Ukrainian Citizens Research Articles

The Discipline of Football in the Provinces of Stanisławów and Ternopil in the Years 1920–1939. An Outline

The aim of the paper is to present the discipline of football in the provinces of Stanisławów and Ternopil in the years 1920-1939. The area of Stanisławów and Ternopil provinces was mainly inhabited by the Poles, Ukrainians and Jews. In the years 1920-1939, the number of clubs and sports associations that ran football sections among Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian citizens grew. Initially, those clubs and sports associations belonged to Lviv Regional Football Association (OZPN). In mid 20s and in the 30s of the 20th century, football organizational structures were created: sub-region of Stanisławów, sub-region of Ternopil and Stanisławów OZPN. The football players of Rewera Stanisławów, Pogoń Stryj and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów became successful all over Poland. In the years 1934-1939, the footballers from the province of Stanisławów – as representatives of Stanisławów OZPN – took part in playoffs to get promoted to the national league. Junior football players of Rewera Stanisławów and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów took part in final tournaments of Polish junior championships in the years 1936-1939.

International migration of Ukrainian citizens to Central Europe before the Russo-Ukrainian wars

International migration of Ukrainian citizens to Central Europe before the Russo-Ukrainian wars

COVERAGE OF THE UKRAINIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF THE 1940S AND 1950S IN THE UGS NEWSPAPER «VOICE OF REVIVAL»

The article examines the peculiarities of liquidation of the information vacuum regarding the events of national history in Ukrainian society, caused by Soviet censorship and propaganda. Therefore, attention is drawn to the important work carried out in this direction by the members of the first Ukrainian public and political organization of the second half of the 1980s – the Ukrainian Helsinki Union. Activists of the UGS created a number of press publications to promote their ideas and raise national consciousness and social activity. One such publication was the newspaper «Voice of Revival» created in 1989 in Kyiv. It has been established that the newspaper’s editorial office focused its activities on providing its readers with up-to-date information that was not published by the official mass media. In the conditions of sending propagandistic ideologues of the Soviet totalitarian regime and the monopoly dominance of its press editions with their multi-million circulations, «Voice of Revival» with its limited circulation nevertheless became an expression of the new Ukrainian free press, which has changed in the information space of Ukraine. This article analyzes the materials published in the newspaper «Voice of Revival» devoted to the activities of the Ukrainian liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s . It is noted that the newspaper’s columns provided readers with information about one of the most mythologized and demonized periods of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle. Given the totalitarian control of the Soviet regime over the official media, Ukrainian society was deprived of the opportunity to obtain objective information about the resistance movement itself and its leaders and activists. Instead, public opinion was «warmed up» by prepared Soviet false ideological stamps. The conclusion states that the activities of the «Voice of Revival» editorial office in covering the struggle of the Ukrainian armed resistance in the 1940s and 1950s were important for the revival of Ukrainian national memory, the spread of national narratives in society, and the mobilization of Ukrainian citizens to oppose the Soviet totalitarian regime in the new period of the Ukrainian liberation struggle in the late 1980s – early 1990s . Keywords «Voice of Revival» newspaper, armed struggle, resistance, OUN, UPA,UGS.

КОНСТИТУЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВІ ОСНОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional and legal foundations of the process of forming social statehood in Ukraine, their improvement, as well as the search for effective mechanisms for building a social state in Ukraine. It was established that one of the reasons for choosing the welfare state model was the realization that a stateorganized society must ensure a certain continuity in terms of its security in the face of such serious risks as aging, illness or job loss. The state is developing a system of measures aimed at smoothing out social contradictions in society, ensuring social progress, and giving everyone the opportunity to manage their abilities. One of the priorities of the state social policy is the creation of conditions for the qualitative development of human potential, healthy and dignified life of the population. It has been proven that legal methods play an extremely important role in the system of state regulation of social policy. Its legal regulation provides a purposeful influence on the behavior and activities of people, and through them on social relations. The main elements of legal methods are legal norms, state orders and acts of application of law, legal relations, acts of realization of rights and obligations. The author comes to the conclusion that although the principles of the welfare state are ensured at the constitutional and legislative level, the implementation of the social policy does not ensure social protection of Ukrainian citizens at the level of a true European welfare state. The question of granting Ukraine the status of a welfare state remains a real challenge for the state authorities, and the task of experts is to find effective ways of its formation. An important means of ensuring the status of a welfare state is the observance of constitutional principles in the social sphere. In this context, the issue of ensuring sustainable implementation of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine also becomes relevant, since it is obvious that the relevant position of the said institution regarding social security issues does not prevent further violations of the Constitution in similar legal situations.

Політичні партії як інститути громадянського суспільства в Україні

Background. Civil society institutions play a crucial role in the state-building processes of independent Ukraine. Given this, the question of researching the peculiarities of civil society institutionalization in Ukraine is relevant. Ukrainian historiography lacks a unified interpretation of issues related to the formation and structural elements of civil society. This article explores various perspectives on the structuring of civil society institutions. The novelty of the research lies in synthesizing approaches to defining the term 'civil society' and its core institutions.The relevance of the study is driven by the need for theoretical understanding of the formation and functioning of civil society institutions in Ukraine, as they represent the interests and needs of Ukrainian citizens. The aim of the article is to analyze the affiliation of political parties with civil society institutions. Methods. Comparative research was carried out in the article, historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systemic methods and analysis were applied. Different views of researchers on political parties belonging to civil society institutions are analyzed. The normative legal documents of the period of restoration and development of the Ukrainian independent state, constitutional projects, works of modern researchers were worked out, which consider the issues of institutionalization of civil society in Ukraine. Results. Having worked out regulatory and legal documents, constitutional projects, works of researchers on this topic proved that political parties are one of the key institutions of civil society in Ukraine. The most important criterion for the justification of belonging to the institutions of civil society is the active involvement of citizens in solving political problems when they actively participate in the development of state policy aimed at solving problems that are relevant to society, through the involvement of specialists, the creation of analytical centers, the study of public opinion and holding public hearings. Conclusions. An important role in the functioning of the state and the life of society is played by political parties, which are one of the institutions of civil society in Ukraine, which represent and protect the interests of citizens in the political arena, attract broad segments of the population to discuss pressing problems.

Електоральна активність як індикатор суспільної консолідації

The article is devoted to the analysis of the level of electoral activity of Ukrainian citizens in the national elections during the years of independence. A statistical analysis of voter participation in presidential, parliamentary elections, local self-government elections, and nationwide referenda held over the past decades has shown significant differences in the indicators of electoral activity. The dependence of the level of indicators of this activity on the urgency of the socio-political situation at the time of the elections was revealed. It is shown that the key factors in increasing the level of electoral activity are voters’ awareness of challenges and threats to the processes of state formation, as well as the desire to influence the vectors of the country’s civilizational development, the choice of ways and forms of state policy implementation.The thesis about the determinism of the level of electoral activity during the national elections by the public demand for the correction of the domestic and foreign political directions of further development is substantiated. It is shown that the low level of electoral activity during local self-government elections is an evidence of awareness of the priority of reforming power relations at the central level and a demonstration of the dependence of local authorities on them. The need to strengthen the decentralization reform, as well as the development of potentially effective forms of direct democracy – nationwide and local referendums as effective tools for studying and taking into account public opinion, fulfilling the needs and interests of citizens, is emphasized. Mobilization is defined as a key aspect of citizens’ electoral activity – as a form of public reaction to the aggravation of political situation in the country. It is shown that the level of electoral activity largely depends on motivational and meaningful prerequisites – a set of motives, values, beliefs, attitudes, interests and other factors that influence the electoral behavior of citizens.A significant increase in the level of electoral activity against the background of threats to democratic development and state-building processes indicates the rooting of democratic values in the mass consciousness, the attitude to the realization of not only personal or group, but also socially significant interests. It is argued that the level of social consolidation increases in the conditions of challenges to the democratic progress of the country, the emergence of threats to its independence or the strengthening of foreign political influences. It has been proven that precisely in such key periods of state formation, electoral activity becomes an evidence of social consolidation, a peculiar indicator of it.

Consequences of the Russian Invasion for Ukrainian Society: Migration, Its Extent, Ways to Overcome

The article considers the main aspects of a previously unknown phenomenon in Ukrainian society – the multi-million number of refugees during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The reasons that directly influenced the migration of Ukrainians are identified. The extent of destruction of Ukrainian cities as a result of terrorist attacks, which provoked a powerful migration wave, is determined. An analysis of the most damaged objects of social infrastructure, enterprises, residential buildings, medical and educational institutions, in particular in Donbas and the Azov region, is carried out. The cities of the aggressor country hosting the deported people from the seized parts of regions of Ukraine are named. In this respect, it cannot be determined for certain which category of Ukrainians left voluntarily and which under duress. The countries of the European Union chosen by Ukrainians for residence, citizenship or temporary asylum are studied. It is determined that in the overwhelming majority the choice of destination country was determined by proximity to the homeland. The gender and age category of the displaced persons, marital status, etc. are analyzed. The critically young age of Ukrainian refugees, the dynamics of the outflow of the reproductive category of the population representing the intellect of the State are determined. The socioeconomic problems (loss of housing, divorces, drain of economically active population, aging of the nation, undermining of territories, ecological catastrophe, falling GDP, etc.) that will befall Ukraine in the post-war period are emphasized. It is proved that economic factors can cause another wave of economic migration, which must be prevented today. It is revealed that for the return of migrants important are the level of unemployment, incomes of the population, prospects for economic growth, economic recovery. The priorities and directions of the State policy for the return of Ukrainian citizens, the development of destroyed territories and the protection of Ukrainians situated on the border with Russia and Belarus are determined.

MYKHAILO HAVRYLKO: ARTIST-CARVER, POET, PATRIOT

The article examines the formation of Mykhailo Havrylko as a national artist, a conscious Ukrainian citizen, the beginnings of his revolutionary activities, his fascination with the creative works and liberating ideas of Taras Shevchenko, and his ardent desire to embody the image of the Kobzar in sculpture. Emphasis is placed on the «burning hatred» of the young artist towards the despised Russian autocracy, his participation in the organization of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Legion at the beginning of World War I. The cultural and educational work of the sculptor among Ukrainian prisoners of war in the Fraystadt camp is highlighted, as well as his uncompromising stance on national issues, sharp confrontation with Muscovites in their actions and propaganda among the prisoners. The participation of the patriot in combat actions within the ranks of the the Ukrainian Sich Rifl emens, including battles on various fronts in Galicia, as well as his work in the Press Quarter of the Riflemen, is highlighted. His national-conscious work among the population of Volhynia under the auspices of the Bureau of Cultural Aid for the Population of Occupied Territories, his significant contribution to the establishment of Ukrainian schools in the Volhynian region, and subsequent work among the riflemen are revealed. Attention is focused on the carver’s struggle within the ranks of Ukrainian armed formations in defense of Ukrainian statehood in the Naddniprianshchyna region, his establishment of a partisan detachment, and his tragic death in the struggle against the Bolsheviks. Keywords Mykhailo Havrylko, woodcarving, Shevchenkiana, SVU, national-conscious work.

СОЛІДАРИЗМ ЯК ІДЕОЛОГІЧНА ОСНОВА РОЗВИТКУ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The article, based on the study and analysis of scientific literature, examines solidarism as an ideology, the essence of the concept of "solidarity" and "solidarism", defines the features of solidarism as a doctrinal approach to understanding politics and social life. It is noted that society cannot exist without ideology, as it is a set of ideas, views and beliefs fixed in public consciousness. The main views of the founders and representatives of this direction are considered. It is noted that even at the current stage of the development of society, the essence of the ideology of solidarism remains the subject of interdisciplinary research. It has been proven that any society is guided by the principles of solidarity, especially in the postmodern world, where the communicative understanding of politics becomes the leading one. The essence of civil society is determined not only by institutional and organizational forms, but also by a whole complex of value-meaning orientations of all citizens, among which solidarity occupies a prominent place, the main features of which are the ability to unite, activity, universality, dynamism, complementarity, etc. It is suggested that solidarity is the ideological basis of civil society, which actualizes and satisfies the implementation of various interests of citizens, influences the effectiveness of state activity, supports it or criticizes it, but never remains indifferent to the problems that arise. In addition, it is noted that solidarity acts as a strategy for mobilizing society during crises and dangers. It is concluded that solidarism is a modern ideology that offers humanistic ideals and values, acts as the basis of civil society, contributes to its consolidation, mobilization and reproduction. It is managed by the majority of Ukrainian citizens, as evidenced by the volunteer movement and the data of sociological surveys. Mutual support and mutual assistance, solidarity appear as values of the civilized world, to which the Ukrainian state undoubtedly belongs.

The principle of not separating siblings in the Polish legal system

This article is devoted to the analysis of the principle of not separating siblings in the Polish legal system. It is described in particular in the Act of February 25, 1964 – Family and Guardianship Code (i.e., Journal of Laws 2020, item 1359) and the Act of 9 June 2011 on supporting the family and foster care system (i.e., Journal of Journal of Laws 2022, item 447 as amended). As part of the study, the implementation of this principle was discussed within such legal institutions as divorce, separation, annulment of marriage, residence order in the case of parents living separately, foster care and adoption. The article also refers to the Act of 12 March 2022 on assistance to Ukrainian citizens in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country (Journal of Laws 222, item 583, as amended) introducing the principle of not separating siblings when appointing a temporary guardian for unaccompanied minor citizens of Ukraine residing in Poland.

Belief in a Just World and Infantilism as Predictors of Subjective Well-Being

The article describes the results of a study of belief in a just world, psychological infantilism, and suggestibility as predictors of subjective well-being. The collection of empirical data was carried out in August-September 2022 with citizens of Ukraine. The sample consisted of 71 people (71.8% - women). It was established: Personal beliefs in a just world is a significant predictor of cognitive and emotional components of subjective well-being. The change of residence forced by the martial law increases the emotional discomfort. At the same time, the negative impact of the change of residence on the emotional state of the individual is partially compensated by the strengthening of the personal beliefs in a just world. Psychological infantilism, primarily infantilism of coping behavior, is a negative predictor of subjective well-being. Suggestibility is not a significant predictor of subjective well-being. At the same time, it is directly related to the infantilism of coping-behavior and position of dependency. By supporting these manifestations of infantilism, suggestibility can make a certain contribution to reducing subjective well-being. The article discusses the limitations of empirical research.

STATE REGULATION OF PUBLISHING: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

The experience of most countries confirms that the development of modern information technologies does not reduce people's interest in books. The demand for publishing products remains stable, and in the context of the dynamic development of the digital economy and the priority of information as a resource for sustainable development, it is even growing. Thus, in the EU countries, 6 to 8 books are published per capita per year. In Ukraine, there are significantly different trends, because in 2020 the annual circulation of books in Ukraine amounted to 20.2 million copies, that is, 0.48 copies of books and brochures per one inhabitant of Ukraine. Under such conditions, the development of publishing entities requires strategic and conceptual organizational and financial support from the state in the context of more efficient use of limited financial resources. Since 2005, Ukraine has been implementing the "Ukrainian Book" program, which along with providing tax benefits to publishers and book distributors is a form of state support for publishing. The results of the audit of the effectiveness of the use of funds proved that the effectiveness of the use of state budget funds is not high enough, in particular due to the imperfection of the criteria for selecting publications. Based on the results of the study, a list of such criteria was formed. The methodological principles of expert evaluation of book publications declared by the subject of publishing business in accordance with the established criteria for the selection of book products using points have been formed. An evaluation scale based on the selection criteria was developed. Additional characteristics that specify the main criteria for selecting publications included in the program and financed from the budget are proposed. The number of the expert group (7-15 persons) is substantiated, which ensures the reliability of the examination. The developed methodological and practical principles are intended to partially solve the existing problems by establishing scientifically based criteria for more efficient use of state budget funds and satisfying the reading interest of Ukrainian citizens.

Problematyka kompetencji wojewody w świetle specustawy o pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy. Wybrane aspekty

On 24 February 2022. The Russian Federation launched an armed attack on the territory of Ukraine, resulting in an outbreak of war and a massive influx of Ukrainian citizens into Poland. Consequently, it became necessary to regulate refugee issues by law. This was done in the Law on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine in Connection with the Armed Conflict on the Territory of that State, indicating the manner in which assistance is to be provided and the proceedings in cases concerning citizens of Ukraine whose stay is deemed legal under the above law. The broad powers granted by the Act to certain state entities may raise questions. The paper discusses the tasks and powers granted under the above Act to the provincial governor, analysing their scope and assessing their expediency and rationality. The article concludes with de lege ferenda proposals, the introduction of which would make it possible to improve the performance of tasks concerning the assistance of Ukrainian citizens by the provincial governor and to dispel doubts raised by certain provisions of the Act.

Legal regime of stay in the EU of citizens of Ukraine

The article focuses attention on the factors that became catalysts for the adoption of Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, which establishes the presence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC and introduces temporary protection. The above-mentioned decision became the basis for the appearance of a legal regime for the stay of Ukrainian citizens in the EU, which did not exist before - this is the regime of temporary protection.
 Focuses on the Council conclusions of 27 May 1999 on displaced persons from Kosovo, Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof.
 The article highlights all existing legal regimes of a Ukrainian citizen's stay in the EU (temporary protection; tourist; refugee) and characterizes them. It is emphasized that the regime of temporary protection is limited in time, it is not the same as permanent protection and that it provides that EU member states take measures necessary for the voluntary return of persons who enjoy temporary protection or whose temporary protection has expired - to Ukraine. If the legal regime of a tourist - a citizen of Ukraine independently ensures his stay in an EU member state, he does not have the right to work in the EU. Refugee status can be acquired by a citizen of Ukraine who proves that he has a justified danger of being persecuted because of race, religion, nationality, belonging to a certain social group or political beliefs. Under the legal status of a refugee, a person gains access to the labor market if the application for granting refugee status has not received a final review within 9 months.
 It is emphasized that EU law establishes only minimum standards of protection that each EU member state must ensure. National protection standards (EU member countries) are higher compared to EU standards.

Інвестиційні уподобання населення України: реакція на шоки воєнного стану

The article contains the results of the analysis of the investment behaviour of Ukrainian households in the crisis caused by external armed aggression. The financial potential of Ukrainian households in the pre-war period was assessed, and it was concluded that the expenses of most of the population were directed to the consumer rather than investment purposes. It was found that the investment potential of households was directed, first, to the purchase of currency, real estate, and deposits, as well as to risky crypto-currency assets, the active use of which Ukraine is one of the world leaders, instead of public investments in securities and other financial instruments remain extremely limited. The choice of the population of Ukraine in favour of investments in currency, real estate, deposits, and government bonds is currently quite rational since investments in private instruments of the local capital market (both directly and through pension funds and mutual investment institutions) do not provide high profitability and are associated with significant risks. It was revealed that in the conditions of martial law, the investment priorities of the population were most affected by the need to protect savings from depreciation, finance the country’s defence needs, and the corresponding rate of growth of the state debt, as well as high risks of real estate investments and strict restrictions of the National Bank of Ukraine on capital movement. It has been established that at a relatively high level of inflation, Ukrainian citizens do not receive a deposit offer from banks that is adequate to maintain the solvency of their savings. A situation in the banking system that is dangerous for financial stability has been identified, which is associated with the formation of a liquidity “canopy” due to the balances on the current accounts of the population. Emphasis is placed on the need to urgently increase the reserve requirements for demand deposits and current deposits to stimulate the growth of the value of hryvnia assets and change the banks’ liquidity surplus structure. Prospective directions and tools for the placement of household savings are justified, considering the needs of the post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy and the prospects for European integration.

Polish Local Government Aid to Refugees from Ukraine on the Example of the City of Poznań

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in a mass migration of refugees. Poland, as a neighbour, took in those fleeing the war and deployed them in cities in different parts of the country. A large part of the population was taken in by towns and cities in the east of Poland, but Ukrainian citizens were leaving further west. One city that provided assistance was Poznań, which, in cooperation with many local institutions, created living conditions for the refugees. The article analyses the actions that the local government carried out to deal with the migration crisis and what goals guided them.

Prawo właściwe dla przysposobienia według polsko-ukraińskiej umowy o pomocy prawnej

The subject of the study is the analysis of the conflict of law rules contained in Article 30 of the Agreement between the Republic of Poland and Ukraine on legal assistance and legal relations in civil and criminal matters, made in Kiev on May 24, 1993 (Journal of Laws of 1994, No. 96, item 465) determining the jurisdiction and applicable law for establishing, amending, terminating and canceling the adoption. Before proceeding with this analysis, some differences in the substantive and procedural/technical rules relating to adoption in Polish and Ukrainian law are pointed out. Furthermore, it is emphasized that under Article 30 of the Agreement the institution of renvoi plays no part. In the event of multiple Polish and Ukrainian citizenship, the decisive factor becomes the “effective” citizenship. Article 30, on the other hand, offers no solution for stateless persons. Next, the jurisdiction designated by Article 30 sec. 5 sentence 1 of the Agreement (dealing with matters of adoption, as well as the amendment, termination or annulment of the adoption) is analyzed. Subsequently, the author takes up the questions relating to determination of the law applicable to adoption by one person and the joint adoption by spouses. The author contends that the law applicable to the adoption is fixed and so it is not subject to changes. The article assumes that the effects of a full adoption “transform” — on the confl ict-of-laws level — into relations between parents and children, and the effects of a partial adoption are governed by the law applicable to the establishment of adoption.The article shows that the law applicable to its establishment of the adoption is applicable also to the amendment, termination and annulment of adoption. The author further submits that in theory the public policy clause may be used under the Polish-Ukrainian Agreement, but in practice this should not occur too often because there are no provisions of the Ukrainian adoption law, the application of which would result in consequences contrary to the fundamental principles of the Polish legal order.

Choice of Law of Succession (Professio Juris Successoria) in the Light of the Regulation EU No 650/2012: Case Study - Analysis of the Preliminary Ruling in the Case C- 21/22

In this paper, the author seeks to present the choice of law of succession (professio juris) under the Regulation EU No 650/2012 by analysing the concerns of a Polish court of law in a specific succession case with cross-border implications. The presented prejudicial question is interesting not only in the context of the institution of professio juris itself, but also through the prism of its application to third-country nationals and the hierarchy of norms of international law. The selected case has a particularly important practical value for Poland as it concerns the relationship of European law to an agreement entered into between Poland and Ukraine. Considering the large number of Ukrainian citizens residing in Poland, the resolution of this case will contribute to the strengthening of the legal certainty by unifying the interpretation of norms applicable to succession cases.

O podstawach stosowania wobec dzieci ukraińskich rozstrzygnięć opiekuńczych przewidzianych w ustawie o pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy w związku z konfl iktem zbrojnym na terytorium tego państwa

The Act of March 12, 2022 on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine in Connection with Armed Conflict on the Territory of Ukraine introduced the possibility of establishing temporary custody for minor citizens of Ukraine who — following the war in their home country — found themselves on the territory of the Republic of Poland without the protection of adults (Article 25 of the Law). The author seeks to determine what are the grounds for the application of the above-mentioned provisions of Polish law to Ukrainian citizens while examining the grounds for asserting the domestic jurisdiction of Polish courts in temporary custody cases.Despite the existence of a 1993 bilateral agreement in Polish-Ukrainian relations, which contains conflict-of-law rules on applicable law and jurisdiction, the 1996 Hague Convention on Parental Responsibility, to which both Poland and Ukraine are parties, takes precedence in guardianship cases. Article 6 of this convention stipulates that for the children who, due to disturbances occurring in their country, are internationally displaced, the authorities of the country on the territory of which these children are present as a result of their displacement have jurisdiction. Article 15 of the Hague Convention, on the other hand, stipulates that the authority that has jurisdiction applies its own law.The author notes, however, that the Polish legislator has not referred to the abovementioned conflict rules justifying the jurisdiction of Polish courts and the jurisdiction of Polish law, but seems to treat the provisions on temporary custody as the international mandatory rules (lois l’application immédiate). It is also unfortunate that Article 25 of the Act refers to Polish law with regard to the premise of a minor present in Poland unaccompanied by “responsible adults.” However, the author contends that the point of reference here must be Polish conflict of laws (and not family law), which leads to the conclusion that the determination of who is responsible for the child should be determined on the basis of Ukrainian law.

Analysis of Reasons for Referral and Coverage of Breast Cancer Screening of Women Who are Internally Displaced Persons: Data and Perspectives

Millions of Ukrainian citizens were forced to leave their homes after the Russian invasion in Ukraine. Today the activation of social, humanitarian and medical problems is determined in Ukraine. A lot of internally displaced persons (IDPs) moved to the western regions, in particular, in Transcarpathia. Thousands of patients lost their family doctors and lost the permanent medical care. The main reasons for the doctor’s consultations are the treatment and primary care of the existing diseases. Screening and the early detection of cancer is not a priority and are ignored by the patients often. However, breast cancer (BC) remains the most common disease among female population in the country. In women 18–24 years old BC is in the third place in the disease structure (10.8%), in persons 30–74 years old its rate is 27.6–20.6 %. The objective: to perform the statistical analysis of the reasons for the referral to the doctor of the IDPs and to evaluate the frequency of the referrals for BC screening. Materials and methods. 2500 visits of IDPs to the doctors were registered in the clinic “InterFamily” (Uzhhorod). The reasons for the visits, diagnosis, medical management were coded with cods from the table “ICPC-2” in Excel program on the basis of which the research was conducted. Results. 657 women who are IDPs visited the doctor, 29.8% of them were 18–39 years old, 65% – 40–74 years old, 5.2% – over 75 years old. The patients were from all the regions of Ukraine that were affected by war direct invasion. The largest number of patients were from Donetsk, Luhansk regions, as well from Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia and Kyiv regions. The most often reasons for the doctor’s visits were recorded respiratory diseases (23.8%), cardiovascular diseases (22.0%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (9.5%), skin pathology, digestive organs and endocrine diseases (6.7%, 6.9% and 6.1%, respectively). Only 4.5% of all women 40–74 years old who were IDPs visited the volunteer clinic for BC screening, 0.5% of women 40–74 years old who were consulted for medical care not connected with female reproductive organs, or who visited clinic for prevention care, were referral for BC screening by a family doctor. Conclusions. BC screening had only 4.5% of women that indicate the low level of doctor’s concern and, probably, insufficient knowledge of women for diagnosis of this disease. A research project to study the motivation for BC screening of patients who are IDPs and the family doctors is proposed.