Ufa Province Research Articles

Мундиры уфимского дворянства конца XVIII века: историко-правовое исследование

The author conducts a historical and legal study of the problem of the formation and development of the institute of the noble uniform at the end of the eighteenth century on the example of the Ufa province. The noble uniform is considered as one of the most important state and legal institutions of Russian society. It is noted that under the conditions of an absolute monarchy, the uniform became the most striking and noticeable element of the legal and social status of a person in the state. A brief overview of the sources and literature on the research topic is given. The main stages of the formation of the noble provincial uniform are identified and characterized: 1) 1782–1797: the emergence of the institute; 2) 1797–1809: attempts to streamline and simplify the system of provincial uniforms. A pattern is revealed — all the complex processes of formation and transformation of the national statehood are reflected in the provincial uniform. In conclusion, the publication notes that such aspects of the state and legal life of Russian society as consistency, militarization, authoritarianism, a tendency to external effects, and weak official discipline are clearly manifested through the uniform.

Губернское и уездные земства Уфимской губернии: опыт взаимодействия в сфере кадровой политики в конце XIX – начале XX в.

The article analyzes practices of interaction between provincial and district zemstvos of the Ufa province with regard to personnel policy. Depending on the source of salary payment, zemstvo employees were divided into two categories: district and provincial. All personnel decisions concerning zemstvo employees were made by the local self-government bodies of the relevant district. The analysis of the correspondence of the Ufa zemstvo boards allows to assert that the attempts of the provincial zemstvo to influence the invitation or relocation of district employees were not successful. The districts autonomy increased the flexibility of the zemstvo personnel policy, but prevented establishing the social security system for employees. Certain staff categories (veterinarians, agronomists, technicians, insurance agents) received salaries from the provincial tax charges and, accordingly, were subordinate to the provincial zemstvo. At the same time, the professional responsibilities of such employees were related to a particular district. As a result, at the early XX century, the Ufa provincial zemstvo delegated part of its personnel powers to the district level.

The Specifics of the Development of Consumer Cooperation during the First World War (Based on the Materials of the Ufa Province)

The Specifics of the Development of Consumer Cooperation during the First World War (Based on the Materials of the Ufa Province)

The Birsk Vendée: The Uprising in the Village of Novotroitskoe, Birsk District, Ufa Province, in the Summer of 1918

The article is devoted to the description of the anti-Bolshevik uprising in the village of Novotroitskoe, Ufa Province, in June, 1918, which has so far been scarcely studied and many of its motives were not entirely clear. On the basis of recently declassified materials from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, memoirs of those who participated in the suppression of that uprising, the works of Soviet researchers and local literature, we examine the causes, course and consequences of the peasant uprising. The events preceding the uprising under consideration are analyzed in detail, including the political situation in Birsk District and in the village of Novotroitskoe in 1917 and the first half of 1918. All these events are shown against the backdrop of the inner social and political conflict that flared in the country and the province. The main reason for that conflict was the Bolsheviks’ food policy in relation to the peasantry of the region. Those events took place simultaneously with the peasant uprising on the territory of the neighboring Zlatoust District of the Ufa Province. It should be particularly noted that the rural population of Novotroitskoe created their own body of power in opposition to the Soviet (Council) of Peasants’ Deputies. In addition the authors show the peculiarities of that particular uprising. The article also traces similarities and differences of the peasant uprisings in the Ufa Province in the given period and later uprisings until the early 1920s. The article will be of great interest not only to professional historical community but also to students, undergraduates, graduate students and all those who are interested in the history of the region under consideration during the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War.

The newspaper “Tormysh” and Kryashen theme on its pages (1913–1918)

The article presents generalised conclusions based on the results of the study of Kryashen issues in the pages of the Tatar newspaper “Tormysh” (“Life”) published in Ufa in 1913–1918. It also examines the history of the newspaper and notes the contribution of representatives of the Muslim commercial and industrial bourgeoisie to the formation and development of the Tatar periodical. The study shows that the newspaper endeavoured to provide a broad coverage of topical social processes in the region. Taking into account local peculiarities, it paid attention to the activities of various cultural and educational institutions. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the materials about the spiritual life of the Kryashen population of Ufa Province published in the newspaper “Tormysh” were informational in nature. The topics for publications were most often missionary activities.
 For citation: Akhtyamova A.V. The newspaper “Tormysh” and Kryashen theme on its pages (1913–1918). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.93–104. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.93-104 (In Russian)

Hasan ‘Ata Gabashi and his contribution to public space and the development of sciences (to the 160th anniversary of the Tatar scholar)

The article is dedicated to the memory of Hassan ‘Ata Gabashi, a famous Tatar scientist and public figure, teacher and historian, theologian and Turkologist. Muslims of the Ufa province nominated Gabashi to the State Duma of the 4th convocation, this fact shows him as a national leader. At the same time, he left a rich legacy through which we see him as a widely educated and deeply thinking person, open to new trends and ideas. Having received a traditional Muslim education in the so-called "old method" madrasah "Ghaffariyya", Gabashi was constantly engaged in self-education. Even as a shakird in "Ghaffariyya" he studied the subjects most likely criticized within the madrasah. This fact reveals Gabashi personality as an independently thinking and courageous person, who is capable of independent actions and judgments, going beyond existing standards and ideas. Numerous examples from his eventful life confirm that. In connection with the 160th anniversary of Gabashi, it seems relevant to turn to his legacy in the light of his contribution to various sciences and fields of knowledge.
 For citation: Mardanova D.Z. Hasan ‘Ata Gabashi and his contribution to public space and the development of sciences (to the 160th anniversary of the Tatar scholar). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023. vol.13, no.4, pp.194–203. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.194-203 (In Russian)
 Financial Support: The research was carried out with financial support from the Islamic Culture Research Foundation under the Ibn Sina grant no. 2ИСГ/2018.

Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s

The change in the political and administrative status of the Southern Urals, which had been part of the Ufa province since 1719, was accompanied by the renewal of the system of justice authorities, adapted to the socio-political and ethno-cultural conditions of the region. At the stage of its integration into Russia and the transformation from an external to an internal province of the empire, the plurality of jurisdictions that were sanctioned by the supreme power, pluralism in law enforcement corresponded to the diversity of the population of the region, contributing to the protection of corporate and private rights and interests, growth the authority of the state and the role of law in the regulation of social relations, and finally, the formation of a regional society.
 For citation: Voropanov V.A. Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.31–45. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.31-45 (In Russian)

Postal Photo-Postcards as Ethnographic Sources for Bashkir Children's Clothing in the Early 20th Century: V.K. Fedorov's Collection

The article analyzes the attributes of Bashkir children's clothing. The object of the study were photopostcards published in the printing house of A.P. Friesen in the village of Davlekanovo, Belebeyevsky District, Ufa Province, purchased in his bookstore. Photo-postcards were used in postal communication in the first decades of the 20th century. The analysis of the images showed that at the specified time, boys' clothes, shoes and hats were made in the likeness of men, while girls' costumes were copied from female attributes. The depicted children's clothing demonstrates the ethnolocal features of the costume complexes of Bashkirs who lived in the south-west, north of Bashkortostan and on the territory of the Chelyabinsk Region. The girls' costume included a long dress with long sleeves, a doublet, a scarf. The ethnolocal markers of the southwestern Bashkirs were a takiya cap and a rounded breast ornament embroidered with silver coins, coral beads, jewelry brooches with semiprecious stones and bells on the edge, the northern and Trans-Ural Bashkirs — a kalpak headdress and a twist with rows of coins. In the photos of boys, you can see the upper loose clothes of the Cossacks, shirt, boots ichegi, work shoes laptops and several types of headwear. A photo of boys with a fez headdress with tassels testifies to the penetration of a non-ethnic fashion to Bashkirs. The penetration of urban fashion into the environment of wealthy Bashkirs is also obvious.

Одежда латышей Башкирии первой половины ХХ в. (по материалам полевых исследований)

The subject of the study is the clothing (including shoes and hats) of a small ethnic group of Latvians in Bashkiria, formed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in the Ufa province. In a period when traditional clothing was largely replaced by urban clothing. The presented article was prepared on the basis of the author's field research (2010-2020 expeditions) in rural settlements of the Arkhangelsk and Iglinsky districts of the republic. An array of empirical material from photographs and memoirs of local residents, supplemented by archival documents and publications of the 19th-20th centuries. on the stated topic. For the first time, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, the clothes of the Latvians of Bashkiria were studied in detail in order to identify its specific features and rudiments from a set of traditional clothes. The study was carried out in the context of the study of material culture, the history of everyday life and ethno-cultural ties. As is known, in the conditions of the existence of a separate ethnic group, the processes of cultural conservation can manifest themselves. This thesis is confirmed by the results of the study. For example, the traditions of weaving that have been preserved for a long time (the first half of the 20th century), including the manufacture of homespun fabrics and tailoring of clothes, woven head scarves from it. The widespread use of knitted clothing, both upper and stockings, and socks, including those with a traditional striped transverse ornament. Ways to decorate clothes. The method of comparison revealed the specificity of fastening shoes on the legs with laces and leather straps, similar to the fastening by analogy with fastening the postol. The use by Latvians of clothing and footwear traditional for the local population is shown. The article introduces new field materials into scientific circulation.

Scientific collaboration of Kalenyk Sheikovsky and Borys Grinchenko through the prism of epistolary narrative

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the scientific relations of the scientists, the commonality of their interests, support, and help are revealed through the letters of Kalenyk Sheykovsky to Borys Grinchenko. That is a separate episode in their biographies, which characterizes both of them as extremely thorough lexicographers, talented linguists, and connoisseurs of the Ukrainian language. The subject of the study is K. Sheykovsky’s epistolary and B. Grinchenko’s review of the “Opyt yuzhnorusskogo slovarya”, which are intended as sources for biographies of scientists. The goal is the reconstruction of interpersonal scientific relationships, the peculiarities of cooperation between researchers using the comparative-historical method, source-research techniques and tools that made it possible to recreate a particular period in the biographies of scientists. As a result of the research, it turned out that the scientists exchanged individual fixed lexemes. K. Sheykovsky sent the published issue of “Opyt yuzhnorusskogo slovarya” to B. Grinchenko in 1888, to which he responded with a favorable review on the pages of the Lviv magazine “Zorya”. On the basis of ego-documents, it can be stated that K. Sheykovsky published the dictionary at his own expense, while B. Grinchenko helped him with advice. The scientists exchanged their own works, and K. Sheykovsky also sent 18 riddles with variants to his addressee. The letters contain information about the exact number of lexemes for individual letters in the dictionary. The epistolary narrative is saturated with details of life, which create a unique picture of the world not only of both scholars, of the scholars’ life at that time, but also of the publishing business, the life of people of science, and the attitude towards Ukrainianness in the empire. K. Sheykovsky’s letters are evidence of the material difficulties of the person actually exiled to the town of Menzelinsk, Ufa province, dangerous to the empire connoisseur of the Ukrainian language, who worked in conditions of isolation and persecution. K. Sheykovsky worked on “Opyt…” for more than 30 years. Censorship and his status as a dangerous Ukrainophile prevented the scholar from publishing it in its entirety. However, even the two volumes (in three editions) that were published were a significant contribution to linguistics and folkloristics and changed the understanding of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language.

The Phenomenon of Being «in the Tsar’s Service» of Zemstvo and City Employees of the Ufa Province during the Post-Reform Period

The Phenomenon of Being «in the Tsar’s Service» of Zemstvo and City Employees of the Ufa Province during the Post-Reform Period

Personnel Functions of Local Self-Government Advisory Bodies: The Experience of the Ufa Province in the Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century

Personnel Functions of Local Self-Government Advisory Bodies: The Experience of the Ufa Province in the Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century

«BASHKIRIZATION» OF COSTUME COMPLEXES OF UDMURTS AND MARI PEOPLE OF BASHKORTOSTAN

The article examines the process of formation of regional variants of traditional costumes. The data of researchers of the 18th - early 20th centuries (P. S. Pallas, N. P. Rychkov, V. M. Cheremshansky, I. N. Smirnov, P. Eruslanov, U. Holmberg, etc.) and materials of Finno-Ugric museum collections are summarized. It is noted that consideration of "Udmurt", "Mari", "Bashkir" and other traditions can be considered with a high degree of conditionality, based on the long stage of the Finno-Ugric-Turkic community and the allocation of ethnoses with the discrepancy of their ethno-cultural boundaries. It is shown that in the works of the past centuries, the Bashkirs were generalized with the Tatars, meaning the Tatars as «eastern» peoples. Official statistics show that in the studied areas (Birsky, Belebeyevsky, Menzelinsky uezds of the Ufa province),) we are talking primarily about the Bashkirs. According to a corpus of sources, the evolution of costumes of the Udmurts and Mari people of Bashkortostan went the same way. At the end of the 18th century, the perception of individual elements (girls' headdresses) observed. In the first half of the 19th century there was "Bashkirization" of men's costume (borrowing headdresses, upper swing clothing camisole and beshmet). Udmurt and Mari women's costumes found themselves in a single stream of ethno-cultural changes, along with Bashkir and Tatar, during the democratization of society, the formation of a single trade, economic and ethno-cultural space with changing fashion. In the middle of the 19th century, traditional white-canvas clothing, products made of krashenina and pestryad, as well as manufactured clothing, coexisted among different peoples. New fabrics first used as an element of finishing products, then independently. Bright colors and jewelry made of coins were preferred. The cut and methods of decorating clothes have become multivariate. The image of the "Bashkir" Udmurts and Mari people formed.

PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF STATE MINING PLANTS OF THE ZLATOUST MINING DISTRICT OF THE UFA PROVINCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20 CENTURY

The article is devoted to a relatively little-studied aspect of the history of the level of profitability of state mining plants of the Zlatoust mining district of the Ufa province at the beginning of the 20 century. The profitability and unprofitability indicators of the Artinsky, Zlatoust, Kusinsky and Satka plants are shown. An attempt is made in the present study to reveal the economic situation and to show profitability of state mining plants of the Zlatoust mining district between 1909-1911. The analysis of reports reveals the profitability of plants of the Zlatoust mining district between 1910-1911 and the losses of state mining plants of Urals in 1903, and between 1905-1910. Some of the important properties of unprofitability of state mining plants at the beginning of the 20 century are listed. Significant influence to unprofitability of plants were provided by absence of railway networks, lack of cheap fuel and regularity in plant activity, far distance from sales markets, discrepancy between workshop and overhead costs of plants productivity, equipment obsolescence, high percentage of defective products, and also to a greater extent inefficient management of state mining plants. The profitability of state plants in the Zlatoust mining district were achieved mainly by the production of cast iron, steel and weapons.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В СРЕДЕ РУССКИХ: ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ГАЗЕТЫ «УФИМСКИЕ ГУБЕРНСКИЕ ВЕДОМОСТИ»

The relevance of the work lies in the demand for materials characterizing the peoples of the Southern Urals and the Urals in the XIX century to reconstruct the history and culture of the region. The purpose of the article is to identify ethnographic materials about the Russian population, which over the past centuries formed the demographic majority and largely determined the ethnic processes in the region. The method of research is a historical and comparative analysis of information about the Russian population of the past centuries with the field materials of the author of the article collected in recent decades. It is revealed that the materials of V.S. Russian Russians of the Zlatoust district of Ufa province, immigrants from Kungursky district of Perm province, that is, representatives of the North Russian ethno-cultural tradition. M.V. Kolesnikov in the late 1880s described the customs and customs of the Russian population of Belebeyevsky and Ufa counties, whose ethnic culture formed by the fusion of traditions of immigrants from different provinces of Russia, especially the Central Russian strip, and interaction with local peoples. Priest K. Yevlantiev in 1878 described the economic activities of the Belebeyevsky district, and the priest M.V. Burdukov in 1905 - the Menzelinsky district of the Ufa province. Their materials allow us to study the process of adaptation of the Russian population to local conditions. Since the 1840s, the newspaper has published information about folk and religious holidays held in villages and cities, where representatives of different ethnic groups, estates, confessions gathered. In the 1860s - 1870s, R.G. Ignatiev presented information about the days of Semik, Trinity, Annunciation, St. George's Day, which were special for the peasants of the Ufa province. Thus, the newspaper's materials provide a variety of information on the ethnic history, economic activity, material and spiritual culture of the Russian population of different counties, their regional features in chronological frames from the 1840s to 1905, ethnocultural processes in the region. Field studies show the preservation of some customs in villages remote from the centers of urbanization.

ЭВАКУАЦИЯ ДЕТЕЙ ИЗ БАШКИРИИ В 1921-1922 ГГ.

The article deals with the problem of evacuation of children from Ufa province and Little Bashkiria to other regions of the country during the famine of 1921-1922. The issue of re-evacuation of children to the republic is not affected. An analysis of the scientific literature has shown that there are three points of view in historiography regarding the number of evacuated children during this period. At the same time, the number of 11,859 people most often appeared in the sources. Taking into account the missing persons, more than 13 thousand children were evacuated in total. The evacuation took place in two stages: in September 1921 - January 1922, after which it was suspended due to lack of funds, then resumed in May 1922. On June 4, 1922, the evacuation of children was completely stopped on the instructions of Moscow. The geography of the destinations of the evacuated children was diverse. In the autumn of 1921, children were sent to Siberia, the Far East, the Middle Urals, Transcaucasia, Turkestan. Since December 1921, the western direction of evacuation began to dominate (Ukraine, Belarus, western provinces of Russia). Evacuation of children was associated with many organizational, financial, logistical, transport and other problems. The lack of clothing, shoes, uniforms, food restrained this process, led to a large morbidity and mortality of children on the way, especially in the initial period. In most cases, nothing was prepared at the arrival points for the reception of children. The plight of the evacuated children was noted in Pskov, Smolensk, Altai provinces, Chernihov, Turkestan, Batum, Tiflis. In Siberia and the western provinces, evacuated children were often distributed to peasants. In particular, in the Pskov province, children were forcibly distributed to peasants without any distinction of gender, age and nationality for a certain and indefinite period, only sometimes under contracts. The children evacuated to the Far Eastern Republic were in the best situation. In general, the arrangement of children's life in a new place was fraught with many difficulties.

НОВЕЙШИЕ АРХЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СОТРУДНИКОВ ОТДЕЛА ИСТОРИИ И ИСТОРИИ КУЛЬТУРЫ БАШКОРТОСТАНА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

The article highlights the results of scientific and archeographic research by employees of the Department of History and Cultural History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences over the past two decades. The historiographic traditions of archaeographic developments were laid down in pre-revolutionary regional historiography. In the 1930s with the support of the government of the Bashkir ASSR, with the help of Leningrad and Moscow researchers, the collection of «Materials on the History of the Bashkir ASSR» was published, as a result of which a colossal amount of unique primary sources was introduced into scientific circulation. A worthy contribution to the development of the problems of the national-state system was the scientific and archeographic development of B.Kh. Yuldashbaev. The creation in February 1972 on the basis of the IHLL of the South Ural Branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR led to a significant expansion of archeographic research and publication of documents. In the post-Soviet period, the philosophy, methodology, and research topics of Russian historical science have changed dramatically, which is also reflected in the publication of primary sources. First of all, the scope of archeographic developments expanded - collections of documents appeared on the census of the population of the Ufa province in 1917 and 1920, the Muslim corps of deputies of the State Duma of Russia in 1906-1917, the Sufi sheikh Zaia Rasulev, on the participation of the Bashkir army in the Polish campaign (1771-1773) , about the Bashkir society according to the documents of the Ufa command hut of the end of the 16th-17th centuries. The research project "History of the Bashkir people" gave a great impetus to archeographic work at the Institute of Nuclear Literature - 8 volumes of collections of documents were published, in the preparation of which the employees of the department took an active part. The archaeographic work of the staff of the department continued later - the diary of the Ufa official M.S. Rebelinsky, as well as the second volume of «Materials on the History of Bashkortostan», which was prepared by A.P. Chuloshnikov by 1940, but remained unpublished due to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The processes of digitization of archival funds and the possibility of facsimile reproduction of archival originals, taking into account the achievements of the previous historiographic stage of archaeographic research, open up great opportunities for posing a wide range of research problems previously inaccessible to historians.

Activities of revolutionary terrorist groups in the Ufa province at the beginning of the XX century

Activities of revolutionary terrorist groups in the Ufa province at the beginning of the XX century

“Former” Zemstvo Employees of the Ufa Province in Soviet State Structures

“Former” Zemstvo Employees of the Ufa Province in Soviet State Structures

Alcohol abuse and the fight against it in Ufa Province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

This article is a comprehensive study of issues and problems related to alcohol abuse among the population of Ufa province at the turn of the centuries. The study uses methods of statistical and comparative-historical analysis. An important source is a survey of 1913, next to archival and published sources. The questionnaire, prepared by the Commission for Combating Drunkenness at the Society for the Protection of Public Health, was distributed among the peasant population of the Ufa province. It included 30 questions and touched on various aspects related to alcohol consumption, the causes of drunkenness, and methods of combating this social evil. The analysis of the information contained in more than one and a half thousand questionnaires allowed us to conclude that the population of the agricultural villages of the Ufa province suffered from a fairly high level of alcoholization. This hypothesis is confirmed by other sources. Moreover, the Russian-speaking population was most affected by the harmful effects of alcohol; to a lesser extent, this process affected Muslim villages, including Bashkir villages. The article also describes activities to combat drunkenness on the part of the state and public organizations, which included economic, cultural, educational, sanitary, hygienic, medical and other measures, up to the declaration of the prohibition law in Russia at the beginning of World War I. The article draws conclusions about the causes of alcoholism in Ufa province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and attempts to give a comprehensive assessment of this phenomenon in the region at the time under consideration.