Ukrainian Children Research Articles

Mechanism for Ensuring Children’s Rights in Ukraine: Problems of Subject Composition

The purpose of the scientific article is a comprehensive analysis of the nature and subjective composition of the mechanism for ensuring the rights of children in Ukraine. Тo achieve it, the following tasks are formulated: first, on the basis of doctrinal sources to reveal the approaches of modern scientists to the nature and essence of the mechanism of ensuring children’s rights; secondly, based on the existing legal sources of Ukraine in this area to analyze the structure of the mechanism for ensuring the rights of children; thirdly, to classify the subjects of the mentioned mechanism, to consider the principles of their legal status and functional-competence characteristics; fourth, to highlight the features of general and special subjects of children’s rights, based on existing law enforcement practices. Scientific novelty. The mechanism for ensuring the rights of children in Ukraine have undergone a long period of formation, has undergone some reforms marked by the implementation of international legal standards, modernization of the subject structure, which includes two main groups – public and private, designed to regulate, implement, protect and safeguard children’s rights, and in case of their violation – proper and timely recovery. Conclusions. The mechanism for ensuring the rights of children in Ukraine are a complex entity. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, through the Plenipotentiary of the President of Ukraine for Children’s Rights, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Social Policy, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the National Police of Ukraine, their structural subdivisions and territorial bodies, local state administrations and bodies are called upon to exercise a number of powers local government, through children’s services. These are known to be public law entities. In turn, the subjects of private law involved in ensuring the rights of children and the protection of children are labor collectives, charities and other public organizations, individuals. At the same time, there are a number of problematic issues that lie in the plane of its functioning of this mechanism and need to be addressed in the interests of children

Reconstruction of the Aortic Arc through Left Thoracotomy in Patients with Isolated Coarctation and Aortic Arch Hypoplasia

Background. The choice of surgical approach for the reconstruction of aortic arch hypoplasia is a rather controversial issue. Traditionally, left lateral thoracotomy is used to correct aortic coarctation with hypoplasia of one or more arc seg-ments. However, in recent years, more and more clinics have begun widespread use of median sternotomy for the surgical treatment of aortic arch hypoplasia. The purpose of the research was to analyze the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of isolated hypoplasia of the aortic arch in infants through left thoracotomy.
 Materials and methods. From 2010 to 2019, 159 infants with coarctation and hypoplasia of one or more segments of the aortic arch underwent reconstruction of the aortic arch at the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the NAMS of Ukraine and Ukrainian Children’s Cardiac Center. The study included only patients with biventricular physiology and subsequent biventricular correction. There were 108 male patients (68%) and 51 female patients (32%).
 The mean age of the patients was 2.4 ± 0.9 months, the mean body weight was 4.7 ± 2.0 kg. The main method of diagnosis, i.e. determining the defect and assessing the immediate and long-term results, was echocardiographic examination. The study group consisted of 155 patients (97.5%) in whom the reconstruction of the aortic arch was performed through left thoracotomy, in the remaining 4 patients (2.5%) the intervention was performed through median sternotomy.
 
 Results. In-hospital mortality was 0.6% (n = 1). The average time of the operation was 126 ± 40 minutes, the aortic cross-clamp time was 24.7 ± 5.1 minutes. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation after the surgery was 41 ± 15.9 hours.
 The mean follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 13 years. There were no deaths in the long-term period. Ten (6.4%) patients developed aortic arch restenosis in the postoperative period. In 8 patients, the narrowing was treated by endovascular dilatation. Two patients underwent repeated aortic arch repair using median sternotomy. There were no cases of compression of the trachea, main bronchi, neurological complications in the follow-up period.
 
 Conclusions. Reconstruction of the aortic arch hypoplasia through left thoracotomy is an effective and safe treatment option in infants associated with good immediate and long-term results. The study indicates that this surgical strategy can be used in most patients with hypoplasia of the isthmus and distal aortic arch.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗДОРОВОГО СПОСОБУ ЖИТТЯ ДІТЕЙ – ПЕРШОЧЕРГОВЕ ЗАВДАННЯ БАТЬКІВ

Сьогоднішній стан здоров’я населення України експерти оцінюють як загрозливий. Щоб вийти з цього стану потрібні зміни у соціальній політиці держави, а також спільні дії педагогів, батьків та громадськості. У статті досліджуються шляхи і методи подолання деяких факторів сучасності, які негативно впливають на здоров’я дітей, зокрема, надмірного користування дітьми електронниими пристроями, нераціонального харчування, брак у них почуття родинності тощо. Корисним для батьків буде перелік тем для проведення санітарно-просвітницької роботи з дітьми. У зв’язку із введеням у дію Санітарного регламенту загальноосвітніх закладів істотно змінюються завдання батьків і батьківських комітетів щодо контролю за реалізацією цього документа, який суттєво впливає на формування здорового способу життя дітей. Досліджується проблема стимулювання громадян України, які дотримуються здорового способу життя.

Дитячі телестудії в системі інтегрованих ЗМІ

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the article: </em></strong><em>to consider the experience of media education work with children in Ukraine; to classify the models of organization of mass media education of children, in particular children’s television, to substantiate the need to systematize the mass media as an institution for the formation of media competence of children’s audience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>To solve the set tasks, the method of typology was used, which revealed similarities and differences between the forms and types of children's media; analysis, synthesis, generalization – to substantiate the conclusions about the situation with children's media; cognitive analysis – to outline the prospects of children's media.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> T</em><em>he activity in the children’s television association not only provides real opportunities for everyone to try themselves as a journalist, presenter, cameraman, but also enriches the life experience, which is the basis for joining society, for mastering social culture as well as the requirements of the environment. The quality level of children’s TV studio in the system of integrated media education primarily depends on the level of media competence of adults who teach children.</em></p><p><em>Unlike educational institutions, the media has a very useful quality, such as the ability to reach a large and dispersed audience. However, it should be recognized that as an institution of education, journalism does not currently have the necessary qualities. There is no regularity and provision of gradual development of knowledge by the audience. That is, the inherent potential of the media, necessary for conducting broad media educational work, is not yet fully used in the development of media competence of children’s audience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> </em><em>Experience of media education for children in the Ukraine is examined in the article. The author classifies the models of mass media education of children, justifying the need for systematic mass media as an institution of media-competence child audience.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance</em></strong><em>. The results of the study can be useful for both employees of TV channels and teachers.</em></p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>mass media, media education, children, models of media education.</em>

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers among children in Ukraine, 2017

BackgroundBefore hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) introduction, level of endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Ukraine was estimated as intermediate but the prevalence of HBV infection markers has not been measured in population-based serosurveys. Coverage with 3 doses of HepB, introduced in 2002, was 92%-98% during 2004–2007 but declined to 21%-48% during 2010–2016. To obtain data on HBV prevalence among children born after HepB introduction, we tested specimens from a serosurvey conducted in Ukraine in 2017, following circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in 2015, among birth cohorts eligible for polio immunization response. MethodsThe serosurvey was conducted in Zakarpattya, Sumy, and Odessa provinces, and Kyiv City, targeting 2006–2015 birth cohorts. One-stage cluster sampling in the provinces and stratified simple random sampling in Kyiv were used for participant selection. All participants were tested for antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc). Anti-HBc-positive children were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). We also obtained information on HepB vaccination status for all children. ResultsOf 4,596 children tested, 81 (1.8%) were anti-HBc-positive and eight (0.2%) were HBsAg-positive. HBsAg prevalence was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.3%-1.4%) in Zakarpattya, 0.1% (0.0%-0.4%) in Sumy, 0% (0.0%-03%) in Odessa, and 0.1% (0.0%-0.8%) in Kyiv. Across survey sites, the proportion of recipients of ≥ 3 HepB doses was 53%-80% in the 2006–2009 cohort and 28%-59% in the 2010–2015 cohort. ConclusionHBV prevalence among children in surveyed regions of Ukraine in 2017 was low, including in Zakarpattya—the only site above the 0.5% European Regional target for HBsAg seroprevalence. However, HepB vaccination was suboptimal, particularly among children born after 2009, resulting in large numbers of unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children at risk of future HBV infection. HepB coverage should be increased to further reduce HBV transmission among children in Ukraine and achieve regional and global hepatitis B control/elimination targets.

Chronic kidney disease in children in Ukraine

The study aimed to summarize data of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in children and adolescents in Ukraine.
 Methods. There were performed a qualitative study based on published documents and registers, and a cohort observational study included 3528 depersonalized patients with CKD diagnosed before the age of 18. That was used cross-sectional and longitudinal design for the structure, etiology, and outcomes analysis, period comparison (years 2014 and 2019), quantitative analyzes depending on patients age and nosology, risk measurements and survival function.
 Results. There was found the tendency to reduce the incidence of the genitourinary system diseases in childhood, and the predominance of these classes of diseases in adolescents. The main causes of CKD were congenital structural or histological abnormalities and glomerulonephritis. Prolonged kidney function preservation at the initial level was confirmed in many patients (CKD1 was maintained in 33.0% and CKD5 - in 56.6% causes after 5 years period) with the partial function improvement in CKD1-3. CKD1-4 probability at the 1st year of observation was 91.7±0.47%, at the 5th year - 84.2±0.82%. The structural CKD5 specialties in patients receiving Kidney Replacement Therapy have been established. There was a significantly higher risk of CKD5 during 5 years period after Acute Kidney Injury (OR 2.81-2.10), and a lower probability of CKD5 in patients with glomerulonephritis (OR 0.66-0.54) compared to other nosology. CKD pathomorphosis was found in the year 2019 compared to the year 2014: the kidney dysplasia as an etiological factor was increased (from 19.3% to 22.0%, р=0.040); the immediate outcome at the 1st year of observation was improved with the lower risk of declaring of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) to CKD5 level (93.6% vs. 90.0%), but the late follow-up prognosis became worse (the cumulative probability of CKD1-4 at the 5th year of observation decreased from 85.5 to 73.9%, p=0.016); the structure of Kidney Replacement Therapy changed with the increasing part of transplanted patients (from 30.5% to 48.9%, p<0.001), especially as a first choice (pre-dialysis); the tendency to decrease the proportion of polycystic kidney disease in CKD and to increase it in CKD5 was revealed with risk raising of GFR loss <15 ml/min in the year 2019 compared to other nosology (OR 1.69, p=0.027).
 Conclusions. The established epidemiological and clinical realities are important for determining the kidney disease outcome in children and adolescents, assessing the medical management of these patients, sharpening the priorities of pediatric nephrology, and emphasizing the significance of further studies with appropriate regulations.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION IN UKRAINE DURING 2018-2020 YEARS

The aim: Is to provide data on the presence of potential pathogens of ARTIs in children in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The etiology of ARTIs was investigated in 487 children in MC 'Eurolab', Kyiv, Ukraine during 2018-2020 years. Seven respiratory viruses - Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV), Parainfluenza virus (PIV), Adenovirus (AdV), human Metapneumovirus (MPV), Rhinovirus (RV), human Bocavirus (BoV), Coronavirus (CoV), were identified by PCR. Qualitative detection of Influenza type A, type B, Group A Streptococcal was performed by chromatographic immunoassay. Pathogens profiles, clinical characteristics and seasonality were analyzed. Results: 487 nasal and throat swabs from children with ARVI were collected. 400 (82,1%) samples were found to be positive: 319 swabs were positive at least for one respiratory virus, 43 children had positive rapid influenza test, 38 - positive strep test. A total of 403 viruses were identified. RV (27,1%), ADV (13,4%), RSV (13,2 %), IVA (10,7 %) were the most commonly identified viruses. Conclusions: Detection of viral seasonality in Ukraine and estimating of clinical features in case of infection allows predicting probable clinical course of disease, to provide, optimize the therapy and to develop preventive measures, vaccination, in particular.

Violent crime of juveniles: features of group behavior

Introduction. Prevention of juvenile delinquency is always one of the priorities of Ukraine's legal policy, as children are one of the most criminally affected segments of the population. The preamble to the Law of Ukraine "On Child Protection" states that the protection of children in Ukraine is a strategic national priority, which is important for ensuring the national security of Ukraine, the effectiveness of domestic policy. It should be noted that neither society nor the state has created an effective system for preventing juvenile delinquency, including violence. Today, the level of juvenile delinquency among Ukrainians and its increased public danger is of concern to scholars, practitioners, and ordinary citizens alike. The aim of the article. Establishing the features of group violent juvenile delinquency. Conclusions features of the group nature of violent juvenile delinquency: the desire for community and imitation as normal psychophysiological age traits; greater degree of cruelty and abuse of the victim; incitement to suicide; increased group dependence; insufficient social self-control; conformism; ease of quick informal integration; the need for communication and self-affirmation; group cohesion; dominant group motive. When committing group violent crimes by minors in the group, despite the presence of different motives of its participants, the group motive is dominant. Such a group motive determines the qualification of the crime committed by minors. The group through the system of its intragroup relations determines certain personal characteristics of its members. A promising area of further research in this area is to determine the nature and content of group motive, as well as the role of the leader in the mechanism of group violent behavior of minors.

Physical education of children in pre-primary education in Ukraine (pedagogical aspect)

This article is devoted to the issues of physical education in preschool education in Ukraine. The organisation of physical education process in kindergartens in this country is conducted in accordance with the regulation of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “On preschool education” and with the state educational programmes “Child”, “Ukrainian preschool”, “Little Seed”, “Toddler”, “Pre-school Child”, “Me in the World”. Physical games, morning gymnastics, Health Days, Sports Days and walking trips play an important role in physical education of preschoolers in Ukraine. The main tasks of physical education in Ukraine in preschool institutions are: strengthening the health of children; fostering the harmonious development of the organism; development of motor skills; body hardening; forming hygiene habits. In the recent years, an increase in the interest in using the resources of folk physical culture in physical education classes has been observed in the activities of Ukrainian preschools. The position of a physical education teacher has been introduced in preschool education institutions. The basic organisational forms of conducting physical education classes in preschools in Ukraine include: frontal form, classes in teams, additional activities. An important element of the effectiveness of physical education of preschool children in Ukraine is the integration of physical education forms with music and dance.

АНАЛІЗ ДЕМОГРАФІЧНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ ТА ПРОГНОЗНЕ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ УЧНІВ ПЕРШИХ КЛАСІВ

General secondary education is an important element of the education system of any country and the basis for successful procurement of the next levels of education. The importance of the management analysis based on statistical data is increasing and it makes it possible to establish the dynamics of changes and to identify their factors and typical trends in the general secondary education system as a whole. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of demographic processes on the formation of the contingent of first-graders and forecast it for the future. The dynamics of the birth rate between 2008 and 2018 are analyzed based on the calculated birth rates by the regions and types of areas (urban and rural settlements). The used statistical methodology for the consistent patterns is based on the principles of comparison, analysis, and synthesis with the use of generalizing indicators. To calculate the projected number of first-graders, factual methods are chosen based on the available information about the forecasting object and its past development, based on which a scientifically substantiated conclusion is achieved about the possible state of the object in the future. Dynamic series of the averaged coefficients of the ratio of the number of first-grade students and the number of births in the corresponding period is constructed. The research is based on the data of statistical forms of reporting on the activities of general secondary education 76-RVC «Consolidated report of day schools of general secondary education» for the period of 2014/2015-2019/2020 and information of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the population and birth rate of children in Ukraine in 2008-2018.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВИЙ ЗАХИСТ ДИТЯЧОЇ БЕЗДОГЛЯДНОСТІ ТА БЕЗПРИТУЛЬНОСТІ ПІД ЧАС КАРАНТИНУ

The article examines the features of the legal status of child neglect and homelessness, determines the place of this category of persons in society and the state. Child neglect and homelessness are considered as a separate category that needs social and legal protection from the state and charitable organizations, especially during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Today, the problem of homeless people and homeless children in Ukraine distorts the social environment, destroys the physical, mental and spiritual health of people, reduces their vital, social and creative activity, worsens morale, as well as creates tension in society. The main reasons for this situation were a sharp decline in income and living standards due to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and structural changes in the economy, unprofitability of many manufacturing enterprises, imperfect financial and credit mechanisms, the sharp increase in existing and hidden unemployment, unpreparedness of training and social institutions, as well as law enforcement agencies to work with such categories of the population in the market conditions. The general principles of social protection of homeless persons and homeless children established by the legislation are determined. It provides legal regulation for relations in society, which are aimed at realization by homeless persons and homeless children of their rights and freedoms provided by the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine. It also creates conditions for public and charitable organizations working in the field of social protection. The conditions and active growth of the number of homeless people and homeless children during quarantine are studied. The author points out the need to comply with the current legislation in the field of social and legal protection of this category of persons, especially during quarantine, as health should be a strategic direction of human life. Thus, the state should protect and help homeless citizens and homeless children according to the Constitution of Ukraine, as a person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. The maintenance and upbringing of orphans and children deprived of parental care is the responsibility of the state. Keywords: homelessness, child neglect, life circumstances, health care, quarantine, social assistance, social services, orphanhood.

РОЗВИТОК СИСТЕМИ ОСВІТИ ОБДАРОВАНИХ ДІТЕЙ У КИТАЇ

The article outlines the main approaches to the organization of education of gifted children in China. It is established that the strategies and content of education of gifted children in Ukraine and China have both similarities and specific features. An analysis of the state-regulated education system for gifted children in China is presented

Problems of the health care system and directions for their solution: a view of science and practice

The study allowed us to establish the development of scientific knowledge in public administration, which is to expand its subject-matter scope and methods of studying the processes occurring in the field of health care. In addition, it is proved that the proposals of scientists to expand the forms and content of mechanisms for implementing public administration and public policy in the field of health care are important in the development of methodology and organization of public administration science. The positions of domestic and foreign scientists on the peculiarities of public health management are analyzed. Thus, Bugaytsov S. G. studied the problems of state regulation of the cancer care system, Yarosh N. P. devoted research to regulating the development of social standards in the field of health, Ringach N. O. studied the health care system as a component of national security. Scientific researches of Zhilka K. I. related to the development of cooperation with international organizations in the field of public administration of children's health. Firsova OD improved the mechanisms of geoinformation support of the state health care management in Ukraine. Mokretsov SE studied the problems of public administration of reproductive health in Ukraine in a demographic crisis. Kovalenko T. Yu. developed mechanisms of public administration in the field of sanatorium and resort provision of children in Ukraine. Jafarova D. M. suggested ways to improve the management system of primary health care reform at the local level on the example of the city of Lviv. In general, the scientific achievements of domestic science, allows us to talk about the diversity of the health care system as an object of public administration. As a result, a map of the development of public administration science in the context of a separate object-subject field of the health care system has been formed.

Dynamics of the incidence rate of pneumonia in children in Ukraine over the past 20 years

Pneumonia ranks third in the structure of hospital mortality in infants after perinatal pathology and congenital malformations in Ukraine. Over the past 20 years in Ukraine, there has been a 33,7% increase in the incidence of pneumonia in children (p˂0.01), with the predominant detection of this pathology in children from regions of the country who have problematic issues in the proper provision of pediatric services. The highest incidence of pneumonia in all age groups was observed in children of Ivano-Frankivsk, Rivne, Kyiv and Vinnitsa regions. Thanks to the progressive development of domestic pediatrics and the introduction of modern medical and diagnostic technologies, in particular, vaccine prophylaxis, over the past 20 years, the death rate of children from acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia and influenza has decreased by almost 5 times. Changes in recent years in the incidence of pneumonia in children correspond to the dynamics of the spread of influenza and acute respiratory viral infection, especially during the epidemics 2009-2010 and 2015-2016. Assessing the dynamics of this indicator in subsequent periods is extremely important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which continues.

SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH CLOTHES IN SCRIPTIONS

Summary. The object of the article is the problem of the linguistic study of English clothes inscriptions. The subject of this study is the specificity of parts of speech realization in dialects. The purpose of the paper is linguistic analysis of English-language clothing inscriptions semantic load. In order to achieve this goal in the course of our study, the following tasks are foreseen: collecting, systematizing and analyzing the inscriptions on clothes and performing their translation into the Ukrainian language, identifying the existing unsolved questions when translating the inscriptions on clothes. The object of the research is English-language slogans, which are placed on the clothes of adults and children in Ukraine and abroad. The purpose of the paper and its tasks determine the choice of research methods: the method of comparison, which allows establishing the adequacy of translation of the inscriptions on clothes; descriptive method used to describe successful translations and failures of translators. The inscriptions on clothes as a text representant convey certain information about a person: about events that occur in a person’s life, about events, about tastes, interests and hobbies of a person. We have collected and analyzed about 200 clothing slogans. The inscription on the clothes is a communicative tool with a variety of semantic content. It is possible to classify the inscriptions on clothes according to the semantic principle and divide them into several semantic groups. The latter are finding of research. According to thouris classification, the semantic load of the inscriptions on clothes is quite diverse and dynamic. This means that they are in a state of constant change, as well as the fashion in general and often reflect some short-term problems and soon become irrelevant. The practical value of the investigation is to use the suggested classifications to the translation of clothes inscriptions.

Aortic Arch Reconstruction in Infants Using Autologus Pericardium


 Background. Aortic arch hypoplasia is a congenital anomaly of the development of the aortic arch characterized by hemodynamically significant narrowing of one or more segments of the aortic arch. This defect occurs either as an isolated condition or combined with other congenital heart defects. The materials used to enlarge aorta for successful repair and prevention of postoperative complications range from the patient’s own aortic tissue (in most cases) to other materials (autopericardium, xenopericardium, pulmonary artery tissues, synthetic patches). An autologous pericardial patch is the most common, available and cheap option.
 The purpose of this work is toanalyze immediate and long-term results of our experience using autologous pericardium to reconstruct the aortic arch.
 Materials and methods. From 2011 to 2019 at the National M.M. Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the NAMS of Ukraine and Ukrainian Children’s Cardiac Center 16 infants underwent aortic arch repair using autologous pericardial patch. The group included 6 (37.5%) male and 10 (62.5%) female patients. The mean age of the patients was 1.3 ± 0.9 months (from 0.06 to 4.5 months), the average body weight was 3.8 ± 1.6 kg (from 2.2 to 8.7 kg). The average body surface area was 0.24 ± 0.05 m?. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion was performed in all the patients during the aortic arch reconstruction.
 Results. Hospital mortality was 6.2% (n = 1). The cause of death was not related to the reconstruction technique. The average duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was 142.5 ± 38.5 minutes, the aortic cross-clamp time was 76.9 ± 33.7 minutes, and the time of selective cerebral perfusion was 50.4 ± 25.4 minutes. Six patients (37.5%) in the early postoperative period had delayed sternal closure. According to echocardiographic data at discharge, the average pressure gradient at the site of aortic arch reconstruction was 15 ± 5.5 mm Hg, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 65.9 ± 5.9%.
 The mean follow-up period ranged from one month to 6.1 years (mean 2.8 ± 2.3 years). There were no deaths in the long-term period. Four (25%) patients developed aortic arch restenosis in the postoperative period. One patient presented with an aortic arch aneurysm 1 month after the initial operation. There were no cases of compression of the trachea, main bronchi, neurological complications in the follow-up period.
 Conclusions. The use of autologous pericardium in aortic arch reconstruction is an effective and safe procedure for infants with good immediate and long-term results. The study showed that autologous pericardium may be an acceptable alternative to reconstruct the aortic arch. A large percentage of reinterventions encourages more thorough removal of ductal tissues and determining the size of the autopericardial patch.

Victimological measures to prevent violent offences for gain committed by children

The aim of the article is to be a victimological description of violent crimes for profit by children in Ukraine. The research methodology was based on the equal combination of the legal method, logical and semantic method, comparative method, documentary, test method, classification method, method, and method of system analysis. Among the most notable results of the study were victims who contribute to the commission of crimes for profit and. Everything allows that, the theory of victimological modeling is a logical result of victim thought in criminology, which aims to be the models of the concluding victim of victims of crime crimes, etc.) in order to develop measures that are advised of the victim. The objectives of preventing lost crimes through the development and implementation of long-term state programmed for prevention. The implementation of these laundry programs a mechanism for the effective prevention of victims, the effectiveness of the fight against crime and will ensure safety.

Becoming a street child: an analysis of the process of integration of street children in Ukraine and Zambia and implications for their resocialization and reintegration

Becoming a street child: an analysis of the process of integration of street children in Ukraine and Zambia and implications for their resocialization and reintegration

Причинно-наслідковий аналіз формування анемій у дітей

The purpose of the study was to determine the main causal factors in the formation of anemia in children of Ukraine, depending on the morphometric changes in erythrocytes of blood, indicators of iron metabolism for the formation of a risk group for oncohematological diseases. Material and methods. 770 children were examined: 724 with anemia, 46 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We studied the parameters of the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis, morphometric parameters of erythrocytes, indicators of iron metabolism (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, the transferrin saturation with iron, hematocrit, the content of δ-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin in urine, pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone depending on the type of somatic pathology. Anemic states were distributed taking into account the average erythrocyte volume and the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte, and dividing diagnoses microcytic-hypochromic or normocytic-normochromic anemia, respectively. Results and discussion. The study showed that in children with normocytic-normochromic anemia, the number of erythrocytes and hematocrit were lower than in patients with microcytic-hypochromic anemia, while average erythrocyte volume, average hemoglobin content, serum iron, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation with iron were higher. The number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood in all the examined subjects was standard. That is, the anemic conditions in children differed in ferrokinetic parameters, in particular, with and without iron deficiency. Taking into account the age of the children and the reasons for the development of anemia, a third of the girls of puberty with microcytic-hypochromic anemia had menorrhagias. In children under 6 years of age with normocytic-normochromic anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were more often registered; in the older 6 years – gastrointestinal diseases, helminthiasis and allergic reactions compared with patients with microcytic-hypochromic anemia. The development of normocytic-normochromic anemia in children and the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract were influenced by drug treatment for chronic pathology in the body. All children with anemia had an irrational diet. Porphyria was diagnosed in 3.8% of children with microcytic-hypochromic anemia. In 12.7% of children with normocytic-normochromic anemia, the serum thyroid stimulating hormone level was at the upper limit of the reference value (mean 3.3±0.6) mU/L), which correlated with a reduced number of erythrocytes in blood (r = -0.65) and increased values of average erythrocyte volume (r = 0.41) and average hemoglobin content (r = 0.35), and indicates changes in the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis associated with the initial manifestations of thyroid hypofunction. An excess of iron was observed in 7.1% of older boys with normocytic-normochromic anemia, which requires additional examination. In patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia of varying severity. The serum ferritin level was (272.1±28.4) ng/ml and was significantly higher than in children with normocytic-normochromic anemia. In 12 of 46 patients, transferrin saturation with iron was increased and amounted to (70.2±2.3)%. Moreover, the higher the level of serum iron and serum ferritin, the higher was the transferrin saturation with iron (rs = 0.5; rs = 0.85). An inverse correlation was established between transferrin saturation with iron, patient survival (rs = -0.45) and a higher probability of death (rs = -0.46). Conclusion. Children with normocytic-normochromic anemia require in-depth examination and constitute a risk group for the development of myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia

Victimology: prevention of crimes against the life and health of a child

The objective of the article is to propose a renewed protection system for children in the prevention of crimes against life and health. The research methodology is based on the combination of dialectical, formal, dogmatic, sociological, comparative law and documentary methods. The results of the study contributed to the development of measures to guarantee the safety of the child, which means a set of legal, economic, organizational measures, which are carried out by the public powers and the administration, with the aim of neutralizing and preventing usurpation of the life and health of children in Ukraine. Organizational and legal measures have been implemented to improve the interaction of the National Police with the services of children and special institutions for children by carrying out joint activities to prevent and identify possible invasions into the life and health of the child. It is concluded that in order to determine the characteristics of the subject, namely, crimes against the life and health of the child, it is necessary to improve the legislation in the interaction of the actors to prevent this type of crime.