Ukrainian Past Research Articles

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЇ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ В АНГЛОМОВНОМУ НАУКОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article highlights the problem of rethinking international communication about Ukrainian history, taking into account the de-imperialization of the historical narrative and overcoming the Russian optics on Ukraine that prevails in Western academic discourse. Sometimes in Western trends, this process is called decolonization, and the corresponding work is called postcolonial studies. While postcolonialism plays a leading role in foreign scholarly visions, it is only gaining momentum in Ukraine. Given the special attention to Ukraine as a country where a new global political architecture is being created today, there is a need to analyze and systematize foreigners’ perceptions of the Ukrainian past, as this will allow for better communication and potentially improve understanding between Ukraine and the Western world in general. Given the total dominance of Russian historiography and its derivative narratives on the entire history of Eastern Europe, this area is extremely relevant and even strategically necessary, as it allows us to study the worldview of both political elites and the electorate of Europe, which is based on a specific vision of the past and directly affects our present and future. This fact actualizes historical imagology as one of the tools for realizing the above. The study is based on the scientific work of foreign historians of non-Ukrainian origin on the history of Ukraine in the English-language discourse. The purpose of the study is to trace the general idea of non-Ukrainian researchers about Ukraine and its historical development, to analyze the state of scientific development of the topic and the source base of the study, and to highlight the main concepts and approaches to the representation of Ukraine’s history. The chronological framework covers the scholarly discourse that began with Ukraine’s independence in 1991 and continues to this day.

Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the ukrainian intellectual discourse of Galicia in the second half of the 19th century

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the image of Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the Ukrainian cultural memory of the second half of the 19th century. The choice of the suggested segment of memory studies in Ukrainian history was chosen due to the ideological and, to some extent, the political context of the creation and subsequent construction of the image of Danylo Romanovych as «Prince Danylo Halytskyi» was not investigated in historiographical tradition.An important role is devoted to understanding the basic terms of memory discourse, which became the core of the implementation of the ideas of the author in the article. Also, some of the features of the creation of historical myths surrounding the biography of the ruler Danylo Romanovych should be discovered around the ruler’s biography in the process of forming a national identity. Due to the large number of anti-scientific names, the Medieval Ruler is deprived of a real source background. This led to the formation of a limited perspective of historical research, which reduces the cultural influence of his figure to a single Western Ukrainian region and does not allow to reconstruct fully the period of transformation of the Galicia-Volyn state into the Kingdom of Rus.The article also deals with the designing of the image of Danylo Romanovych in the historical representations of the Galician Russophiles, who managed to create a stable image of «Danylo Halytskyi» in the consciousness of the Ukrainian society. The author highlighted the peculiarities of the intellectual history of the representatives of the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia, especially Oleksandr Barvinskyi. The scientist tried to borrow the Russophile image of «Danylo Halytskyi» for his historical narrative of the Ukrainian past, by using the figure of the medieval Ruler as an element of the historical unity of the past of Galicia and Naddnipryanshchyna.

The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine's Past and Present. By Serhii Plokhy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2021. xv, 400 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Plates. Maps. $64.00, hard bound; $22.45, e-book.

The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine's Past and Present. By Serhii Plokhy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2021. xv, 400 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Plates. Maps. $64.00, hard bound; $22.45, e-book.

Image construction strategies Ukrainian national history at the beginning of the XX century

The purpose of the article was to identify and present the process of developing basic strategies for the formation in the early twentieth century. image of an integral Ukrainian national history in the works of professional scientists. The use of methods of historiographic analysis and synthesis, along with the comparative method, made it possible to substantiate the scientific and social relevance of the study and achieve the goals set. The main results of the work were: the identification of external and internal prerequisites for the nationalization of Ukrainian historical writing in relation to historical science; determination of the repertoire of basic texts in which the construction of the national Ukrainian historical narrative began; analysis of the genesis of strategies for the formation of a «long» Ukrainian history in the works of the classics of national historiography, who were the first to dare to accumulate regional histories of the imperial historiographic space into a new historiographic hierarchy; comparison and analysis of scientific approaches, concepts and stylistic features of «big Ukrainian history» by M.S. Grushevsky, A.Ya. Efimenko and N.N. Arkasa. Scientific novelty is determined by the fact that the first popular national narratives are considered in a comparative perspective as the basic options for current competitive strategies for representing the Ukrainian past. The conclusions point out that the causes and prerequisites for the nationalization of Ukrainian history were the social and political modernization of society in the second half of the 19th century, the politicization of social movements that demanded their historical legitimation, the growth of literacy among the general population, and their active involvement in social and political processes. The historiographic prerequisites were: the formation of a corporation of professional historians and its various institutions, the accumulation of a significant array of professional historical information, the creation in the middle of the 19th century. regional histories of ethnic Ukrainian territories Using the typology of interaction between historical writing and historical memory proposed by A. Megill, it is determined that the popular texts of M.S. Grushevsky and M.M. Arkas is vividly represented by its affirmative and didactic segments, which oriented historiography towards projects that agitated the society of that time and, with the help of historiography, constructed the historical memory desired at the moment. Unlike its competitors, the work of A.Ya. Efimenko turned out to be close to analytical historiography, separating itself from historical memory and opposing itself to it as a critical text, the author of which tried not only to understand the complexities and contradictions of the historical process, but also to bring the public closer to a professional understanding of history; noted that the prevailing at the beginning of the twentieth century. strategies for constructing an integral and continuous Ukrainian history, despite all attempts to modernize them, still remain in the arsenal of modern historical science.

Polyphony and the Carnivalesque in Kyiv

This article analyzes the significance of the place in Kyiv where the statue of Lenin stood before it was toppled during the Euromaidan protests. Following the monument’s demolition, many works of art have been successively exhibited on this site. Drawing on Bakhtin’s concept of the carnival sense of the world, the article suggests that these sculptures, installations, and performances have demonstrated the permanent carnivalesque potential of the place. Moreover, as different representations of Ukrainian memory and identity, these works of art have created a polyphony of voices about the Ukrainian past, present, and future. The research explains the significance of this phenomenon for the Ukrainian society.

Ukrainian Orthodox Education in Historical Retrospective

The article reflects the historical background and challenges of the Orthodox Church in establishing religious education in the process of spreading Orthodox Christianity. From historical analysis, one can observe the evolution of not only Orthodox education, but also church teaching, which in turn increased the rates of literacy and education in the population. Because of the work in the dioceses, namely the opening of educational centers, schools, colleges, etc. the general level of education increased. However, with the historical collapse and tumultuous events of Ukraine's past, the success of the Orthodox Church in these efforts has varied significantly in different historical periods. To combat the crisis conditions of the Church in the field of education, under the guidance of diocesan ministers, church educational institutions began to work well, which in turn increased the popular authority of Orthodoxy and consolidated its position in this area. Through such ministry, the Orthodox clergy integrated the principles of morality, Christian teaching, and religious traditions into the general educational process, investing in subsequent generations the basis of a conscious religion of Orthodoxy. Scholars do not deny the progressive role of the Church in raising the levels of education, writing, and faith. In addition, the initiative of the Church in the introduction of public education was positively received by the imperial authorities and secular forces, making it competitive with Catholic and Protestant education on the territory of Ukraine. Analyzing the current state of Ukrainian religion demonstrates the relative uniformity of the spread of religious trends and religious tolerance towards them. Only at the beginning of the 21st century did national and full-fledged autonomies within the Church become known, considering the objective historical and dialectical development of the church structure.

Літературна та журналістська діяльність харківського освітнього осередку початку ХІХ століття у дослідженнях Івана Єрофеїва

The article analyzes the literary and critical works of Ivan Yerofeiv, dedicated to the activities of Vasyl Maslovich, a Kharkiv writer, journalist, founder of the Kharkiv Demokrit journal. The manuscripts studied by Erofeiv contain valuable information that determines the role and place of V. Maslovych in the process of the formation of the Kharkiv educational center, Ukrainian literature and journalism. The researcher's attention is focused on the nature of the journal's publications, the subject matter and nature of the artistic and journalistic works published in "Kharkiv Demokrit". I. Erofeiv singled out two currents in young Slobojan journalism which are scientific and ethnographic and satirical. Maslovich's journal also belonged to the latter. However, not only parodic and satirical works were published in Kharkiv Demokrit. The employees of the journal were mostly people with writing skills, whom Maslovich managed to drag to him from "Ukrainian Herald" and "Ukrainian Journal". Therefore, "Demokrit" was not so much a journal as a book for reading, created by a group of young writers from Slobojan. Among them are Y.M. Nakhimov and G.F. Kvitka who entered the history of Ukrainian literature. Therefore, when evaluating the publication, according to Yerofeiv, one should look for the "imprint" of contemporary Ukrainian literature in general in his work. Literary and philanthropic centers were located in landowners' estates, such as V. Tarnavskyi's Kachanivka, D. Troshchynskyi's Kibintsi, and O. Palitsyn's Popivka. Popular in these circles was the romanticization of Ukraine's past and light, shallow pictures from its present. It was this style that the first Slobozhan journalist had to focus on. I. Erofeiv's investigations about V. Maslovych are valuable primarily because the scientist drew attention to a far from "textbook" figure whose contribution to the development of Ukrainian culture deserves high appreciation. It is characteristic that in the studies about V. Maslovych I. Yerofeiv often emphasizes the true Ukrainian patriotism of the writer and journalist who stood in defence of the rights of the most disadvantaged strata of the Ukrainian population.

РОМАНТИЧНА ВІЗІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МИНУВШИНИ В ТВОРЧОСТІ ТОМАША ПАДУРИ

The article highlights the romantic image of Cossack Ukraine of the XVI—XVIII c. in the creative heritage of the Polish poet and writer Tomash Padura, a native of the family of Bratslav nobleman. It was noted that in his young years the main source for him was oral folk art - storytelling, legends, Ukrainian songs and historical dumas. A few decades after the fall of the Hetm- anate, they reflected the realities of the Cossack era, the character and activities of its leaders. The complex of sources for Padura also included Polish literary and historical narratives with relevant assessments of the Ukrainian past. In Pa- dura’s works, Ukraine appears before the reader as a mysterious and exotic land that has been associated with freedom and freedom-loving people for centuries. Therefore, the main character of his works was the Cossacks, the chivalrous spirit of the Cossacks, victories over external enemies Moscovites, Tatars and Otto- mans were celebrated. At the same time, Padura proclaimed the idea of Polish- Ukrainian unity, bypassing the conflict pages in their past, sought, first of all, to involve the Ukrainian people into the struggle for the Polish cause - liberation from Russian imperial oppression. The leading figure in the poet’s poem is Kosh Ataman Ivan Sirko, who was distinguished for his courage and fostered a sense of independence and freedom in the hearts of his comrades. At the same time, Padura keeps silent about Sirko’s confrontation with Hetman Petro Doroshenko, who continued Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s policy of uniting Ukraine within ethnic boundaries. The figure of Hetman Ivan Mazepa as a fighter against Russian des- potism is also positively assessed. Padura strongly protests against the anath- ema imposed by the Moscovites on the “native hetman” and its proclamation in Ukrainian churches. Padura’s assessment of the Cossack era takes a completely different tone when it comes to the Ukrainian cause itself, the people’s desire to gain independence. In particular, he gives the most negative traits to Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, who revived the Ukrainian state in the middle of the XVII century. Thus, the ethnic origin of Tomash Padura influenced the objective per- ception and coverage of the past of Ukraine. However, his work had a positive impact on the formation of historical themes as an integral factor of the Ukrai- nian national revival.

КОНТРДИСКУРСИВНІ ХУДОЖНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО РОМАНТИЗМУ

In Ukrainian romantic literature of the 1830s and 1840s, the authors turned their attention to folk art and historical themes. This aesthetic orientation of writing allowed the creation of texts that revealed aspects of the national life of Ukrainians. Romantic poets sought to artistically comprehend the Ukrainian past, to bring it out of oblivion, which was to help restore the historical memory of society and form a model of national self-identity. The ethnocultural identity, articulated in the texts of the Romantics, challenged the Russian imperial narrative, which sought to marginalize the Ukrainian value system by assimilating it with metropolitan axiology. Romantic literature of the first half of the nineteenth century created a powerful counterdiscursive strategy, which later transformed from the sphere of culture into the socio-political plane. The anti-colonial tendency introduces military symbols into romantic literature, as the appeal to the Cossack heritage actualizes in the Ukrainian cultural code markers of knightly victory and armed defence of the homeland. Romantic poets of the 1830s and 1840s transferred folklore and baroque chronicle imagery to written literature, in which the figures of the Cossacks were often heroized and glorified. Cossack military images allow Ukrainian authors to praise the pre-colonial period and poetize their military might, which, although in literary projection, opposes the oppressor. In the conditions of the Russian imperial discourse, the Ukrainian romantics resorted to the latent challenge to the metropolis, in the image of the enemy depicting the Poles, traditional opponents of the Cossacks. Such a strategy allows us to oppose the imperial narrative not directly, but through intermediaries, which are the Poles. At the same time, along with the military theme, the poetry of the Romantics includes the rhetoric of cruelty, which formats the Ukrainian world, dividing it into “Friends” and “Foes”. In general, the atmosphere of violence that often accompanies the image of the Other in romantic poetry allows us to represent the colonial trauma of the Ukrainian community, as acts of violence are interpreted as “just revenge” on enemies. At the same time, the glorification of one’s cruelty is an attempt to imitate the power of imperial discourse, which always labels such actions as a forced measure to subdue savages or preserve the achievements of civilization. The Ukrainian counterdiscursive strategy in the literature of Romanticism appears as an attempt to oppose and at the same time imitate metropolitan models.

The Role of Costume in the Formation of the Character Image in the Theater of the Corypheses (1882 – 1914)

The purpose of the article is establishment of relations between scenic outfit and characters personalities in performances of the Theater of the Corypheses (1882 - 1914). In the methods set we are founding on historic basics and inter-disciplinary approaches. In bounds of historic-comparison and, partially, mythological methods liaisons between costumes typology of adjacent periods are tracked. Formal method helps to analyze costume as metaphors of meaning, and iconological approach allows determining semantic time symbols. Scientific novelty of the research is based on the system analysis of printed editions and archived materials and determines scenic costume as concrete image, which becomes inseparable from character’s personality. Conclusions summarized in the article give possibility to state that the Theater of the Corypheses during its activity behaved to scenic outfit as to a complex set which was appearing as a result of collection and studies of different sources and actual material. Near sources of formation of theatrical costume traditions where famous directors which in the same time had significant acting and writing experience and acquired encyclopedic knowledge. Into the set of theatrical costume in addition to clothes, shoes, hats and accessories, makeup, features of the actor's posture, a picture of his movements are included. Thus, the stage activity of the Theater of the Corypheses is a set of costumes, which became iconic and were imitated by various drama theaters that operated in Ukraine in subsequent historical periods. An important professional component in the process of creating theatrical costumes was added by artists-connoisseurs of the Ukrainian past, who in the early XX joined the preparation of performances on historical themes, began to create sketches for all stage costumes.

The use of the topics and vocabulary of the Second World War in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict 2014-2020 (analysis of foreign historiography)

The object of research is the latest English literature of scientists and analysts in Western Europe and America, devoted to the problems of the information war waged by the Kremlin authorities against Ukraine. It is the problems, events of the Second World War, in the Russian-speaking academic space and the media that are still referred to only as the Great Patriotic War that became the leitmotif of these actions. Moreover, the history of the war is used precisely speculatively, that is, a careful selection of facts and conclusions is carried out, which are adjusted to certain conceptual foundations.
 Investigated problem. As a result of a critical analysis of the works of Western authors, the problem posed in this work is solved: to show the objectivity and evidence of the narratives of foreign authors on the biased presentation of the topics and vocabulary of World War II about the events in the East of Ukraine in 2014-2020.
 Main scientific results. The main scientific result of the study is the conclusion that Western scientists are deeply immersed in the vicissitudes of the conflict, debunking the biased evidence of Russian experts, fascist tendencies are imposed on the basis of false accusations of Ukraine, although such processes have not been recorded by any foreign analysts and observers. One of the stereotypes of Russian propaganda is the reproach for the massive "banderization" of the consciousness of citizens, but at the same time the face and activities of the leader of the OUN (b) are deliberately distorted. Modern studios of historians, diplomats, analysts of Western Europe, the USA, Canada are convincingly criticizing the political and ideological measures of Moscow aimed at discrediting the Ukrainian people. It is emphasized that the process of "nationalization" of history in Ukraine, especially during the Second World War by the Russian establishment, was used in a fraudulent way to tarnish the past of Ukraine. It was noted that, despite all the efforts of the Russian information and propaganda machine, Moscow fails to achieve the desire for results.
 Scope of practical application. The research results, which are innovative in nature, can be used in both cognitive and educational values.

Українська тематика на сторінках львівського часопису «Ruś» (1911 р.)

Introduction. The article covers the issue of presenting Ukrainian topics on the pages ofone of Lviv’s crypto-historical journals called «Ruś» Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom i kulturze Ukrainy,Podola, Wołynia i Rusi Czerwonej». The periodical was published during 1911, and the initiator of itscreation was a well-known Polish publicist and writer, amateur historian F. Ravita-Gavronsky, whoshared and actively developed and popularized national- democratic ideas.The purpose of the article. To find out, based on the analysis of a number of illustrative publications,the image of Ukraine and Ukrainians that appeared on the pages of the journal «Ruś».Research results. The basis of the content of the publication were works on the history and cultureof the eastern territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - the so-called «kresy»(peripheral lands). The analysis of these materials gives an idea of the specifics of the position of theauthors of the journal on the past of Ukraine and Ukrainians. Researchers united around the journalRuś demonstrated a strong Polish-centric view of the common history, which did not contribute much toPolish-Ukrainian scientific cooperation. The authors of the journal were mostly from Lviv, who eithertook their first steps in science or were not professional researchers of past. The insufficiently competitivescientific level of the materials published in the pages of Ruś journal and the lack of public interestnegatively affected the possibility of the project’s existence.Originality. The article managed to explore the peculiarities of interpretations by Polish historiansthe image of Ukraine and Ukrainians that appeared on the pages of the journal Ruś. Conclusion. The content of the publication was based on works on the history and culture of theeastern territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly by Lviv authors who eithertook their first steps in science or, like F. Ravita-Gavronsky, were not professional researchers of past.Therefore, according to the level of research and criticism published in the pages of the journal «Ruś»,it could not compete with professional scientific periodicals. At the same time, the topics proposed fordiscussion on its pages did not find widespread support in Polish society.

SOCIO-POLITICAL ASPECTS OF O. VORONIN’S ACTIVITY DURING THE YEARS OF CELEBRATING THE MILLENNIUM OF THE BAPTISM OF RUS-UKRAINE (1984–1989)

The article describes the socio-political aspects of one of the brightest representatives of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the United States – O. Voronin, during the contradictory for Soviet policy and turbulent for the Ukrainian national revival – the 80s of the twentieth century. This activity is shown against the background of the celebration of the Millennium anniversary of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine by the Ukrainian Diaspora. O. Voronin was an active researcher and popularizer of the history of the Ukrainian Church, a tireless and sacrificial devotee of preserving the memory of the bright and original pages of the Ukrainian past. His activities were aimed at bringing the truth to Ukrainian society, which was still captive to communist illusions, about the tragic and heroic pages of Ukrainian history, the destruction of the Ukrainian church by the Russian imperial and Soviet political systems. His conclusions raised the opinion of Ukrainians to the realization of the need and great value of the Ukrainian autocephalous church and state independence. Voronin’s activity was a noticeable and highly appreciated phenomenon in the Ukrainian Diaspora. This is evidenced by numerous reports in the magazine «Freedom» – the oldest and most authoritative publication of Ukrainians in the United States. The content of his work is revealed in the publications published on the pages of the magazine «Modernity» and «Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar». The significance of O. Voronin’s work became the basis for his inclusion in the Committee for the Scientific Congress of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine (988–1988) and in the Commission of the UOC US Metropolitan Council for the Organization and Provision of Radio Broadcasting in Ukraine. O. Voronin’s activity in the centre of the metropolis - South Bound Bruce - was connected with the realization of the fundamental historical-documentary and memorial edition «Martyrology of Ukrainian Churches», scientific-educational and historical-cultural conference on the occasion of the Millennium Baptism of Rus-Ukraine, honouring the fallen for Ukraine heroes, prominent church figures who sought the unity of Ukrainians.

Multiplicity of historical memory models in Ukrainian society

Regarding the Soviet past, idea of the dichotomous nature of Ukrainian historical memory is widespread both in society and in academia. According to it, two models of memory are widespread in Ukrainian society — the Ukrainian national memory and the Soviet one as the opposed to it. The article shows that this view is simplified. The Ukrainian national and Soviet models of memory are not a dichotomy but a continuum. Based on the analysis of sociological surveys, a number of versions have been identified within each of the memory models. In particular, within the Ukrainian national model there are such versions as: “resistance”, “realitistic”, “post-Soviet”. The difference between them lies in the attitude towards the Soviet past. In the “resistance” version the Soviet past is completely rejected, in the “realitistic” version it is perceived as an integral part of the Ukrainian past, and in the “post-Soviet” version there is a mechanistic combination of Soviet and Ukrainian national narratives, with an emphasis on the Ukrainian component. Within the Soviet model there are such versions as: “Ukrainian”, “fraternal peoples”, and “reunification”. The criterion for distinguishing them is the attitude to the Ukrainian historical narrative. In the case of the “Ukrainian” version, there is a combination of Soviet and Ukrainian narratives, but with an emphasis on the Soviet component. In the “fraternal peoples’” version the Ukrainian identity is seen as equal to the Russian one and as the ”reunification”. And in the “reunification” version Ukrainian identity is seen as a part of supranational identity. Also four types of historical memory are distinguished by the criterion of combining models within individual consciousness. Two of them are “pure” — Ukrainian national and Soviet-imperial, and two are “mixed” — ambivalent, where two models are combined, and indefinite, where none of the memory models is important to individuals. The article also analyzes the regional prevalence of both memory models and types.

SOCIAL-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL DIGNITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE POST-COLONIAL AND POST-TOTALITARIAN UKRAINIAN NARRATIVE

The author focused her research on dignity determinants and their links with the social-cultural environment on the example of Ukrainian society. For this purpose, an analysis of the cultural and historical imperial and totalitarian background of the Ukrainian past has been conducted. The research used the following methods: theoretical-analytical, structural-systemic, historical-comparative. The author has specified and outlined that dignity is an integral formation, based on the intersection of three axiological spheres: personal, professional and social values. The article outlines the impact of artificially created cultural regimes on people’s dignity and the determinants of the higher and lower order of formed dignity in the context of Ukrainian realities. The former include external factors – postcolonial and post-totalitarian Ukrainian society – and internal factors – life-purpose orientation, values, and spirituality. Determinants of the lower order are represented by the behavioural, verbal and emotional spheres of a personality. A particular focus has been placed on the close connection between human freedom and the issue of human dignity. Emphasis has been given to one of the key values attacked by the empire or totalitarian regime, namely freedom in almost all its manifestations: an individual’s freedom of thought, freedom of action, freedom of creative development, free expression and development of the culture of the enslaved people. The current consequences for this phenomenon in the Ukrainian society are: lowered ability of many people to accept responsibility as a key concept of freedom and to avoid simple answers to complex and multidimensional challenges, that is, non-desire to consider complex phenomena from different points of view and to search for multilevel solutions. The author has examined the influence of the socio-cultural environment on an individual’s dignity development. The list of the following socio-cultural factors is presented: social factors, as politics in its various aspects, ideology, social environment, interpersonal interactions; cultural factors, a language, mentality, spiritual and emotional experiences, broadly defined: the culture of free thinking and creative realization, the culture of meaningful cooperation, civility, culture in its artistic aspect, and so on.

Ukrainian Representation In The Galician Regional Seimas: Legal Status And Powers

The scientific article deals with the processes related to the historical experience of Ukrainians in the activities of the Galician Regional Seimas as an important stage in the struggle for the formation of civil society structures. The author examines the legal status and powers of Ukrainian deputies in the Galician Regional Sejm; characterizes the list of requirements that were set for ambassadors (the name of the position of deputy) in order to be elected; a list of grounds that made the election impossible; rights and responsibilities of deputies and activities in the Seimas, etc.
 Ukrainian ambassadors to the regional Sejm were representatives of the region’s interests. From the very beginning of their activity they affirmed the national identity of Galicians, fought for their socio-economic, national-political and cultural- educational rights, took an active part in the formation of language-educational and electoral legislation, as well as in the activities of national parliamentary institutions. In general, the National Seimas was interpreted as a field of struggle for national equality and, thus, awakened the national consciousness of broad sections of the population.
 The creation and activity of the Galician Seimas became an important experience for Ukrainians on the way to forming their own concept of national statehood and an effective place for gaining political experience.
 Studying and analyzing the facts from the historical past ofUkraine, it is necessary to make a clear understanding of the aspirations of Ukrainians to create their own independent, conciliar, nationally worthy state with all its attributes. It is the events of the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. in Eastern Galicia and the activities of Ukrainian ambassadors in the Galician Regional Sejm were the key moments in confirming the state-building consciousness of the Ukrainian population of the region and the ability to find a political compromise at the right time.

THE NOVEL BY V. T. NARIEZHNYI “BURSAK, MALOROSIYSK STORY” AS THE MONUMENT OF THE HISTORICAL FICTION

The purpose of the research is to analyze V. T. Nariezhnyi’s novel “Bursak, Malorossiysk Story” as a monument of a historical fiction, which depicts the everyday life of the common Ukrainian people in the XIXth century and to re-actualize the figure of the author, who influenced the Ukrainian public opinion of the XIXth century significantly. The Research Methodology. The selection of a factual material was based on the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization; the methods of comprehensiveness, objectivity and retrospect have been used during the comparative analysis of the historical reality and the events described in the novel. The system structural, comparative and descriptive methods have been used in the process of presenting the main provisions of the article. The Scientific Novelty. The article focuses on the analysis of the figure of V. T. Nariezhnyi as one of the first writers of the Romanticism epoch. The main theme of the study is the novel “Bursak, Malorosiysk Story”, which describes the life of the Bursaks of the Zaporozhian Sich through the prism of love, friendship and betrayal, life, customs and traditions of the Ukrainians. As the writer knew well the lives of the bursaks and seminarians, he was able to describe it accurately. This makes his novel an important monument of a historical fiction, which needs a detailed analysis from the point of studying the life of the Ukrainians in the ХІХth century. The Conclusions. The novel “Bursak, Malorosiysk Story” was published in 1824 and became a significant step not only in the creative work of V. T. Nariezhnyi, but also in all contemporary literature. By clarifying in the title “Malorosiysk Story” the writer emphasized that his work is dedicated to the past of Ukraine. Such an excursion to the past, which was inherent in the historical fiction of the first third of the XIXth century, is an attempt to move away from the problems of “a gray everyday life of the present” by indulging oneself into happy “Malorosiysk plots”.A careful study of V. T. Nariezhny's literary heritage will help to enrich the national history and ethnography, it will additionally illustrate the processes of a historical fiction development, it will help to reveal the “creative kitchen” of many Ukrainian writers not only the Ukrainian ones. V. T. Nariezhnyi's creative work deserves a thorough intersectoral, systematic study. Firstly, his works filled historiographical gaps significantly, “reviving” the pages of an everyday life of the Ukrainians. Secondly, Vasyl Nariezhnyi’s literature had an inconspicuous but significant influence on the works of O. Somov, M. Zahoskin, M. Gogol, H. Kvitka-Osnovianenko, M. Markevych and further according to the principle of a chain reaction. Thirdly, V. Nariezhnyi's heritage occupies a prominent place on the intellectual map of the Ukrainians, it is the information-rich source on the history of a public opinion of the Ukrainian society in the ХІХth century and a kind of repeater of the Ukrainians' ideas about an everyday life of the previous centuries.

PROBLEMS OF PERIODISATION OF PEDAGOGICAL BIOGRAPHY

Abstract. The purpose of the article is the productive interpretation of periodization as an instrument of knowledge, which helps to study the process of transformation of the original image of a particular object. To reveal the principles of periodization of biography, we used the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, systematization and classification of the positions of pedagogical scientific sources of literature and the development of the problem under study. The very correct definition of the periodization of a certain branch of science gives the possibility to objectively formulate the purpose, ways of research and find out the significance and effectiveness of the hypothesis under research. It is noted that the investigated scientific aspect concerns the actual compulsory component of historical pedagogical and biographical research like periodization. Proceeding from the analysis of various scientific reflections of this phenomenon, we consider as adequate and interesting some allegorical consideration of periodization as a «basic design» of a certain scheme (skeleton, skeleton)», on which «the multiplicity of events» occurs as the results of cognitive activity in the form of «facts-knowledge». It is proved that in aggregate they give a certain image of the investigated phenomenon, which acts as an object of periodization − the object of knowledge. The emphasis is on the contemporary rapid take-off of biographical research and publications, and the growth of general interest in biographical knowledge. The fact that a person is studied in all the multidimensional, diverse interests and manifestations, in internal contradictions, often in the split of political, national, cultural self-determination, in the evolution of views and beliefs. It is emphasized that it is necessary to remember that in the Ukrainian past, there were a lot of extraordinary personalities among teachers in the pedagogical environment, whose fate and creative achievements have not been sufficiently studied. The focus is on the need to study factual materials of individuals of various political and linguistic and cultural orientations with specific world outlook, habits, circles of communication who helped and continue to help the development of pedagogical biography.

The Synchronous War Novel: Ordeal of the Unarmed Person in Serhiy Zhadan's Internat

In Serhiy Zhadan's recent novel Internat (2017), the protagonist epitomizes the quintessential east Ukrainian under scrutiny today, while his journey depicts working through trauma. His transformation portrays the ultimate shedding of melancholy when, in response to violence, the past is replaced by the present. I elicit some of the key symbols and features of this process, which I call triggered mourning, and attend to the role of real-time menace in initiating it. This article draws connections not only between the story's plot arc and the ongoing war, but also between Ukraine's past and present from the perspective of trauma theory. The four sections of the article (on the transformation, the void, the defect, and the antidote) propose and expand upon the notion that Internat is a synchronous war novel—a narrative that emerges parallel to, and closely entwined with, unfolding warfare—and examine its significance for scholarship on Ukraine, for Slavic studies, and beyond. Trauma studies in the context of literature are central to this analysis, with postcolonial studies providing some helpful illustrative parallels.

ВИКЛАДАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ІСТОРІЇ В УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ СВ. ВОЛОДИМИРА

The process of teaching Ukrainian history at the University of St. Volodymyr during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. The methodological basis of the publication was the historical and dialectical methods of research. It was found that during the 19h century at the University of St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian history was taught in the context of Russian history. And only at the beginning of the 20th century the teaching staff and students made an attempt to organize the work of the Department of History of Ukraine, which proved to be unsuccessful. It was established that in the Nykolay era only Russian history was taught, based on the imperial ideals of the existence of a single Russian people, whose ethnic minorities were Ukrainians and Belarusians. Teaching was conducted at a low professional level. The situation changed dramatically with the advent of V. Antonovich's Department of Russian History, who not only studied Ukrainian history independently, but also offered her to explore her students. So, in the second half of the nineteenth century future well-known Ukrainian historians M. Dashkevich, P. Golubovsky, V. Danilevich, M. Hrushevsky written a series of works devoted to the history of some ancient Russian principalities. These students received gold medal awards for their studies. Their hypotheses have not lost their relevance in our time. Under the guidance of V. Ikonnikov, Kyiv students began to actively explore certain historical monuments from the Ukrainian past. At the beginning of the 20th century teachers V. Danilevich and P. Golubovsky developed separate courses on the history of Ukraine. Іt is proved that in the student's works (abstracts, coursework, semicircular) the Russian history is mainly covered. Ukrainian issues are limited to the Old Russian period. Most of these works are of a compilative nature and written in the context of Russian historiography. Only after the revolutionary events of 1917 the former students of the University of St. Volodymyr, well-known domestic scientists will focus on studying the problems of Ukrainian history, putting forward new hypotheses and recognizing Ukrainians as separate peoples.