Ukrainian Crisis Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS SECURITY COMPLEX: THE STRATEGIC MODELING OF ARMENIA'S SECURITY POLICY

This scientific article explores the intricate dynamics between global geopolitical competition and the formation of the South Caucasus security complex, with a specific focus on Armenia's security policy. After the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war and the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the geopolitical significance of the South Caucasus is beginning to change. In the conditions of the deepening of the Ukrainian crisis, the global importance of the South Caucasus is highlighted as an important economic corridor of strategic communication in the "north-south" and "east-west" directions. The region is entering a complex period of strategic competition with increasing security dependence and vulnerability from global geopolitical processes. It also creates new security threats for the restoration of the balance of power in the South Caucasus and the reconstruction of the security complex. The ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia create new security threats for maintaining the security balance of the South Caucasus. The trends of increasing influence of hybrid threats in the Middle Eastern region are beginning to spread in the South Caucasus as well. Based on all this, the strategic modeling of Armenia's security policy is presented in the article. It can have a guiding role in the process of developing the priorities of Armenia's foreign policy. Through strategic modeling, the article elucidates possible future scenarios for Armenia's security policy, considering varying degrees of global geopolitical competition and regional instability. This modeling enables us to better anticipate the potential trajectories of Armenia's security choices and their consequences for regional stability and security dynamics. Moreover, it highlights the interconnectedness of South Caucasus security with broader global geopolitics, emphasizing the need for a nuanced and multidimensional approach to understanding the security complex in this region

European Security Dilemmas: A Comparison of Germany and France's Approaches to the Relationship of the EU and NATO Roles in Europe after 2022

In 2016–2017, it was the Franco-German tandem which nurtured European security integration. The leaders of both states have been used to reaching a compromise despite different approaches to Atlanticism and Europeanism balance. However, the Ukrainian conflict escalation has changed the defense policies pursued by France and Germany. This paper argues, that during the last two years the differences between the two states concerning security issues have widened. With Germany even more relying on NATO as the most important security guarantor for Europe, France tends to simultaneously argue for a stronger, more independent European defense. Amid limited resources, it became more difficult for both parties to compromise. The article compares shifts in German and French policies on three levels, that are conceptual (the role of NATO and the EU in strategic papers and addresses of the French and German leaders), program-initiative (involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives over the past two years), and military-industrial (joint projects and procurements). The research reveals that since the Ukrainian crisis escalation France and Germany have tended to rely on NATO as the main security guarantor, still the former is strongly committed to effectively strengthening European security. Germany and France differ in terms of their involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives as well as procurements. Having its own nuclear weapons and military-industrial complex, the latter is less committed to NATO, yet highly supports European defense projects, seeking economic and political benefits. Germany prioritizes proven NATO structures, bilateral initiatives, as well as transatlantic defense procurements. The paper reveals a correlation between the policies of Germany and France and their dependence on the US military-industrial complex.

Zelensky files: courage under fire

This paper explored the long-term leadership of Zelensky given that when the original article The Zelensky Files: Strategies and approaches for university leaders was published, it was still early days in the war. Zelensky, it seemed went from an obscure, challenged peacetime leader to a global ‘Ambassador for Freedom’ in a very short time. Indeed, as noted in the original article, leadership in all its diverse guises is messy, complex, unpredictable, and often enigmatic. Talented leaders fail every day; other average leaders emerge as the right leader for the right reasons and purposes; and perhaps with a little luck become leadership icons. Zelensky exemplifies the latter but, in reality he also is talented and has an instinctive and refined blend of pragmatism and common sense making him the right choice for Ukraine and freedom. Zelensky’s long-term leadership strategies include 1) the leader’s core values and approaches comprise his/her leadership foundation; 2) recognition that leadership decision making is difficult and often heart wrenching; 3) Partnerships are essential strategies for leaders and organizations; 4) the right people in the right positions is more important than talent; and 5) the leader’s singular and only role is to lead. The world of the university seems at times a universe away from the battlefield and yet when we delve down for a closer look, we find the most remarkable alignments where leadership strategies turn out to be fluid, agile, and adaptive to the needs of many diverse leaders and organizations, wartime and peacetime, and beyond. Ukraine’s universities have faced the destruction of war. One in five institutions in Ukraine have been damaged or destroyed. Student enrolments have declined and many foreign students left the country whilst research output overall has been estimated to have declined between 10-18%. Indeed, even with all these challenges, this is where an inspirational, transformative leader who exudes confidence, belief in the cause and love of country during one of the most serious crises in Ukraine’s history since the Holodomor (Ukrainian Famine, 1932-33), can inspire a nation. And, despite the ravages of war, the university doors are open and the classroom lights have remained on in most institutions. The images of students taking online courses in shelters and bunkers whilst others risk their lives sitting by a fountain or in a park for better Internet access all in the name of freedom. The indelible point here is education is freedom. Education is innovation. Education is the future. Education is peaceful revolution. And, education is the heart and soul of the human condition. The Zelensky Files are not a leadership panacea for all the complex issues facing the modern university. A word that may best describe the leadership continuum is kaleidoscope. The kaleidoscope of leadership often seen as a changing array of shapes, sizes and colors. The kaleidoscope of leadership with its changing approaches, strategies and blends over time with the Zeitgeist norms of the era becoming the catalyst for exploring new situational contexts, evolving trends and developments and yet accepting there is no one single silver bullet style of leadership for resolving all issues. The Zelensky Files do, however, contribute to our journey to better understand that elusive, enigmatic endeavor – leadership.

The Failures of the United Nations Security Council's Resolutions in Addressing the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Case Study of Resolution No. S/RES/2202 of 2015

This study aims to analyze the failure of Resolution No. S/RES/2202 of 2015, issued by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), to address the conflict between Russia and Ukraine during 2014-2015. This research falls within the realm of qualitative research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and data collection through a literature review including books, journals, official documents, and relevant research. Johan Galtung's Conflict Transformation theory supports the research to analyze the failure of this resolution from the perspective of its inability to transform the conflict from internal to multi-dimension based on the variable of conflict transformation. The findings indicate that the resolution failed to build peace of the Russia-Ukraine conflict due to the non-implementation of the resolution's points. The UNSC should prepare legal enforcement measures through the UN General Assembly to restrict Russia's decision-making concerning the Ukrainian crisis.

Engagement of eco-industrial parks in the circular economy: state support for enterprises processing construction waste products

The relevance of this study lies in the need to solve the economic, environmental and energy crises in Ukraine, which threaten the stability of its economy. Eco-industrial parks offer an innovative approach to solving economic and environmental problems. The purpose of the article is to study the role of eco-industrial parks and study the expediency of the operation of construction waste processing enterprises in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the principles of circular economy and their state support. The subject of the research is eco-industrial parks, in particular enterprises for the processing of construction waste. Common scientific methods of systematic and comparative analysis, statistical calculations, and the method of generalizations were used. Among the obtained results, the following should be noted: the advantages of EIP regarding the creation of new jobs in high-tech sectors of the economy were determined; attraction of investments, as they allow to reduce production costs and increase the competitiveness of enterprises; strengthening the technological base through the development of new technologies and innovations in the field of environmentally friendly production; improvement of the ecological situation through reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, purification of water resources and preservation of biodiversity; increasing energy efficiency through the use of renewable energy sources and other energy-efficient technologies, which allows for reducing dependence on traditional energy resources. It has been proven that one of the priority directions for the reconstruction of Ukraine in accordance with the best global standards and practices of the circular economy should be the processing of a large amount of construction waste, which requires the development of an appropriate strategy. The analysis of practical examples of construction waste recycling projects with the use of international experience provided grounds for asserting that each hryvnia invested in the processing of construction waste can increase the GDP of Ukraine by 6.25 hryvnias due to the multiplier effect (direct and indirect). Conclusions were made regarding the need for the development of eco-industrial parks in Ukraine, for which the government of Ukraine introduced measures such as exempting park participants of income tax, import duties and value added tax on importing equipment for production in such parks, granting land and real estate tax relief, provision of funds on an irrevocable basis for arrangement and/or construction of objects of adjacent infrastructure for industrial parks, compensation of interest rate on credits (loans) for facility planning, etc.

Eco-awareness through a poster: current Ukrainian trends

This article provides an in-depth study of the role of ecological posters as powerful communicative tools in addressing the escalating environmental crisis in Ukraine. By examining the evolution of ecological posters, the authors highlight shifts in visual language, stylistic approaches, and conceptual frameworks that mirror sociocultural transformations and the growing demand for environmental consciousness in society. Through a detailed analysis of communicative functions–informative, mobilizing, and emotionally engaging — the study reveals the potential of ecological posters to raise awareness and influence public perception toward environmental responsibility. The purpose of the article is to provide insights into the cultural significance and communicative role of ecological posters in Ukraine. Through a focus on stylistic evolution and conceptual approaches, the article aims to inform artists, environmental activists, and cultural communicators about the potential of ecological posters to foster public engagement with environmental issues. The methodology involves a theoretical analysis of visual language changes in Ukrainian ecological posters, using comparative stylistic studies, case analysis, and review of environmental messaging techniques. This includes qualitative assessments of the informative, mobilizing, and emotional aspects of posters and their impact on public perception. The results reveal several critical findings: 1. Ukrainian ecological posters have evolved from idealized nature imagery to more realistic and emotionally evocative depictions, highlighting human impact on the environment; 2. Communicative func-tions such as raising awareness, mobilizing action, and shaping attitudes towards ecology are essential in enhancing public ecological consciousness; 3. There is a need to incorporate interactive and digital formats to better reach and engage diverse audiences, especially younger generations. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of ecological posters as a medium for cultural communication, particularly in Ukraine. By bridging artistic evolution with environmental messaging, the study offers a unique perspective on how visual art can contribute to public awareness and social responsibility for environmental issues. The practical significance of this article holds value for artists, cultural communicators, and environmental advocates. It provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the role of visual art in environmental communication and offers practical guidelines for creating impactful ecological posters that resonate with audiences. Recommendations include leveraging digital platforms and integrating interactive elements to increase engagement. Overall, this article presents a nuanced examination of ecological posters in Ukraine, emphasizing their potential as tools for public engagement and environmental advocacy. By analyzing both historical and contemporary approaches, the study equips readers with insights into the role of visual art in fostering ecological consciousness. This research serves as a valuable resource for artists, policymakers, and activists, enhancing understanding of ecological posters’ potential to influence public attitudes and behavior regarding environmental issues.

Tweet Sentiments: Understanding X (Twitter) Users' Perceptions of the Russia–Ukrainian Crisis on Consumer Behavior and the Economy

ABSTRACTThe invasion of Ukraine by Russia has caused harm, leading to loss of life and homes being destroyed. These tragic consequences have impacted all levels of society and sparked economic outrage. When evaluating the aftermath of the conflict, it is crucial to recognize the role played by media platforms like Twitter in amplifying the effects on individuals and communities. The widespread influence of Twitter directly influences consumers and their behaviors. Researchers have employed sentiment analysis to study the messages shared on Twitter within market contexts and the global economy. This analysis is valuable for understanding people's viewpoints on subjects or incidents. In a study, researchers examined a dataset comprising 27,926 tweets gathered between 20 February 2022, and 19 February 2023. The study aimed to highlight how the invasion impacted sectors and regions regarding conditions alongside related sanctions. The conclusions drawn from this research hold implications for business sectors, markets, and their functioning. Furthermore, it offers insights into how the public perceives the ongoing war, which has academic and industrial ramifications of its own. The manuscript explores computational methods used to analyze sentiment on Twitter, uncovering the complex interplay between consumer actions and social media within the Russian–Ukraine conflict.

Economic Tremors From a Perfect Storm: The Ukrainian Crisis and Its Impact on Regional Stock Market Volatility

This study investigates the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on stock market volatility in neighboring countries, analyzing five stock market indices (BET, BUX, WIG, SAX, and MOEX) over a three-year period encompassing one year before and two years after the conflict’s outbreak. Employing four volatility estimators (Close-to-Close, Parkinson, Garman-Klass, and Rogers-Satchell), this research examines the evolution of market volatility and inter-market correlations. Findings reveal a general increase in volatility across most indices following the war’s commencement, with the MOEX index experiencing the highest turbulence. The concept of a “proximity penalty” is partially supported, as geographical closeness to the conflict zone does not uniformly correspond to increased volatility. Also, findings show an initial strengthening of correlations between markets in the first year of the war, suggesting a “contagion effect.” However, this is followed by a weakening of correlations in the second year, indicating a potential “decoupling effect” as markets begin to respond more to local economic conditions. These results have significant implications for investors, policymakers, and risk managers, highlighting the need for dynamic portfolio management strategies, tailored policy responses, and flexible risk models that can adapt to changing market conditions during prolonged geopolitical crises. This study contributes to the existing literature by extending the temporal scope of analysis beyond the immediate aftermath of the war’s outbreak and providing insights into the “proximity effect” in the context of a major European conflict. The observed patterns of initial volatility spikes followed by varying degrees of persistence and changing correlation structures offer a nuanced picture of how geopolitical events impact financial markets over time, emphasizing the complex interplay between political events and financial market dynamics. JEL classification: G15, F51 Article History: Received: October 14, 2024; Reviewed: November 27, 2024; Accepted: December 2, 2024; Available online: December 17, 2024.

Legal regulation of migration control in the European Union: evolution and current challenges

It is indicated that the migration policy of the European Union has come a long way of evolution from individual national approaches to the formation of a single comprehensive system for managing migration flows. The creation of the Schengen area and the introduction of common border control standards laid the foundation for the further development of EU migration legislation, which today covers a wide range of issues - from granting asylum to combating illegal migration. The article examines the evolution of legal regulation of migration control in the European Union from its foundation to the present day, with a special emphasis on the changes caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Five main stages of the development of EU migration legislation and their characteristic features are analyzed. The first stage, which was characterized by the lack of a systematic approach to migration regulation, and the second stage, the key event of which was the adoption of Regulation 1612/68, are considered in detail. The significance of this document for establishing the principle of non­discrimination of workers and the right to family reunification is examined. Important court decisions that shaped the practice of applying the Regulation and influenced the further development of migration legislation are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the third stage, when migration issues were transformed from the economic sphere into the political sphere. The role of the Special Group on Immigration (TREVI) and the importance of the Schengen Agreement in the formation of a common EU migration policy are highlighted. The fourth stage, which began in the 2010s and was characterized by the emergence of new challenges for the EU migration policy, in particular the crisis of 2014-2015, is analyzed. The modern stage of legal regulation of migration control, which began after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is examined in detail. The unprecedented application of the Directive on Temporary Protection and the implementation of a set of measures to support Ukrainian refugees are analyzed. Key changes in legal regulation are identified, including operational measures at the borders, financial support, coordination between Member States and integration measures. Based on the research conducted, a conclusion was drawn about the EU’s ability to adapt its legal mechanisms to new challenges and about the possibility of using the experience of responding to the Ukrainian crisis as a model for the further development of the EU’s migration policy.

Ukrainian Crisis and the Perspectives of the Identism

The article analyzes the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on the ideological confrontation between identists and antiidentists (ultraliberals, supporters of “liberal democracy”) in the world and the influence of crisis on the prospects of the further consolidation of identism. Identism is considered as the worldview of parties and movements that defend identity and traditions, family values, and criticize immigration to varying degrees and with different accents. It is emphasized that the appeal to identity is increasing in current political decisions and discussions. It raises the question of rethinking the “clash of civilizations” through the dynamics of universalism and particularism, referring to tradition and the protecting identity in the programs of political parties. The analysis of political conflicts and speeches by the leaders of parties and movements demonstrated that anti–Russian policy and the policy of “cancel culture” towards Russia have become a manifestation of a new round of confrontation between mainly Western antiidentism and an emerging global force ‒ traditionalism or identism. Most politicians, public and cultural figures were faced with the dilemma of whether to make a choice in favor of Russia in order to dissociate themselves from antiidentism or to stay away. The logic of confrontation is based on the displacement (in the consistent and harsh application of cancel culture) of one's ideological opponent into a marginal field, if it is not possible to achieve his complete destruction as a social or political player. The Ukrainian crisis has made the confrontation between identitarians and antiidentitarians more pronounced at the international level and opponents of antiidentism have become part of the political space of most countries. The most important feature of the confrontation between the two ideological systems is the significant presence of supporters of various opposing parties in almost all countries and regions.

Czech Labour Market: Long-Standing Problems and New Challenges

The article presents an analysis of the development of the Czech labour market, taking into account demographic trends. The main long-term trends of decreasing unemployment, structural changes and maintaining their attraction for foreign actors are outlined. The negative consequences of the last two years have been assessed. A lack of certain specialists and high-qualified workers remains among the key problems of the Czech labour market which the government regulatory measures are aimed at. Changes in the financing of employment policy and transition to more effective support measures are shown. Special attention is paid to solving the ageing problem and to involving of older people on the labour market. The implemented methods of maintaining employment among this category of citizens are analysed. Operating instruments of attracting highly qualified and qualified workers in the Czech Republic, the base of which are the key programs, are considered. A selectivity of such measures, its flexibility and changing due to political reasons are shown. The role of labour migrants on the Czech labour market is shown using the example of Ukrainians. The Ukrainian labour force traditionally was engaged in lowskilled labour, mainly in construction and industry. The consequences of the influx of refugees because of the Ukrainian crisis, their current situation and consequences for the Czech labour market are analysed. Due to gender and age differences between refugees and typical labour mi grants from Ukraine there is no significant increase in the influence of Ukrainians on the Czech market. Problems of poverty, integration and employment corresponding to qualification remain. The key perspective of changes of the Czech labour market, including problems of shortage of certain categories of specialists, are designated.

Defense and Security Issues in the Arctic in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis

Currently, the Arctic region is experiencing a political crisis associated with a sharp limitation of the Arctic Council activities. The complex geopolitical situation was initiated unilaterally by the states of the collective West, which consistently led to a new strategic confrontation between Russia and NATO. The article analyses the main trends and activities of the members of the North Atlantic Alliance in the Arctic, which directly indicate the formation of policies and tools to contain Russia in the region. The author emphasises that Sweden and Finland's NATO accession increases tension, creates challenges and threats to the Russian national security in the light of the international military development. The consistent growth in the activity and presence of NATO in the region after the start of the special military operation (SMO/SVO) is traced and detailed. It is stated that the potential opportunities for Russia-NATO dialogue in the Arctic are decreasing. The article examines the Russian Federation's response measures to strengthen national security in the region. The author makes a conclusion that there is the need for improvement a comprehensive system for monitoring the situation in the Arctic in order to negate the possibility of incorrect interpretation of military activity in the context of the current phase of crisis. It is indicated that the further affairs in the Arctic are closely dependent on the results of the SMO.

Centrifugal Processes and Divisions as a Megatrend of Crisis Geopolitics

The world has entered an acute phase of a protracted macrocrisis, one of the most striking manifestations of which is the processes of disengagement in global politics. The logic of confrontation inevitably aggravates old conflicts and reproduces new ones. The centrifugal dynamics received an explosive impetus because of directly interconnected process of internationalisation of the Ukrainian crisis and “Ukrainisation” of the Western-centric agenda. Conflict motives of local, regional, geopolitical divides, and gaps are acquiring increasing practical and political significance. The logic of asymmetrical, multidirectional interactions in global politics is rapidly gaining momentum. The previously inertial confrontation between the United States and Russia, the United States and China has moved into the acute phase of a dangerous confrontation. The potential for resolving the most important geopolitical and military-strategic problems in their relations has been reduced by US efforts to a critical minimum. A focused reflection of geopolitical divisions has become the sophisticated construction of a new Iron Curtain around Russia by the united West. The world is actually divided into the World Majority, whose countries take a neutral or favorable position towards Russia, and a non-structurally formalised coalition of countries led by the United States, guided by American foreign policy goals and priorities. Lines of demarcation and fragmentation run across a variety of spheres and formats, regional and geopolitical areas, erecting new boundaries and barriers in interstate cooperation and creating a dangerous tilt and distortions in strategic security. In the context of the chaotisation of world politics and the rapid development of centrifugal processes of geopolitical and geo-economic demarcations and confrontations, the asymmetry of approaches to the prospects for reformatting the world order is becoming increasingly visible.

"Invisible Force" or Diplomatic Powerlessness? (American Diplomacy Through the Eyes of CIA Director William Burns)

The memoirs of William Burns, the American diplomat and director of the Central Intelligence Agency, paint a wide panorama of U.S. foreign policy. These memoirs are particularly relevant because they document the role of the United States in destabilizing the world order that emerged following the Second World War, including its participation in fomenting crises in the post-Soviet space that led to the development of the Ukrainian crisis and the beginning of a special military operation by Russia. The memoirs are not only the testimony of an informed eyewitness but also a valuable source on the modern history of international relations, since they are supplemented with declassified diplomatic documents of the American State Department. These documents, now part of the academic record, clarify both the patterns of American foreign policy behavior and the destructive role of the United States in numerous crises, many of which, according to the documents presented, were predicted by W. Burns as inevitable long before the escalation occurred.

Supply Chain Issues in Times of Pandemics and Crises (Study on the Covid19 and Ukraine Crises)

Supply Chain Issues in Times of Pandemics and Crises (Study on the Covid19 and Ukraine Crises)

The Impact of the Concept “a Community with a Shared Future for Humanity” on Middle Eastern Geopolitics

The Middle East region, located at the junction of the three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, enjoys a unique strategic position and economic importance. Recently, with the deepening of the Ukrainian crisis and the intensification of the Israeli Palestinian conflict, the geopolitical landscape of the region is undergoing significant changes, especially in the context of intense competition among major powers. The concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind advocated by China is the core of its global governance vision, aimed at promoting harmony and common development among nations. Under this framework, the "the Belt and Road" initiative, as a link between China and countries in the Middle East, is committed to win-win cooperation and has won widespread recognition among countries in the Middle East. China's efforts to facilitate reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia are a typical example of practicing the concept of a community of shared future in regional governance under the guidance of global development, security, and civilization initiatives, demonstrating the positive role of this concept in promoting peace and stability in the Middle East. China relies on the cooperation framework of the Belt and Road Initiative, adheres to the direction of building a community with a shared future for mankind, actively promotes the agenda of mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence, and helps the Middle East region move from turmoil to order, from conflict and confrontation to a development path of peaceful coexistence.

Military security in the Arctic: New threats to Russia

In recent years, the military and political landscape in the Arctic has changed significantly. This region has been rapidly losing the status of a ‘zone for peace and cooperation’, turning into an arena of increasingly intense interstate rivalry. The accession of Sweden and Finland to NATO became a landmark event in the evolution of the military and political situation in the Arctic. This article attempts to identify the causes and driving forces behind these processes, as well as to assess the threats they pose to Russia’s national security. In the first section the authors argue that the NATO countries under the pretext of the growing hybrid threat from the Russian Federation have themselves launched an active information campaign in the spirit of hybrid warfare aimed at demonizing Russia and enforcing on public a Cold War-style black-and-white picture of reality as a ‘zero-sum game’. Moreover, the authors emphasize that this anti-Russian campaign began long before the aggravation of the ‘Ukrainian crisis’. As such, it reflects the American elites’ awareness of the growing decline in the U.S. influence and the erosion of the ‘rules-based order’. The second section examines the specific steps taken by the United States and its allies in order to build up their military and political potential in the Arctic and accelerate the militarization of the region. Special attention is paid to the bilateral agreements on security cooperation between the United States and Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. According to these agreements, Washington was able to deploy personnel, equipment and weapons in these countries on a permanent basis and conduct military exercises. In these conditions, the main threats to Russia’s military security in the Arctic, according to the authors, include: deployment of the U.S. / NATO military infrastructure and troops in the region; the formation of an anti-Russian bloc of Scandinavian states under the control of the alliance; modernization of the Arctic powers’ armed forces; intensification of naval activities of NATO countries in the Arctic seas. In general, the military-strategic situation in the Arctic has already deteriorated significantly with regard to the national interests of the Russian Federation. However, the authors stress that both the current situation in the region and possible scenarios for its future development cannot be assessed in isolation from the general crisis of international relations, focusing solely on regional aspects of security. Apart from the Arctic, tensions are growing in other regions of the world, which also requires the West to allocate there more resources in order to maintain its influence.

Military and political security in the Arctic before and amidst the Ukrainian crisis

In the 21st century, the Arctic has rapidly been transforming from a ‘zone of peace and cooperation’ into an arena of interstate rivalry, where the Russia– NATO confrontation is currently playing a pivotal role. These developments determine the growing interest of both the Russian and foreign academic and expert communities in the problems and prospects for regional security. This paper examines the dynamics of military-political situation in the Arctic within the framework of evolution of the Russia–NATO relations. The first section outlines the key military and political security developments in the Arctic before the Ukrainian crisis. The author emphasizes that already at this stage NATO clearly manifested its desire to limit the Russian presence in the region. In the second section the author offers an original periodization of the Russia–NATO relations in the Arctic after 2014 and in so doing identifies three stages. They are all marked by a gradual yet steady escalation of international tension, manifested in the active efforts undertaken by the NATO member states to remilitarize the region and cultivate a narrative about the Russian threat. This course has been reflected in a whole series of alliance’s military exercises, which, as shown in the article, are becoming increasingly extensive and regular year by year. The author concludes that the Ukrainian crisis has only laid bare the true aspirations of the NATO countries seeking to contain Russia in the Far North and refusing to consider its interests and build a constructive dialogue in the field of military and political security. According to the researcher, this circumstance prevents the normalization of relations between Russia and NATO countries in the years to come.

Impact of the crisis in Ukraine on Russia-Africa relations

Impact of the crisis in Ukraine on Russia-Africa relations

Peran Kewarganegaraan dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional : Perlindungan terhadap Kombatan dan Non-Kombatan

The regulation of protection during armed conflicts is greatly aided by the distinction between the rights and protections granted to combatants and non-combatants under International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Nonetheless, there hasn't been much discussion in the literature about how nationality affects how these legal safeguards are applied. This study attempts to investigate how fighters' and non-combatants' rights and safeguards under IHL are impacted by nationality. The results show that nationality can have a substantial impact on the legal status and level of protection that individuals receive, regardless of whether they are combatants or not. This research examines obstacles to the application of legal safeguards and illustrates how nationality influences their implementation using case studies of the crises in Syria and Ukraine. The study suggests that within IHL, precise standards on nationality be developed.