Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Research Articles

Civil society of Western Ukraine and Europe in the context of the Ukrainian Holodomor events of 1932-1933

The article examines the Holodomor national tragedy of 1932-1933 in the context of the reaction to it by the population of neighboring Ukraine and more distant countries, as well as international organizations. It is emphasized that the Holodomor was a deliberate action of the communist authorities against the Ukrainian peasantry as a source of disobedience to the authorities and national resistance. It is shown that despite the efforts of the Bolshevik government to hide the glaring facts of the famine and the conformist support of the majority of foreign journalists accredited in the USSR, this information still received publicity in the world thanks to individual journalists of influential British newspapers and the work of foreign embassies and consulates in the USSR. It provoked a civil wave of help in various countries, but did not cause official condemnation of the Bolshevik policy by the member states of the League of Nations and the Catholic Church as an influential player in the international politics of the time. The role of public organizations and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the organization of assistance to illegal refugees from Ukraine and protest movements condemning the policy of the USSR towards Ukrainian peasants is considered. It was concluded that the first and subsequent recognitions of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide at the level of influential countries and international organizations, as well as the criminal proceedings carried out in Ukraine on the fact of committing the crime of genocide of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as a crime against humanity permit modern Ukrainians not only to consolidate the memory of the Holodomor as a significant historical narrative for the entire society, but also to re-understand this traumatic experience, renewing the nation and its values and outlook guidelines.

All Roads Lead to New Rome: The Canonical Origins and Status of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches of Ukraine

This article provides a brief account of the historical origins and canonical status of the three modern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches of Ukraine: the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate, and the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. It contains four parts. The first briefly recounts the origins of Byzantine Christianity and the fused form of state and church governance that developed in Constantinople from the 4th to the 15th centuries. The second examines the Great Schism of 1054, which cleaved Eastern and Western Christianity, sending Eastern Orthodox Christianity down the path of territory- or nation-based churches constituted by eucharistic ecclesiology; this would ultimately give rise to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate in the Slavic lands that would become Ukraine. The third part considers two modern schisms, the Little Schism of 1596, which produced the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, and the Final Schism of 2018–2019, which brought into existence the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Drawing upon eucharistic ecclesiology, the final part offers brief concluding reflections concerning the ongoing implications of these three schisms for Orthodox Christianity in Ukraine.

Aspects of Ukrainian traditional conservatism

the article is devoted to the analysis of aspects of Ukrainian traditional conservatism in the context of sustainable development and information society. Possibilities of implementing the fundamental heritage of the domestic conservative school in political and social life are explored. It is proposed to consider the stages and basic concepts of scientific communication. Attention is paid to the historical connection between Galician conservatism and the ideology of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The article deals with aspects of Ukrainian ideology of conservatism as a factor in the preservation of national identity in the information society.

The religious and legal dimension of the russian war against Ukraine against the background of social and state transformations xx—xxi centuries

The article defines the nature of the Russian war against Ukraine in the context of social and state transformations of the 20th — 21st centuries. It is emphasized that this is a war of different worlds, mentalities, worldviews, ways of life, values, etc., which has been going on for many centuries in various forms (direct and mediated, open and veiled, hot and cold). The role of the religious-legal factor in the Russian war against Ukraine at various stages of Ukrainian state formation (periods of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, Soviet, modern) is revealed. It is emphasized that it was during the time of the Ukrainian People’s Republic that the legal basis for the organization of the Ukrainian Local Orthodox Church, confessional differentiation and the establishment of freedom of conscience and interconfessional tolerance in Ukrainian society was created. Emphasized attention is paid to the fact that in the Soviet period, the Russian war against Ukraine continued in a new, veiled, hidden, invisible (at first glance) form with the active use of the religious factor. The results of this period have been determined, namely: rampant militant/ scientific atheism, radical extermination, Russification of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, liquidation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, etc. Special attention is paid to the Soviet secular/political religion (Marxism-Leninism) as a key basis for the implementation of an aggressive policy regarding the historical memory and cultural identity of the Ukrainian people and a manipulative tool for the destruction of Ukrainian history, culture, worldview, nation, state and law in the information, hybrid, total, full-scale and other Russia’s wars against Ukraine. The article substantiates that improved legislation with an effective legal mechanism for its implementation, a strong civil society with developed institutions, including the institution of religion (church), adequate guarantees of religious rights and freedoms are important factors in ensuring state, national, religious security and victory of Ukraine (at the current stage) in the war waged against it by the Russian Federation.

Issues of war and defense of the motherland in the catechisms of the modern Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church

The article examines the provisions of the catechisms of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church regarding the war and its challenges, as well as the defense of the Motherland. A comparative analysis of relevant thematic instructions in the Catechism “Christ is our Easter” (published in 2011), the Catechism for youth “We walk with Christ” (published in 2021) and the “Catechism of the Christian Warrior” (published in 2022) was carried out. It was determined that the provisions of the UGCC's own fundamental doctrinal documents, its Catechisms, regarding the problems of war and defense of the Motherland, were formed, clarified and supplemented according to the circumstances and needs of the time. The catechism of the UGCC “Christ is our Easter” contains general Christian considerations on the subject under consideration, which are principled, establishing, and refer to how civilized peoples should conduct themselves. The catechism for youth, created in the previous years of the undeclared Russian Federation's “hybrid” war against Ukraine, covers the issues related to the war and the defense of the Motherland in a substantive way and closer to current Ukrainian realities, although it still has some idealistic approach. The Catechism of the Christian Warrior, the preparation of which was completed and the publication was carried out during the full-scale military offensive of the aggressor, is a set of thorough and competent advises for Ukrainian soldiers, where things are called by their names, and there are no provisions that can cause doubts due to experience and be problematically achievable for implementation. Therefore, it is concluded that especially this Catechism, together with and in addition to the two previous ones, is a useful and timely contribution of the UGCC to the instruction of Ukrainians during the war, and therefore to Ukraine's victory over the enemy.

ЦІННІСНО-ЗМІСТОВИЙ ВИМІР “УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЧАСУ” НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГРОМАДИ В РАДІОПРОСТОРІ КАНАДИ

The article examines the historical stages of formation, elaborates the current state and value-content support of radio initiatives of Ukrainian emigration using the example of the radio program "Ukrainian Time" (Montreal, Canada). Unique data from the first person was obtained during direct communication with the producer of the media initiative with more than thirty years of work experience, an active figure in the Ukrainian community S. Kuklevsky. The chronology of the continuous existence of the radio program from its foundation in 1963 by I. Oparyk and V. Gladun is traced; a meaningful contribution to its development by two generations of a creative team of talented authors headed by the current producer S. Kuklevsky. The names of the media activists involved in the creation of the radio program were included in the scientific media discourse: O. Onyshchenko, O. Shak (hosts), L. Gavrylov (information sector), N. Fedoseeva (journalist), priests of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Fr. I. Oschipko and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Fr. I. Kutash, producer S. Kuklevsky. The orientation of its authors to the implementation of convergent tools of modern radio broadcasting is characterized, in particular, the broadcast of issues on the channel of the same name on "Youtube" and information support and a page on the social network "Facebook". The high role and importance of the radio program as an integrator of the community around national values and the Ukrainian cause and the belief that only a powerful united community can have a successful, high-quality, long-term representation in the media space are determined. And in order to make the community like this, you need to be included in its life, it is not necessary to organize event attractions, but to join them, listen to programs, speak Ukrainian with children, sing our songs.

CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN DISSIDENTS TO LEGALIZATION OF THE UGCC IN THE USSR

The article covers the history of the resistance of the members of the Ukrainian dissident movement to the totalitarian Soviet state, namely the struggle for the legalization of the UGCC, which was in the underground. It is noted that this activity has become an important element of the Ukrainian liberation movement for the restoration of statehood and protection of citizens' rights. Attention is focused on the achievements of women dissidents regarding the restoration of the "catacomb" UGCC, in particular, on the contribution of Olena Antoniv, Stefania Petrash-Sichko, Maria Gel, Olga Horyn, Iryna Kalynets, Stefania Shabatura, their human rights activities as participants in religious dissidence are analyzed. Their direct or indirect influence on the unification of society and the organization of the movement for the legalization of the Church is noted, their enormous work in the preparing and writing of appeals, protest statements, appeals to government officials, higher clergy and foreign politicians, is shown. Emphasis is placed on the concentration of women dissidents in organizing religious associations, protests, speeches and prayers among the Greek Catholic community, collecting signatures for the restoration of the UGCC and uniting representatives of the Greek Catholic clergy. The threats faced by representatives of religious dissidence, in particular repressions of the Soviet authorities, intimidation and arrests, are analyzed separately. At the same time, reminiscences of the participants of the Resistance movement as to their cooperation with other representatives of the dissident movement are highlighted. Also, their joint actions to restore the UGCC, their communication with friends and relatives, which encouraged them to continue struggle even at the time of their friends' arrests, are characterized. It is emphasized that due to the cooperation of representatives of the Greek Catholic clergy, Ukrainian society, which supported this movement, and dissidents, the UGCC was able to resume its activities. Keywords: religious dissidence, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, women, protest, repression.

Sociálna činnosť ukrajinskej gréckokatolíckej cirkvi v ukrajinskej spoločnosti: trendy a vyhliadky

The main directions of social activity of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church are revealed in modern Ukrainian society. The influence of the Church on the formation of the system of moral and ethical values of the society and its role in overcoming the spiritual crisis in the conditions of globalization processes of the postmodern society. It is proved that the decisive role in the search for answers to the civilizational challenges facing Ukraine and its culture undoubtedly belongs to the Church, education and science as the universe that connects all spheres of human being. The social activity of the Church indeed directs life processes, ensures the formation of the young generation of Ukrainians with harmoniously developed intellect, inherited experience, moral principles and values. The author of this article highlighted that the war in eastern Ukraine, the economic crisis, pervasive corruption, failed social reforms, poverty, and the endless transformation of Ukrainian society have led to many social problems and daunting challenges for the Christian churches in Ukraine. The development of social thinking of religious organizations, the search for the spiritual meaning of the development of society, effective social work, and the spiritual and moral health of society are the most important, key areas of Ukrainian society in the conditions and context of globalization.

THE SOVIET MYTH OF THE «UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REUNIFICATION» AS AN IDEOLOGICAL WEAPON AGAINST THE UKRAINIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT

Based on the analysis of the Soviet myth of the «Ukrainian people’s reunification», the article has revealed the enemy image construction and dissemination process, which Soviet propaganda used in the struggle against the Ukrainian liberation movement in the annexed Ukrainian territories. The authors adhere to a contemporary methodological approach to understanding the myth as an ideologically marked narrative, which is the primary communication tool between the political regime and the masses. The role of the myth of the «Ukrainian people’s reunification» in the official historical memory’s version and the use of this myth by the Stalinist regime as an alternative to the Ukrainian national idea of unity has been clarified. The transformation of the mythologeme about the enemy in the Soviet official discourse during World War II and the post-war years has been traced. The authors have established that Soviet ideologists directed the image of the internal enemy against the Ukrainian liberation movement, portraying the national powers, which fought for the independence and unity of Ukraine, as betrayers of the Ukrainian people and attributing to them a class nature and dependence on Western states. The article has identified the main characteristics of two images of the internal enemy, «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists» and «Ukrainian-German nationalists», which were constructed in Soviet narratives. Using the example of the party leaders’ proclamations, historical and literary essays, and propaganda articles, authors have described the attempts of the Soviet power to turn the Western Ukrainian community against the Ukrainian liberation movement and to demonstrate the futility of an independent and unity Ukraine idea. The article has also defined various ways of spreading Soviet mythology and the influence of the myth to liquidate the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and enforce ideological campaigns.

ПРОФЕСОР ІВАН ОГІЄНКО ТА МИТРОПОЛИТ АНДРЕЙ ШЕПТИЦЬКИЙ: ОЗНАЧЕННЯ ІДЕЙ АНТРОПОЛОГІЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ТА ЗАВДАНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МИСТЕЦТВА

The relations between the two great metropolitans of the Ukrainian Churches – Andrei Sheptyts’kyi and Ivan Ohiienko – were an important factor not only in the socio-political and religious life of the interwar twenty years, but also in Ukrainian culture in general. Hilarion, the future Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church in Canada, would not have been able to pub-lish the magazine («Ridna Mova») «Native Language» in Warsaw in 1933-1939 without the fi nancial support of Metropolitan Andrei.In the article «On the Philosophy of Culture», written at the request of Professor Ivan Ohiienko, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi described his vision of the anthropology of culture, publicized the doctrine of cultural philosophy, in which the proper place was given not only to science, art, human work, but also to human being, which is of special value human life and human freedom, which resonate with the doctrine of the Ukrainian national liberation movement «Freedom to people, freedom to man». Its addition is article «From the history and problems of the piece» of Andrei Sheptyts’kyi, which formulated the doc-trine of Ukrainian national culture, its mission and tasks.Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi’s large-scale action to save Jews by the black and white clergy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which lasted for many months during the German occupation, is an unprecedented non-violent Resistance Movement against the Holocaust, an important contribution to the fi ght against Nazism, the embodiment of the Metropolitan’s cultural doctrine in conditions of mortal danger, in which the fi rst place was the demand to «respect human life, human freedom», and next to that «human work; science, art...»

Єпархіальні та архиєпархіальний часописи Галичини в організаційній комунікації Української греко-католицької церкви (1886–1939 рр.)

The article outlines the social and political prerequisites for the establishment of diocesan periodicals, which were published in the Stanislaviv, Przemyśl dioceses, and the Lviv archdiocese; the role they played in the religious and church life of Galicia and in the organizational culture of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in 1918–1939 is determined.The role of the Galician diocesan officials «Vistnyk Peremyskoy Eparkhii», «Vistnyk Stanislavivskoi Eparkhii», «Lvivsko-Archieparchialni Vidomosti» in the system of organizational communication of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church is clarified, the functional purpose of which is considered in the light of organizational theories and an institutional approach. The contents of «Lvivsko-Archieparchialni Vidomosti» are outlined, namely: official documents, consistory notices and orders, texts of occasional papal messages, pastoral letters of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, etc. Special attention is paid to the issues of the interwar period (1918–1939), when the leadership of the Galician Metropolis had to solve a number of unique problems of the mission. Keywords: «Vistnyk Peremyskoy Eparkhii», «Vistnyk Stanislavivskoi Eparkhii», «Lvivsko-Archieparchialni Vidomosti», Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, religious periodical, organization communication system, social institute.

The Role of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi in the Formation of Ukrainian National Identity

The article examines the main statehood ideas and views of the socio-political and Church figure, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi’s contribution to the struggle for the establishment of an independent, united Ukrainian state. The impact of the Metropolitan’s activity as the hierarch of the Greek Catholic Church on the Ukrainian national spiritual revival in Ukraine (at the end of the 19th to middle 20th century) is clarified as the solid foundation which was laid by his ecumenical ideas. The judgment of A. Sheptytskyi regarding the necessary prerequisites for building a strong, independent Ukraine, and his ideas about reforming state authorities, the Church, and educational institutions, are explained. The Metropolitan’s vision for the role of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the process of the Ukrainian statehood formation is highlighted. Public organizations created with his support and direct participation became the basis for the formation of civil society, which, in its religious morality did not succumb to any influence of party radicalism and extremism. It is established that the support of state interests for the Ukrainian people was based on cooperation with the centrist and right-wing political parties of Galicia. As a result of the analysis of A. Sheptytskyi’s pastoral messages, it is concluded that he laid the foundations of national political culture and clearly outlined the concept of patriotism and the principles of public and political service. The Metropolitan’s thoughts on the influence of religion on the formative process on the national identity of the Ukrainian people, and the need to form a single local church in Ukraine, are explained. A. Sheptytskyi was a far-sighted and flexible religious figure; he used his position primarily for the good of the Church and the people. Under his leadership, the Church became the national, Ukrainian church.

Modern Accents of Theological Reflection of Representatives of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Regarding the War and Its Challenges

The article analyzes the relevant thematic documents and materials with the purpose of determining the ways, means and features of the theological search of the representatives of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (hereafter UGCC) in relation to the challenges of Russia's war against Ukraine. The principles of objectivity and confessional non-commitment became the methodological basis of the research. The hermeneutic method, system and content analysis, and the method of doctrinal verification were used. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the appeal to a socially important hot topic, which is just beginning to be studied by scientists based on sources that have arrived mainly in recent months; the scientific novelty consists in identifying the most characteristic theological accents in the instructions, reflections and discussions of both the clergy of the UGCC and the laity, identifying the tendency of the military theme in the theological reflections of the representatives of this Church becoming very saturated, and expanding from theoretical foundations to specific issues that arise from the practice of war. The Head of the UGCC, its military chaplains, and priests and laymen who are active in media reflect on them, and these reflections become the starting points of active, with interactive feedback, discussions that expand even outside the Greek Catholic environment. Among the revealed theological accents, the following are especially emphasized: 1) the “Russian World” concept as defined by the ideology of Russian chauvinism and the justification of war; 2) the mission of Ukrainians to protect both their territories and souls, as well as the entire civilized world, from it; 3) the theological issues of the value of peace, rightly supplemented by the issues of achieving and protecting a just peace, as well as 4) issues of the value, necessity and divine inspiration of effective patriotism; 5) the value of the “Kyiv Church” traditions; 6) the theological developments of the UGCC; 7) the experience of the activity of this Church guided by them in the circumstances of armed aggression; and 8) the value of Christian optimism, which is helpful for resistance to enemies and one’s own spiritual stability and development, even in adverse and difficult conditions.

On the Question of the Establishment and Functioning of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Structures in Crimea in 1991—2022

The study is devoted to the analysis of the processes of formation and development, as well as the current state of the structures of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in the period from 1991 (restoration of Ukraine's independence) to 2022. The UGCC is currently one of the three largest Christian religious organizations in Ukraine. Despite the relatively small number on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, its parishes in the region play a unique role in the preservation of Ukrainian identity, starting from the end of the 20th century; therefore, the development of religious structures is an important aspect of the consolidation of the community of ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea, which is the second largest ethnic community in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The first congregation of the UGCC on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was registered in August 1991 as part of the Kyiv-Vyshgorod Exarchate. The formation and development of the structures of the UGCC in Crimea, even under the conditions of Ukraine's independence, took place in circumstances due to organizational difficulties from authorities and public associations opposed to the activities of the UGCC. Accordingly, the main problems of the parishes were the failure to provide land plots for the construction of churches, the lack of religious buildings, and artificial obstacles to their structure. After the events of the so-called "Crimean Spring" in 2014, Ukrainians in Crimea became a discriminated ethnic community under threat of assimilation. Accordingly, the situation of the Crimean Exarchate of the UGCC changed for the worse: almost all priests and part of the parishioners were forced to leave Crimea due to pressure on the Ukrainian community of the peninsula. The parishes of the region underwent forced "re-registration" as an ‘exarchate of the Catholic Church of the Byzantine rite’, which is directly subject to the Holy See. Still, these structures continue to be under pressure in the absence of their own information resources. In addition, the religious communities of the UGCC in Crimea have the problem of a catastrophic lack of clergy and the subsequent outflow of young and middle-aged parishioners, which can cause their stagnation and a slow decline to the point of disappearance. Analytical intelligence and scientific articles devoted to the situation of the Greek-Catholic communities of Crimea are practically absent.

THE CONTEXTS OF VASYL STEFANYK`S LETTER ABOUT THE STRUGGLE FOR THE UKRAINIAN UNIVERSITY

The aim. To do a research through Vasyl Stefanyk’s epistles into his views on important social-historical and national-political phenomena and processes developing in Halychyna, namely in Lviv, at the beginning of the XXth century. It deals, first and foremost, with the need of starting a Ukrainian university in Halychyna as well as the participation of the metropolitan bishop of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church Andrii Sheptytskyi in this important campaign.
 The research methods. With the aim of elucidating the declared social-political problem the following methods are employed: cultural-historical and biographical. 
 The results. The article analyses the contexts of Vasyl Stefanyk’s letter, written in December 1901, to Father Kyrylo Hamorak. It is underlined that it is this letter that is an extremely interesting testimony of that epoch, that demonstrates the interest of both Stefanyk and his future father-in-law in political events concerning the struggle of the intelligentsia from Halychyna in order to create a Ukrainian university in Halychyna. The letter persuasively demonstrates the Ukrainian community’s special attention to the figure of Andrii Sheptytskyi, the metropolitan bishop of Halychyna. It is revealedthat the fight to create a Ukrainian university lasted throughout several decades but was not settled neither in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy nor in the Second Partition of Rzeczpospolita. The matter of the Ukrainian university was that first political event, in which, as wrote Vasyl Stefanyk in his letter, Bishop Sheptytskyi demonstrated that he “adheres to Rusyny in a loyal way”. 
 The scientific novelty: for the first time the attention is accentuated on Vasyl Stefanyk’s separate epistle, giving an insight into the multifaceted activities(foremost, social-political ones) of the writer and activist from Pokuttia, into his understanding of the need of establishing a Ukrainian university in Lviv and the participation of the metropolitan bishop Andrii Sheptytskyi in that.

The Polemical Impetus of a Far-Reaching Act

The aim of this article is to trace the influence of the polemical works of the Jesuit priest Piotr Skarga (1536–1612) on the religious life of Ukraine and on the Ukrainian culture of his era. The writings of Piotr Skarga, Stanislaw Orzechowski, Benedict Herbest, Herasym Smotrytsky, Ivan Vyshensky, and Hypatius Potius are the sources examined in the author’s scholarly study. Works about Skarga and his era by Józef Tretiak, Ludowik Piechnik, Janusz Tazbir, and Stanisław Cieślak, writings about interfaith polemics concern- ing the Union of Brest by Volodymyr Antonovych, Nikolaj Skabalanovich, Stepan Golubev, Vladimir Zavitnevich, Ivan Franko, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Kyrylo Studynskyi, Porfyriy Yaremenko, Ihor Mytsko, Borys Gudziak, Vitalii Shevchenko, Leonid Tymoshenko, and Ruslan Tkachuk, as well as courses in the history of Ukrainian literature are analyzed to comprehensively present Skarga’s impact on Ukrainian culture. A comparative methodol- ogy is applied. Skarga’s writing talent was brought out during his stay in Vilnius – one of the centers of Reformation movements in the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, the residence of Kyiv Orthodox Metropolitans (1416–1795). The multi-confessionalism of Vilnius challenged Skarga. He wrote O jedności Kościoła Bożego (1577) – a book in which he expounds Tridentine ecclesiology, enumerating from his point of view heresies and schisms characteristic of the Orthodox East. He outlines the prospects of returning the Church of Kyiv to unity with the Apostolic See of Rome. In 1596 the Synod of Brest proclaimed union with the Catholic Church. Skarga was present at the synod as an observer and adviser. He pub- lished a documentary description of the synod’s proceedings – the book Synod Brzeski with an appendix – Obrona Synodu Brzeskiego (1597), which defends the canonical validity of the synod, adding a historical retrospec- tive to justify the need to overcome schism. These works became important catalysts in the development of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which proved its viability during the period of persecution and entered the post-communist era as a most creative spiritual force, combining the careful nurturing of local church tradition with the universality of the apostolic mission.

Liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in 1946: Ideological and Propagandistic Component

Liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in 1946: Ideological and Propagandistic Component

Definitive, etymological and semantic definition of the terms "typicon" and "statute"

The aim of the article is to trace the historical formation of the liturgical statute, to outline the causal relationship of various Byzantine statutes with the Union typicons. Consider in detail the development of the liturgical charter among the Kiev Church, which in the late sixteenth century. restored unity with the Apostolic See. Research methodology: the basis is the use of a chronological method of presenting the material, although sometimes it may seem that in one or another part of scientific research we go back to the previous era. Such references are quite justified, because the liturgical charter needs multifaceted coverage, even within one era. We will also use the historical-critical method to objectively illuminate the context of the development of the liturgical statutes in different time periods, from the first centuries to the present. In the article we apply analytical and synthetic research methods that are necessary in the analysis of ancient printed types. Of course, it is impossible to do without the method of comparative liturgy, which in this work, however, is only partially used. This is due to the need to analyze the typicons themselves, not the texts of the liturgical books. The method of comparative liturgy will help to more objectively assess the affiliation of a particular typicon to a particular tradition, as well as indicate borrowings from other traditions or statutes. The scientific novelty is that for the Church of Christ worship is her life and breath. It is the liturgical prayer that allows the Church to be not just an «institution», but already here on earth, to take part in the divine life of the Holy Trinity. Especially the Eastern Church, through worship, helps people to attend the Heavenly Liturgy, so it is not surprising that the Byzantine rite, which is also used by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, is characterized by a very accurate expression «heaven on earth». In order to regulate worship, in the first centuries, there is a need for special statutory books that would help to properly combine the very rich psalmic, hymnographic, song, biblical and ritual heritage of the Church, in a particular worship, on a given day. This is how the first typicons appeared - liturgical books, which contain clear rules for regulating and conducting all worship services. Unfortunately, in the Greek Catholic Church, with the exception of the study of Mr. Igor Vasylyshyn, Doctor of Liturgical Theology, there have been no attempts to analyze and study in detail the process of creating a constitution, its development and features in the union environment. This fact prompted him to write a scientific paper, which would be one of the first bricks in the construction of modern liturgical theology of the Greek Catholic Church in the field of liturgical statutes. The first manuscripts, which contained a description of certain norms concerning the prayer and liturgical life, come from the monastic environment. The most famous and influential of these are the Statutes of St. Sava the Blessed (later known as the Jerusalem Statutes) and Theodore the Studite (later known as the Studite Statutes). Translated into Church Slavonic, the book Τυπικον is called the "Charter". So today the term "statute" can be considered to correspond, though not the absolute equivalent, to the term of Greek origin "typicon", given their alternating practical application in modern liturgical theology. Moreover, the term "typicon" is most often understood as a liturgical book, and the term "charter" expresses the full scope of the liturgical charter.

Biographical dictionary of the clergy of the Stanislaviv (Ivano-Frankivsk) Diocese - Metropolitanate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1885-2020): substantiation of the research project and the first biographies on the letter "A"

The aim of the article is to theoretically substantiate the main ideas and practical measures for the project of biographical dictionary of the clergy of the Stanislaviv Eparchy, now - Ivano-Frankivsk Metropolitanate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1885-2020) as a complex research topic, and publication of the first fragments of biographical dictionary four priests on the letter "A". Research methodology: the biographical method is outlined in the process of realization of this project, the main parameters of biogram formation are determined. The scientific novelty is that the necessity of the scientific project of the biographical dictionary of the clergy of the Stanislaviv Eparchy / Ivano-Frankivsk Metropolitanate of the UGCC (1885-2020) to expand knowledge about the place and role of the clergy in the national movement and social life of Ukrainians in this region. dictionary, the basic list of the source base is outlined, the participants of the scientific project are indicated. Conclusions: Based on a significant source base, this project is designed primarily to form detailed biographies of priests of this church unit, to fit them into the broader context of historical processes. At the end of the article there is a reconstruction of several biographies of Greek Catholic priests (letter "A"), which testify to their active work not only in the church-religious, but also political, social, economic and cultural spheres of life of the Ukrainian people.

Five tips for success from His Beatitude Svyatoslav Shevchuk and their scientific aspect

The article examines the scientific opinion of the Primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Sviatoslav Shevchuk, who gives advice on success for young people.