Border Of Ukraine Research Articles

The future of distance education in war or the education of the future (the Ukrainian case study)

The purpose of the publication is to analyze the future of distance education and determine whether the appeal to it is temporary, or whether it is mandatory and motivated. The following methods were used for writing: analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Based on the comparative method, the principles of using digital platforms in Ukraine and the USA, Ukraine and France, etc. are compared, since the experience of using such a system in these countries confirms the effectiveness of modern distance education. In the results, a number of problems were analyzed, in particular, the general importance of distance education for the educational process was highlighted, the importance of asynchronous learning was demonstrated, the experience of using online platforms was analyzed, and certain recommendations were formed for the development of distance education against the background of military aggression. The conclusions summarize that distance education in Ukraine under the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion is aimed at the following categories of students: persons who are forced to temporarily live in other regions of Ukraine, persons living in the occupied territories, or outside the borders of Ukraine.

THE FUTURE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN WAR OR THE EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE (THE UKRAINIAN CASE STUDY)

The purpose of the publication is to analyze the future of distance education and determine whether the appeal to it is temporary, or whether it is mandatory and motivated. The following methods were used for writing: analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Based on the comparative method, the principles of using digital platforms in Ukraine and the USA, Ukraine and France, etc. are compared, since the experience of using such a system in these countries confirms the effectiveness of modern distance education. In the results, a number of problems were analyzed, in particular, the general importance of distance education for the educational process was highlighted, the importance of asynchronous learning was demonstrated, the experience of using online platforms was analyzed, and certain recommendations were formed for the development of distance education against the background of military aggression. The conclusions summarize that distance education in Ukraine under the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion is aimed at the following categories of students: persons who are forced to temporarily live in other regions of Ukraine, persons living in the occupied territories, or outside the borders of Ukraine.

THE FUTURE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN WAR OR THE EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE (THE UKRAINIAN CASE STUDY)

The purpose of the publication is to analyze the future of distance education and determine whether the appeal to it is temporary, or whether it is mandatory and motivated. The following methods were used for writing: analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Based on the comparative method, the principles of using digital platforms in Ukraine and the USA, Ukraine and France, etc. are compared, since the experience of using such a system in these countries confirms the effectiveness of modern distance education. In the results, a number of problems were analyzed, in particular, the general importance of distance education for the educational process was highlighted, the importance of asynchronous learning was demonstrated, the experience of using online platforms was analyzed, and certain recommendations were formed for the development of distance education against the background of military aggression. The conclusions summarize that distance education in Ukraine under the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion is aimed at the following categories of students: persons who are forced to temporarily live in other regions of Ukraine, persons living in the occupied territories, or outside the borders of Ukraine.

The purpose of a crime under article 110-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as a mandatory feature of its subjective side

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the purpose content as a subjective feature of the composition of a criminal offense, which provides for criminal liability for financing actions committed with the aim of forcibly changing or overthrowing the constitutional order or seizing state power, changing the borders of the territory or state border of Ukraine (article 110-2 of the CC of Ukraine).
 The components of this criminal offense, which are necessary for criminal legal qualification under the specified article of the law on criminal liability, are analysed.
 The generalization of judicial practice (on the example of indictments of Ukrainian courts that have entered into force) on crimes of this category has been carried out.
 A comparative analysis of the crime under article 110-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with related criminal offenses under articles 258-3 (creation of a terrorist group or terrorist organization), 258-5 (terrorist financing) of this law on criminal liability. This contributed to the possibility of concluding that the pursuit of a special purpose by the subject of a crime is the main distinguishing circumstance that distinguishes these crimes, and the object of criminal encroachment is a derivative.
 The author’s position on the imperfect legal technique of this norm of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in terms of determining the special purpose of a crime is expressed. Arguments are given on this issue, which are based on the study of judicial practice on crimes of this category, our own practical experience, as well as on the scientific positions of national scientists.
 In this connection, it is proposed to amend the current article 110-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding the exclusion of the purpose from the note to this article, as well as the exclusion of the purpose (as a mandatory feature of the subjective side of the body of the crime) from its hypothesis and disposition, leaving the vector of active actions of the crime subject, as a feature of its orientation to achieve the criminal result of these criminal actions by fixing in the norm of the law exactly the direct intent of financing such illegal actions.

FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONING MECHANISM OF THE ENTRY SUMMARY DECLARATION IN UKRAINE

The article examines the issue of the introduction of the institution of the Entry Summary Declaration in Ukraine and reveals the peculiarities of the mechanism of its functioning. It has been established that the implementation of the procedure for the submission of the Entry Summary Declaration by carriers for passage through the customs border of Ukraine corresponds to the understanding of its tasks and place in ensuring the security of international supply chains accepted in European practice, and the provided data format fully meets the requirements of European customs legislation. The structural and logical scheme of the procedure for the passage of cargo through the customs border of Ukraine using the Entry Summary Declaration is characterized. It was concluded that the main difference between the Entry Summary Declaration in relation to other customs declarations is that the information from it is subject to processing through risk analysis for the purpose of protection and security before the goods arrive on the territory of Ukraine, and not for calculating the amount of customs payments. Based on the analysis of domestic legal acts, it was established that the implementation of such a tool in the national customs legislation is aimed at identifying batches of goods with a high degree of risk, automating customs procedures to reduce subjectivity, facilitating the work of customs officials in order to achieve greater predictability and predictability of the system customs risk management. Attention is focused on the gradual implementation by the customs authorities of format-logical control (automated verification) of the correctness of filling in the data of the Entry Summary Declaration. It was found that currently, customs authorities apply a limited number of risk profiles, in particular security risks for non-tariff regulation: goods from the Russian Federation (conducting an inspection); non-tariff methods – drugs, precursors, waste. The need for further research in the direction of the development of tools for the detection of cases of violation of customs legislation and assessment of customs risks under the Entry Summary Declaration by profiling customs risks in the automated system of customs clearance is emphasized.

THE ROLE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN THE EVACUATION OF THE POPULATION DURING HOSTILITIES IN UKRAINE

In the extremely difficult time of aggression by the Russian Federation, the first and most important task for Ukraine's railway transport is to provide logistics for the transportation of humanitarian and military aid, as well as internal movement (evacuation) of the population. The state transport is covered by 2-5 times increased van traffic and passenger traffic. In such a situation it is necessary to control the number of passengers at the stations, to provide them with assistance and advice. The volunteer movement is one of the important conditions for the functioning of the state in wartime. Volunteers at the stations ensure the distribution of passenger flows in individual directions and provide advice on the schedule of trains. Humanitarian aid is now arriving in large quantities and needs to be delivered as soon as possible to places where it is most needed, to cities where active hostilities are taking place and to cities where the flow of internally displaced persons is concentrated. The logic of the movement of passengers must be clearly formed, because in a difficult emotional and physical state, people have a hard time understanding the course of action and the requirements for the carriage of passengers. After analyzing the formed passenger flows in the first days of evacuation, the main directions of movement of citizens were determined. The analysis revealed that the number of passengers in evacuation trains heading west to the country could cause overcrowding in the receiving cities and cause a collapse in urban transport, settlements and food supply. These are the main issues facing the government and the logistics system for moving people and goods across the country. The solution to the acute problem was the possibility of simplifying passenger transportation and the organization of international trains with allied countries, where there is the possibility of transportation without changing the rolling stock through different track widths. The development of such routes has made it possible to simplify the logistics of population movement and reduce the burden on the border service of Ukraine. To reduce the crowds after crossing the borders of Ukraine, a schedule of trains from the nearest railway stations of neighboring countries was developed together with the neighboring states, which facilitates the movement of migrants within the routes of passengers. The second problem is the overcrowding of trains and the complexity of their equipment for flights, as well as the establishment of a system to provide them with drinking water on the routes. Due to sufficient technical equipment, coordinated work of railway transport workers, and their high executive discipline, this chain has been successfully implemented.

Law enforcement of the institution of special confiscation: the experience of Europe and North America

The article gives a comparative legal analysis of the definitions of "confiscation", "special confiscation". Special confiscation means the compulsory free confiscation of certain property by a court decision in the cases specified by law, subject to the commission of a certain criminal offense or socially dangerous act.
 The introduction of special confiscation as an independent institution of criminal law of Ukraine is a natural stage in the development of domestic criminal law and, in general, is consistent with modern requirements of international law and the practice of special confiscation in foreign countries.
 The conditions for the application of this measure of criminal law are determined. The characteristics of legal bases and types of property subject to gratuitous confiscation from persons who have committed crimes are given.
 Comparing the norms on the special confiscatio in the Ukrainian legislation and codes of European countries, Canada and the United States, the most detailed model of such a measure of criminal law was identified. So in the Criminal Code of Canada everything is regulated in detail. Of practical interest is the rule that a person can be warned about the confiscation of his property, only in cases where the court is convinced that he will not transform it (destroy, divide, sell).
 The German Criminal Code has provisions on the confiscation of criminally obtained property. Yes, if the item cannot be confiscated because it was used or damaged - the court may decide to recover its value, or such recovery may be imposed as additional - ie the item is collected and its value (similar rules are in Ukrainian customs law - when for non-declaration of a certain object transported across the border of Ukraine - the object is confiscated and 100% of its value).

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF BUILDING A NETWORK OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS COMPLEXES BASED ON THE FACTOR-RATING MODEL

The article presents the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of the factor-rating method of solving the problem of finding the optimal location of elements of the logistics transport and customs infrastructure of Ukraine with the minimization of transport work on cargo transportation. A sufficient and economically justified number of logistics transport and customs complexes for processing the imported cargo flow of a given volume has been determined. The study uses methods of systematic and factor analysis of the calculated parameters of cargo processing, taking into account transport, economic and administrative factors of territorial development. It is established that the known methods developed to determine the location of individual transport and logistics centers do not allow to optimize the relevant logistics infrastructure focused on the processing of freight traffic in the transport system of the country. To build an effective solution to the problem of optimal location of several logistics transport and customs complexes, a method for determining the factor-rating potential of urban efficiency for their location in Ukraine, taking into account transport, economic and administrative factors. An assessment of transport work was conducted for 165 settlements of Ukraine, which include cities with a population of more than 30,000 people, as well as settlements with established customs posts or cargo checkpoints across the customs border of Ukraine. For each city, the relative consumption of imported foodstuffs is taken into account. According to the above algorithm, calculations were performed for options that provide for the operation of one to ten logistics transport and customs complexes throughout Ukraine. The analysis of the results of the calculations shows that the volume of transport work is effectively reduced in the case of the creation of 1 to 5 transport and customs logistics complexes. Further increase in the number of logistics transport and customs complexes, and consequently capital investments, does not lead to a significant reduction in total transport work. Accordingly, the factor-rating potential for cities in the zone where the creation of logistics transport and customs complexes is the most rational and has the following values: Dnipro 0.46; Kyiv 0.46; Lviv 0.54; Odesa 0.69; Kharkiv 0.62. The results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the optimal location of logistics transport and customs complexes can be implemented in the Ukrainian transport system in the construction of logistics infrastructure for the processing of cargo flows of sufficiently large volumes.

Martial law: grounds for putting into operation in Ukraine

The research is devoted to the legal regulation of the peculiarities of martial law in Ukraine. The norms of the Ukrainian legislation as to the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are studied. The concepts and grounds for the decision to declare martial law are given. It is determined, that the grounds for the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are armed aggression, attack threat, and the danger of violating Ukrainian territorial integrity. Proposals for amendments to the legislation, governing the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, have been identified. The Law of Ukraine On Defense of Ukraine and the Constitution of Ukraine is proposed to be supplemented with provisions that provide that martial law may be imposed only in the case of a declaration of war. The necessity of enshrining in the Law of Ukraine On the Legal Regime of Martial Law an exhaustive list of grounds for martial law has been proved. Armed aggression, the threat of attack, and the threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine are recognized such grounds. The term "threat of attack" should be understood as conducting military exercises by another state near the borders of Ukraine, dangerous flight or maneuvering by an aircraft of another state within the territory of Ukraine, obstruction of navigation in the Kerch Strait, Black or Azov Seas in violation of international law. The term “threat of violation of territorial integrity” should be understood as the participation of citizens of other states in mass riots with demands for the withdrawal of certain regions from Ukraine, decision-making by the city, district, and regional council on announcing a referendum on the proclamation of a new state entity or withdrawal from the state. In this case, martial law may be imposed in certain areas of Ukraine. It is necessary to distinguish the grounds for the imposition of martial law throughout Ukraine and in some areas

Situation reports and impacts on public health during the war in Ukraine, 24 February to 21 June 2022: World Health Organization Emergency Reports

Due to the Russian illegal invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, evident and dramatic increases were found in the numbers of war-affected populations, the refugees, individuals relocated in Ukraine, and civilian injuries and deaths as the war is escalated. The war has delivered great pressures and demands for the Ukrainian health division. Food shortages are of great concern due to substantial damage to agricultural framework and destruction of food supply chains. The health shock caused by this war seems to have had effect beyond the borders of Ukraine. Over 5.3 million refugees from Ukraine have left their country seeking refuge in neighboring countries in Europe; therefore, the crisis has begun to apply excessive pressure on human and technical resources and health systems in these neighboring countries.

Genesis of legal regulation of legal responsibility for illegal cross- ing of the state border under the legislation acted by Ukraine

In a scientific article, the authors conducted a scientific study of the development of legal regulation of legal liability for illegal crossing of the state border under the legislation in force in the Ukrainian lands. Based on the study, the authors concluded that the first mention of violations of the order of entry into and exit from Ukraine occurs in “Russian Truth”, which, however, did not provide legal liability for illegal crossing of the state border by persons who were not slaves or slaves (the latter were responsible not for illegal crossing, but for fleeing from the owner). There was no legal responsibility for the illegal crossing of the state border in the Polish-Lithuanian and Cossack periods of Ukrainian history. Criminal liability for unauthorized travel abroad was introduced in parts of the Ukrainian lands in connection with the adoption of the Conciliar Act of 1649. In the later period, from 1723, criminal liability in the Ukrainian lands that were part of the Russian Empire was provided for illegal crossing of the state border for treason or other malicious intent, and in other cases illegal crossing of the border was an administrative offense. After the adoption in Russia of the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishment in 1845, illegal crossing of the state border ceased to be an administrative offense and began to provide only criminal liability. Illegal crossing of the state border remained a crime under the legislation in force in Ukraine, regardless of the purpose of crossing, until 2004. In the period from 2004 to 2018, those guilty of illegally crossing the state border were solely administratively liable, but currently crossing the state border of Ukraine in order to harm the interests of the state or a person banned from entering Ukraine, or representatives of armed units forces or other law enforcement agencies of the aggressor state in any way outside the checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine or at checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine without relevant documents, or on documents containing inaccurate information again criminalized.

Methodology for Assessing the Prospects for Developing the Border Crossing Point Network of Ukraine

Introduction. The dynamic development of Ukraine’s foreign economic relations with EU Member States, as well as the availability of powerful transit capacity, are the preconditions for growing passenger and freight traffic across the state border of Ukraine. These trends increase the load on the existing border checkpoints, most of which currently require upgrade and reconstruction. Zakarpatska Oblast is a strategically important logistics, investment,and tourist gateway to the EU for Ukraine. Nineteen border crossing points (BCPs) have been operating at its territory. The opening of 18 more BCPs has been declared in the regulatory documents of various levels and types. Meanwhile, it is rather expensive and impracticable to open all the mentioned BCPs at the same time.Problem Statement. The existing network of border checkpoints is characterized by outdated infrastructure, long time of crossing the border, unequal distribution of border checkpoints and high load level, etc. The opening of new BCPs will redistribute the passenger and freight traffic and balance the inflows and outflows.Purpose. The research aims at developing the methodology to assess the priority of opening the BCPs at the state border in Zakarpatska Oblast and to calculate on this basis the integral index of promising border checkpoints.Materials and Methods. To develop the methodology, the authors have used the systemic approach that takes into account the complexity of the research object; the horizontal and vertical links; poor predictability of the object; functional designation of border checkpoints, etc. The promising border checkpoints have been rankedbased on the index method.Results. The methodology for assessing the priority of opening the border checkpoints has been developed. The research deliverables are the rankings of promising border checkpoints formed based on the calculation of the integral index.Conclusions. The research has outlined the prospects for applying the methodology to assess the priority of opening the border checkpoints and for developing the BCP network at the state border in Zakarpatska Oblast.

Holding Together for Curing This Wounded World

The current crisis in Ukraine has not only caused endless human suffering, but also implies to the European Countries neighboring at Ukraine borders an important humanitarian task. However, currently in some journals concerns are raised against an immediate aid policy and towards uncontrolled receiving of refugees. These critics refer to the financial challenge of the European Community and raise concerns towards health hazards and public health risks probably linked to this humanitarian crisis.

Dormice (Mammalia, Gliridae) in Ukraine: сurrent state of knowledge and perspectives of investigations

I am setting up the national databases for four species of the Gliridae family (Dryomys nitedula, Glis glis, Muscardinus avellanarius, Eliomys quercinus) with data available from museum collections, scientific literature, biodiversity social networks, and original observations in nature made within the borders of Ukraine. The database contains 656 records: Dryomys nitedula 287 records, Glis glis 152 records, Muscardinus avellanarius 216 records and Eliomys quercinus 1 record. Dryomys nitedula is listed in the Red Lists of 5 administrative regions, Glis glis in the Red Lists of 2 administrative regions, and Muscardinus avellanarius in the Red Lists of 4 administrative regions. We revealed 2 findings of Glis glis outside the known range of this species. The current state of knowledge and distribution of Gliridae representatives in Ukraine are discussed. We propose to change the conservation status of the Garden Dormouse Eliomys quercinus, which is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) as a critically endangered species (a species on the edge of extinction). The revision of literature and museum samples attributed to this species has demonstrated that the only specimen, that without a doubt belongs to this species, collected in the Cherkasy region in 1965, was assigned to a non-existent settlement. The rest of the museum specimens (one from Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Zoological Museum and one from the National Museum of Natural History National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) were redefined as Dryomys nitedula.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNALISM AS A SOURCE OF FORMING IMAGE OF THE COUNTRY ABROAD

The concept of “mass communication” in the works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars considers the exchange of international information, which is related to certain social members and which is mediated through special technical means. It consists of at least three aspects: information, the process of transmission and dissemination of information, as well as the actual means of communication. Through these processes, the world community can learn about what is happening in a country. International communication is divided into formal and informal, and the results and its action are mostly aimed not only at the individual but also at the mass consciousness. International communication is an important component of the media sphere of any country. Thanks to it, the status of the state is characterized in the diplomatic arena. It also affects the political image. International cooperation, attraction of foreign investments, perception of the country on the international arena and attitude to its citizens depend on the international image of the country. To achieve the goal of the study, the Russian, Polish and American media were analyzed. Content analysis of foreign media showed that Ukraine is present in the foreign media space in various narratives. In particular, the Russian media write about Ukraine only in a negative sense, focusing on economic difficulties and problems. Instead, the Polish and American media report on the growth of Russian troops near the borders of Ukraine, on encouraging vaccination, and on the foreign policy of our country. In order to increase the number of “Ukrainian topics” in the international information space, representatives of the Ukrainian political elite need to cooperate with foreign journalists, actively give them comments, interviews, increase the number of foreign trips and meetings with representatives of political, business and scientific circles. This will help to counteract the destructive campaigns in the international information environment against Ukraine.

우크라이나 서부 체르닙치 주의 언어상황

In this paper, a brief history, resident composition, and language situation of Ukraine’s Chernivtsi Oblast were reviewed. Chernivtsi Oblast is located on the southwestern border of Ukraine, and over history the ruling states have changed. Although it was incorporated as an administrative division of Ukraine in 1940, the Romanian minority of the Chernivtsi region have maintained their homogeneity, living collectively in some villages near the border. Romanian and Moldovan are not Slavic languages, but belong to the Romance language family, so learning each other is not easy. In addition, in the Soviet era, more emphasis was placed on Russian education than on the Ukrainian language, so it has been only 30 years since the Ukrainian government established and promoted a Korean language education policy targeting them.<BR> Ukrainian central and local governments are seeking input from the Romanian minority and educators to support the publication and broadcasting of the Romanian language to protect the minority rights of Romanian-speaking people while teaching them the Ukrainian language and instilling their identity as Ukrainians. Various programs have been prepared and implemented, such as publishing and distributing Ukrainian textbooks, providing training opportunities for Ukrainian language teachers, and providing online Ukrainian learning courses to students and teachers. Some Romanian students and their parents recognize the need for national language education. They want to enter the mainstream society by learning the Ukrainian language to enter university or receive special-purpose education. However, the majority do not feel the need to learn Ukrainian because they do not feel the necessity of university education or do not believe in Ukraine’s vision. Only when Ukraine offers a more attractive perspective than the border-bound Romania, they will be motivated to learn the Ukrainian language.

The priorities of the state excise policy

The research subject includes the theoretical basis and mechanism of excise policy formation and realization. The study aims to determine the priorities of excise policy development in the context of developing its regulatory impact on economic processes and increasing the fiscal potential of excise duty. Methods. In order to achieve the appropriate tasks, we used a set of methods and approaches that helped to ensure the conceptual unity of our investigation. The systemic and structural approaches, generalization methods, analytical evaluation, synthesis, comparison, scientific abstraction are applied. Results. The fiscal significance of the excise tax in the OECD countries and Ukraine for the last two decades has been determined. The main stages of excise policy development in 2001–2021 are systematized. The volumes of illegal circulation of excisable goods and losses of tax revenues are analyzed. Finally, the priorities of the excise policy are substantiated. Practical implications. Tax policy and instruments of its implementation. Conclusions. Ukraine could use the foreign experience of floating excise tax on fuel in a period of high and rising prices for petroleum products. It is necessary to eliminate the fundamental reason for expanding the illegal tobacco market - a significant difference in the growth rate of cigarette prices (primarily due to the rising tax burden) and household income. Therefore, it is reasonable to change the current schedule of excise duty rates by revising them and slowing down the growth from 20% to 10-12% annually. Furthermore, it is actually to return criminal liability for the illegal movement of tobacco products across the customs border of Ukraine. It is necessary to increase further the institutional capacity of the State Customs and State Border Services. The government should improve the institutional environment for the e-commerce of excisable goods. The priority direction of the taxation development of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products is introducing an automated control system over their production and circulation (electronic excise stamp). A further increase in the tax rate on alcohol should be taken with caution, understanding the potential threats to reduce legal production, and replacing this niche with counterfeiting, which will lead to lower revenues or a tiny increase. The main criterion for collecting excise tax for cars should be technical and operational characteristics related to fuel efficiency.

Preserving Ukraine's Electric Grid During the Russian Invasion

In February 2022, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, a country with an interconnected electric grid.1 While most analysts have concentrated on the military dimensions of Russia's attack, the implications for energy infrastructure are both unprecedented and critically important. Russia has incentives to preserve reliable operation of Ukraine's electric grid. Both sides have shown restraint in attacking energy infrastructure. An apparent Russian objective is keeping hard‐to‐replace infrastructure intact, especially hydroelectric and nuclear plants. Ukraine's natural gas pipeline system depends on grid electricity for its centralized control. Russia profits from transmission of its natural gas through Ukraine's pipelines to Europe. All countries seek to avoid infrastructure accidents and human migrations that are disruptive to their own societies. Nonetheless, by export ban, naval blockade, and physical attack, Russia has disrupted fuel supplies for Ukraine's generating plants. Interconnected electric grids are vulnerable to cascading collapse after forced outages of generating plants, transmission system disruptions, and deliberate attacks. As winter approaches, fuel supplies for Ukraine's electric grid will be constrained and the possibility of grid collapse increases. If Ukraine's electric grid were to be inoperable for a prolonged period, the result could be widespread death by famine, disease, and, in winter, hypothermia. Nuclear reactor meltdowns and spent fuel pool fires could also result, with radiation release extending beyond Ukraine's borders. Millions of refugees would cross the borders of Poland, Russia, Belarus, and other regional neighbors. Ukraine should develop a robust plan for electric grid restoration, including asking the Ukrainian people for their assistance during emergencies. To this end, financial and other targeted support for Ukraine's electricity sector by European and other allies may be essential to reduce the prospect of long‐term grid collapse. Events in Ukraine have public policy lessons for all nations with electric grids vulnerable to cascading collapse and long‐term outage.

Peculiarities of definition of the concept and legal composition of illegal crossing of the state border as an administrative offense

In the scientific article the authors consider the concept of "illegal crossing of the state border" and identify the features of the legal structure of illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine. Based on the research in the scientific article it is established that the definition of the concept of crossing the state border is absent in the legislation of Ukraine, and the analysis of legal doctrine unfortunately does not allow to distinguish the concept of "illegal border crossing", especially along with this concept. "And" crimes that encroach on the border security of the state ", which complicates the correct understanding of the essence of the concept of illegal crossing of the state border. According to the authors, the concept of crossing the state border of Ukraine is the physical movement across the state border of Ukraine of individuals (citizens of Ukraine, foreigners and stateless persons), goods, vehicles, including the use of road, river, sea, air, rail transport , which is carried out through legal checkpoints or otherwise, with or without compliance with the established procedure for crossing the state border. Illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine is crossing or attempting to cross the state border of Ukraine in any way outside the checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine or at checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine without relevant documents or using a forged document or containing inaccurate information about person, or without the permission of the relevant authorities. The direct object of illegal crossing of the state border as an administrative offense is defined in the scientific article as public relations, which are formed in connection with the movement of individuals, goods and vehicles across the state border of Ukraine in the manner prescribed by applicable law. who carry out appropriate types of state control.

Prospects for the fight and prevention of smuggling crime within the boundaries of Ukrainian legislation

The article is devoted to the research of the current state of work of Ukrainian customs authorities to combat smuggling, the research of measures to prevent and combat smuggling, defined in the Customs Code of Ukraine and other acts of customs legislation. The article also reveals the gaps in Ukrainian customs legislation in the field of combating smuggling and gaps in the work of Ukrainian customs authorities in combating the illegal movement of goods, valuables and other items across the state border, including drugs, weapons, cigarettes and cultural property. The smuggling of such items poses a special danger to Ukraine and the world at large.&#x0D; The article emphasizes that combating illegal movement and / or transportation is one of the priorities of the state. The Ukrainian legislation in the field of counteraction to illegal (smuggled) movement of goods, valuables and other objects across the state border is analyzed. It has been determined that the Ukrainian customs authorities of Ukraine are one of the main subjects of counteracting such a crime as smuggling. Particular attention is paid to the legal framework of the customs authorities of Ukraine to combat smuggling.&#x0D; The article examines the research and proposals of scientists, as well as the scientific literature on the study of smuggling crime.&#x0D; The concept of smuggling and other terms related to this area are also studied. It is emphasized that today the situation with illegal movement of objects across the state border of Ukraine remains quite difficult.&#x0D; The conclusion is made about the need to amend the legislation in this area, as well as the need to learn international experience in preventing and combating smuggling. It was also stressed the need to intensify the rule-making process to improve or create new regulations that would improve the activities of state customs authorities of Ukraine in the fight against smuggling, as well as coordinate the work of customs and law enforcement agencies of Ukraine.