galicia, analyzed the economy and economy of the region, raised the issue of the position of national minorities in the Austrian Empire, which were both Ukrainians and Poles at the time. Since the contribution of Jozef Buzek to the Polish and Ukrainian statistical affairs is not sufficiently covered in domestic science, the purpose of the article is to expand Ukrainian historiography on Polish and Galician statistics and economic thought with the scientific works of Professor Buzek. The author provided a brief biographical reference, characterized the educational and scientific activities of Josef Buzek in the field of economics, jurisprudence, and statistics. The analysis of important political achievements, work experience in the Central Statistical Commission in Vienna, the Polish Central Statistical Office, and the Statistics Office in Lviv was carried out. The Polish and Galician scientist-economist and statistician also devoted his scientific activity to issues of national policy, characterized by works in which the problems of social and educational statistics are investigated. Important works on Polish and Galician statistics in the field of economy, population and demographic processes in Poland and Galicia have been singled out and analyzed. The assessment of achievements in the field of Polish political science and jurisprudence is given. It has been proven that his practical activities in the management positions of state and regional statistical bodies had a significant impact on the development of statistical affairs in Galicia and Poland, as well as contributed to the improvement of statistical information collection and processing methods.

Recenzja: Mało znana karta historii Wołynia odkryta, czyli rzecz o „Sowietyzacji Wołynia 1944–1956”, w ujęciu Adama Rafała Kaczyńskiego, Warszawa 2022, ss. 336

The review article is devoted to the monograph "Sovietization of Volhynia 1944 - 1956", published this year, by Adam Rafał Kaczyński. In the text, I emphasize the main advantages of the monograph, while pointing out some source deficiencies and other polemical issues. The monograph in question is the first comprehensive approach to the researched issue in Polish and Ukrainian historiography. Therefore, it is worth signaling its publication to a wider group of interested researchers.

Ukrainian intellectual Trokhym Zinkivskyi and preservation of historical memory of Taras Shevchenko

The personality of Trochym Zinkivskyi (1861–1891) remains little known and insufficiently developed in modern Ukrainian historiography. The purpose of the article is to study the figure of Trokhym Zinkivskyi in the context of the problem of preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko. Research methods are personalistic, historical-genetic and historical-systemic. Sources: published epistolaries of T. Zinkivskyi and his addressees, memories of contemporaries, biographical articles in the Ukrainian press of the beginning of the 20th century etc. The main results consist in elucidating the peculiarities of the formation of T. Zinkivskyi's worldview under the conditions of the oppression of the Southern Ukrainian lands by the Russian imperial regime, in particular in Berdyansk, Feodosia and Odesa, the establishment of his Ukrainian national-democratic views during his studies and military service in Smila, Shpola and Uman, in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. It is noted that an important factor in the development of his Ukrainian consciousness and identity was his family upbringing, which instilled love for his native language and formed Christian, religious values. A prominent role was played by the reading circle, which included Shevchenkov's «Kobzar» along with other literary works of Ukrainian and foreign writers; as well as Ukrainian folk art. V. Kravchenko, L. Smolenskyi, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, and a number of representatives of the Ukrainian colony in St. Petersburg were included in the closest circle of persons who significantly influenced the formation of the worldview of the Ukrainian figure. The article traces the main stages of the intellectual and public activity of the Ukrainian figure in the matter of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar. It is noted that already in the middle and second half of the 80s of the 19th century. T. Zinkivskyi began work in the field of Ukrainian literature, took care of translation activities. In St. Petersburg, he was able to begin wider work for the benefit of Ukrainianism and became an ideological leader of young Ukrainians. The powerful vital energy of the activist was organically combined with consistent and convinced actions in the name of the Ukrainian cause. In the youth group at Shevchenko's anniversary, T. Zinkivskyi read a number of essays, such as «The National Question in Russia», «Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», «Young Ukraine» and others. His essay «Taras Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», which was read in Ukrainian on the evening of February 25, 1889 in the capital of the empire, was of exceptional importance. This speech, prepared mostly on the basis of French, Austrian, German, and Polish historiographical sources, presented Kobzar as a figure of global poetic scale and destroyed the perception of the Russian metropolitan public about Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language as something provincial and inferior. Conclusions.T. Zinkivskyi became one of the brightest representatives of the «Young Ukraine» generation. The short-lived but important intellectual activity of the ideological leader of young Ukrainians, in particular, speeches at the Shevchenko anniversary, publication of abstracts, epistolaries, drew the attention of contemporaries to the figure of Taras Shevchenko, to his poetic heritage; actualized the issue of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar as a leader of the national values of Ukrainians. It has been proven that during the 1880s and early 1890s, T. Zinkivskyi's intellectual activity contributed to the progress of Ukrainian public affairs and national science, the establishment of Ukrainian national consciousness among the generation of young Ukrainians. The practical significance of the article is that the given material will be of interest to specialists in the context of studying the ethno-national history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian intellectual, who stood at the origins of the idea of «Young Ukraine». Scientific novelty in updating the intellectual activity of T. Zinkivskyi in the matter of preserving Ukrainian national memory and forming national consciousness and identity.

Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko: the problem of intellectual inheritance in modern understanding

The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the inheritance of the worldview of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko based on the historiographical tradition and creativity of the two thinkers. The research methods are personalistic, comparative-historical and historical-typological. Sources of the article: intellectual heritage of outstanding Ukrainian thinkers and works of modern Ukrainian historiography. The main results are that the author considered the significance of the work of Hryhoriy Skovoroda on the formation of the personality of the Ukrainian poetic genius Taras Shevchenko, delved into the problem of the continuity of the Ukrainian intellectual tradition, traced the hereditary connection of the creative output of the two mentioned intellectuals, which binds the late baroque, pre-romantic, romantic and realistic heritage of Ukrainianness into a single axis. It is shown that Ukrainian national historiography of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet make the intellectual heritage of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko the subject of her research, but began to understand these figures within the limits of one typological intellectual series, in the context of two different but adjacent stages of Ukrainian national and cultural revival. It is indicated that the problem of comparative analysis of two geniuses of Ukrainian culture was not considered a priority in Soviet historiography. It is proved that modern Ukrainian historiography lays the foundation for understanding the intellectual legacy of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko, typologically common and distinctive features of two outstanding representatives of Ukrainian intellectual thought are shown. Concise conclusions. Based on the analysis of the works of Ukrainian authors and the work of these two great Ukrainians, there are reasons to say that the work of H. Skovoroda had a certain influence on T. Shevchenko, who at one time got acquainted with the legacy of his predecessor, although not in full. However, one should not exaggerate this influence due to the fact that two Ukrainian figures lived and worked in adjacent, but different historical periods: H. Skovoroda – a bright representative of the late Ukrainian baroque, and T. Shevchenko – an outstanding representative of Ukrainian romanticism and realism. Despite the differences in linguistic and literary aspects, peculiarities of self-awareness, these titans of Ukrainian culture formed one intellectual axis, the fundamental foundations of which were anthropology and сhristocentrism; desire for freedom (will); to the emancipation of the individual through dignity, reason, love; to the establishment of a more harmonious and fair society (for H. Skovoroda, this is the idea of the «Mountain Republic», and for T. Shevchenko – the idea of a «free, new family») based on a humanistic, philanthropic principle; awareness of one's, Ukrainian, love for one's native land and denial of the Russian, autocratic, despotic and tyrannical principles of building society. The spirit of universal human values, Ukrainian-loving and people-loving beginnings in the life and work of H. Skovoroda influenced the formation of the humanistic and national outlook of T. Shevchenko. The practical significance of the article is that this intelligence may be of interest to historians, young scientists and students in the process of studying the intellectual history of the «Ukrainian 19th century». The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the intellectual heritage of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko. Scientific novelty in the comparative and typological understanding of the creative heritage of the mentioned Ukrainian thinkers. Type of article: theoretical.

ІДЕОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ТА ПОЧАТКОВА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ ГАРДИСТСЬКОГО РУХУ В РУМУНІЇ

The aim is to trace the process of the birth and development of the activities of the Romanian Legionnaire movement, headed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu basing on the available source base and the research work of the researchers. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, com-prehensiveness and integrity, systematicity in the presentation of the material. To solve the main tasks, we used methods of analysis and synthesis, problem-chron-ological. The scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that for the fi rst time in Ukrainian historiography, the ideology of the Legionnaire movement in Romania has been traced in connection with the creation of the Legion of Archangel Michael and the deployment of its activities in the late 1920s – early 1930s at a stage when the organization had an exclusively elitist character. Attention is paid to the pro-visions that arose in the 1920s and were developed by philosophers who were supporters of the organization. The organizational structure is considered as a response to the tasks set before the organization by the founders and managers. attention was paid to the way of participation in the political life of the Kingdom of Romania, where alongside terrorist acts there was also a struggle for seats in the parliament. Conclusions. After the First World War, new political movements and organizations began to appear in the Kingdom of Romania within its new borders and with universal suff rage against the background of traditional politi-cal parties. A number of right-wing movements were based on the conservative idea of Orthodoxy and Romanism, which were combined with various, some-times terrorist, ways of achieving a political goal. The appearance of the Legion of the Archangel Michael was the result of the development of the student na-tionalist movement and the activities of the National Christian Defense League. The activity was based on the principle of protecting the titular nation based on the ideas of traditionalism and anti-Semitism. The idea to create an organization based on elitism was combined at the beginning of the activity with attempts to gain support from supporters of the movement within the country. The structure of the organization was built according to the principle of military organization with mandatory observance of discipline. The expansion of the organization in the 1930s was carried out on the basis of the foundations laid during the exist-ence of the Legion of Archangel Michael.

My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine

DOI: 10.47632/2786-717X-2022-1-77-88 УДК 94(=161.2)(71)“19/20”(092) Як цитувати: Zenon Kohut, My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine, Ukrainian Historical Review / Український історичний огляд, I | 2022, 77-88. Zenon Kohut My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine In this article Canadian historian reflects on his intellectual biography and on the changes in the field of early modern Ukrainian history during the last fifty years. He emphasizes the role of academic communities of the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University in his formation as a historian of early modern Ukraine. His affiliation with the Ukrainian chairs at Harvard and intellectual guidance of Oleksander Ohloblyn and Omeljan Pritsak played an especially important role in this regard. Having completed a thesis on the abolition of the Hetmanate’s autonomy in the late eighteenth-century Russia Empire, in the early 1990s he became a director of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies where in cooperation with Frank Sysyn and Serhii Plokhy he founded an informal laboratory of early modern Ukrainian history. Zenon Kohut’s research in the 1990s and 2000s has been focused on the Russo-Ukrainian unity myth on the one hand and on the preconditions of the Ukrainian distinctiveness in the early modern period – on the other. It led him to the examination of the early modern Ukrainian history writing and identity-building. He was one of the first who demonstrated Ukrainian contribution to the emergence of the “traditional scheme of Russian history” – an imperial narrative in which Ukrainians and Russians are treated as offshoots of the same people sharing a common historical legacy, a common Orthodox faith, and, therefore, a common national destiny. Kohut’s studies of the early modern Ukrainian historiography and political thought focused on the evolution of such concepts as fatherland and nation. His pioneering works on the emergence and evolution of the Little-Russian identity in the Hetmanate conceptualized these developments as an important stage in the early modern Ukrainian nation-building. The article concludes with the presentation of Kohut’s ongoing project – a monograph on the political culture of Cossack Ukraine from 1569 to 1714 – which aims to synthesize his semicentennial research into the early modern Ukrainian history. References Chynczewska-Hennel Teresa. Świadomość narodowa szlachty ukraińskiej i kozaczyzny od schyłku XVI do połowy XVII w. Warsaw 1985. [In Polish.] Gat Azar. Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge 2012. Hen-Konarski Tomasz. No Longer Just Peasants and Priests: The Most Recent Studies on Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Ukraine // European History Quarterly 45/4 (2015) 727–728. Kappeler Andreas. The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History. Abingdon 2013. Kas’ianov Heorhiy. Teorii natsii ta natsionalizmu. Kyiv 1999. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Korinnia identychnosti: studii z rann'omodernoi ta modernoi istorii Ukrainy. Kyiv 2004. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Making Ukraine: Studies on Political Culture, Historical Narrative, and Identity. Toronto 2010. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, 1760s – 1830s. Cambridge 1988. [In Ukrainian.] Кohut E. Zenon. The Question of Russo-Ukrainian Unity and Ukrainian Distinctiveness in Early Modern Ukrainian Thought and Culture // Culture, Nation, and Identity. The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter (1600–1945) / ed. A. Kappeler et al. Edmonton – Toronto 2003, p. 57–86. Portnov Andrii et al. Whose Language Do We Speak? Some Reflections on the Master Narrative of Ukrainian History Writing // Ab Imperio 4 (2020) 88–129. Yakovenko Natalia. Dzerkala identychnosti: doslidzhennia z istorii uiavlen’ ta idei v Ukraini XVI – pochatku XVIII stolittia. Kyiv 2012. [In Ukrainian.] Yakovenko Natalia. Paralel’nyi svit: doslidzhennia z istorii uiavlen’ ta idei v Ukraini XVI–XVII st. Kyiv 2002. [In Ukrainian.] Yakovenko Natalia. Ukrains’ka shliakhta z kintsia XIV do seredyny XVII st. Volyn’ i Tsentral’na Ukraina. Kyiv 2008. [In Ukrainian.]

OCCUPANTS OR ALLIES: THE VIEWS OF MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS ON THE INTERVENTION OF THE CENTRAL POWERS IN UKRAINE IN 1918

The author of the article examines views of modern Ukrainian historians on the problem of deployment of Austro-German forces on the territory of Ukraine in 1918. The paper shows a comparative analysis of the points of view of Ukrainian researchers on this problem, reveals the discussion in Ukrainian historiography regarding the use of the term «occupation» in the context of the policy of the Central Power Conclusions: the use of the term «occupation» is generally recognized among Ukrainian historians. Researchers consciously and argumentatively call the actions of the Austro-German troops occupation, and any attempts to abandon this interpretation cause resistance from the scientific community and reflects the attitude of Ukrainian historians to attempts to the absence of this term. The aim of the article is to analyze the existing views of Ukrainian historians on the problem of deployment of Austro-German forces on the territory of Ukraine in 1918. At the same time, Ukrainian historiography was able to come to a comprehensive understanding of the policy of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1918, which combines both the idea of the Austro-German occupation and the idea of allied assistance from Germany and Austria-Hungary to the Ukrainian People's Republic in the fight against the Bolsheviks. It is revealed that both of these views not only do not contradict, but also complement each other. The special value of the works of R. Ya. Pirig and V. F. Soldatenko is noted. It is concluded that the synthesis of «occupation» and «allied» interpretations became the basis for the concept of «atypical occupation», which most accurately reflects the significance of the Austro-German intervention for the Ukrainian People's Republic.

UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap. 
 Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.

The Issue of the Establishment and Activities of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in Contemporary Ukrainian Historiography

The article highlights the issues of formation and activity of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in modern Ukrainian historiography. It is noted that in the writings of modern Ukrainian historians, the material and technical base in the Black Sea, which existed as of 1917, was characterized, the prerequisites for the construction of the Ukrainian military fleet were revealed, the processes of the struggle for its creation during the days of the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) and the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi were highlighted. In particular historical, geographical, ethnic, political, material and technical components for the creation of this military structure were investigated. The works of modern Ukrainian scientists were considered, in which they emphasize a complex of mistakes on the part of the leaders of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the government in the field of naval construction, their inconsistent defense of Ukrainian national interests regarding the Black Sea Fleet, which significantly affected the activity of Ukrainian forces in Crimea and Sevastopol and disorientated their further state-building activities. It was stated that during the existence of the Ukrainian State of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi, the government immediately took a course to join Crimea to Ukraine. Despite the indignation of the Germans, a complete economic blockade of the Crimean Peninsula was announced. The leadership of the Ukrainian State did everything to return the Black Sea Fleet under its jurisdiction, and it finally succeeded, but only after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the beginning of the anti-Hetman uprising on November 14, 1918, the abdication of power by P. Skoropadskyi a month later, and the eventual capture of Black Sea Fleet by the Entente countries.The author also focuses on the wishes of many Ukrainian researchers of this period to the power structures of modern Ukraine, especially in the current conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine, taking into account the positive and negative experience of the state and military construction of Ukrainian state entities in 1917–1921.