Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activity Research Articles

PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM TIROSINASE dan AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH

Clitoria ternatea or known as the butterfly pea is widely used in the health sector due to its efficacy as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, analgesic, antipyretic, and antioxidants. The purpose of this research is to examine the antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of butterfly pea ethanol extract as well as to identify the phytochemical content. Antioxidants activities are determined by the DPPH method. The results of this study indicates that butterfly pea extract has very weak antioxidant activities with an IC50 value more than 200 ppm. The results of the tyrosinase inhibitor activities showed that the butterfly pea extract did not inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Based on the screening phytochemical tests, the chemical components contained in butterfly pea extract are flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Bunga telang flower extract has very weak antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitor testing showed antioxidant flower extract by DPPH method. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay results showed white Bungatelang extract has no activity to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme.

Determination of phytochemical contents by LC/QTOF/MS and evaluation of in-vitro biological activities of 2 Peltigera lichens from Bursa.

Lichens are symbiotic associations of algae and fungi. They are edible as food and have been used in traditional medicine for years. It is aimed to screen Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopfand and Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln. phytochemically by LC/QTOF/MS and according to the constituents to evaluate the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and antibacterial activities. In total 54 of metabolites detected by LC/QTOF/MS were common in both species. According to LC/QTOF/MS scanning results, alkaloids, iridoid glycosides, phenolics, cyanogenetic glycosides, and terpenic structures were detected. DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical scavenging activities, and metal chelating capacity IC50 values were 84.55, 9.349; 51.27, 9.127; 95.01, 58.65 and 20.57, 70.08 µg/mL., respectively. The CUPRAC reducing power was determined as 4.69 and 9.57 TEACCUPRAC, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitor activity were found to be 86.95 and 196.7 µg/mL. Both lichens did not show antimicrobial effects. As a result of the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities it was seen that their activities were significant and further in vivo studies could be carried out on this lichens.

In-vitro anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant activities of selected coumarin and dihydroisocoumarin derivatives

Benzo-α-pyrone structured coumarin derivatives are secondary metabolites first obtained from Coumarouna odorata in 1822. Coumarin and its structural isomer dihydroisocoumarin derivatives are found in many different sources in nature. Several different bioactivities of these compounds have been reported. In this study, preliminary activity screening and comparison of four purchased coumarin derivatives (esculetin, esculin monohydrate, umbelliferon, scoparone) and four previously isolated 3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin derivatives (thunberginol C, scorzocreticoside I, scorzocreticoside II, scorzopygmaecoside) from a medicinal plant were carried out by in-vitro methods. α-Glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase inhibitor activities and antioxidant potentials of the compounds were evaluated. Consequently, thunberginol C (free – not glycosylated form of 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin structure) showed better potential in all enzyme inhibitory activities compared to coumarin structure. Particularly, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of this compound with a very low IC50 value (94.76±2.98 µM) compared to standard acarbose (1036.2±2.70 µM) should be noted. Glycosylation and/or methoxy substitution of 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin structure resulted a significant decrease in all tested enzyme inhibitory activities. The structures of esculin MH, umbelliferone, scoparone, scorzocreticoside I, and scorzopygmaeceoside might be considered in further synthetic studies as selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Thunberginol C has a promising potential in tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Esculetin and thunberginol C showed the best results with high potentials in antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid cation radical decolorization, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assays compared to the standards.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Sulfonamide-Substituted of 1,3,5-Triphenyl Pyrazoline Derivatives as Tyrosinase Enzyme Inhibitors

Pyrazoline is well-known as heterocycles compound that can exhibit many biological effects. In this work, we synthesized a series of sulfonamide-substituted 1,3,5-triphenyl pyrazoline compounds as a promising tyrosinase inhibitor agent. These compounds prepared by multicomponent reaction of corresponding aldehyde, ketone, and hydrazine using seal-vessel reactor. Pyrazolines compound were tested for their tyrosinase inhibitor activity through in vitro assay. The test result found that compound 4c, 4d, and 4e possessed better tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to the reference drug, kojic acid. Compound 4c exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 30.14 µM. The results suggested that hydroxyl and methoxy substituent at para position are preferable. Furthermore, molecular docking studies result match the pattern of in vitro assay where the compound will provide a stronger binding interaction and lower binding free energies.

Bis-triazole linked organosilane based sensing platform for Cu2+ ions and insilico tyrosinase inhibitor activity

The development of a ligand for their selective and sensitive detection is required due to the widespread use of Cu2+ in many industrial processes and the potential threat to human health. Herein, we report a bis-triazole linked organosilane (5) derived from the Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The synthesized compound 5 was characterized by (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry techniques. The UV–Visible and Fluorescence experiments of the designed compound 5 were performed with various metal ions, revealing its high selectivity and sensitivity to Cu2+ ions in MeOH: H2O (8:2, v/v, pH = 7.0, PBS buffer) solution. The selective fluorescence quenching upon addition of Cu2+ to the compound 5 is due to Photo-induced electron transfer process (PET). The limit of detection of compound 5 to Cu2+ was calculated as 2.56 × 10−6 M and 4.36 × 10−7 M through UV–Visible and Fluorescence titration data, respectively. The possible mechanism of 1:1 binding of 5 with Cu2+ could be affirmed by the density functional theory (DFT). Further, it was found that compound 5 showed a reversible behavior towards Cu2+ ions by the accumulation of sodium salt of CH3COO– which can be used in the construction of molecular logic gate where Cu2+ and CH3COO– are considered as inputs and the absorbance at 260 nm as output. Moreover, the molecular docking studies provide useful information about compound 5′s interaction with the tyrosinase enzyme (PDB ID- 2Y9X).

The Mangosteen Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract-based Cream Inhibits Ultraviolet-B Radiation-induced Hyperpigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main factor causing the aberrant melanin pigments leading to skin hyperpigmentation. Retinoic acid and hydroquinone are the primary preference for the skin whitening agents in preventing hyperpigmentation. However, these treatments could induce slight-to-severe irritation leading to skin cancer. Mangosteen peel possesses α-mangostin, the primary constituent of xanthones in mangosteen peel that has potency as an anti-tyrosinase for treating issues of skin hyperpigmentation. AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 female guinea pigs were used to produce UVB-irradiated skin hyperpigmentation model. Guinea pig skins were treated with 12% mangosteen ethyl acetate extract-based cream. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor activity was used to evaluate the capacity of mangosteen extract in inhibiting tyrosinase activity in vitro. The melanin index in guinea pig skin after treatments was analyzed using a mexameter. The percentage of epidermal melanin-contained keratinocytes of skin tissues were analyzed using masson fontana. Pmel17 expression in cell surface was determined using immunohistochemistry. The level of tyrosinase in tissue homogenates was analyzed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract showed potent inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase. Its-based cream decreased melanin index, epidermal melanin, Pmel17 expression, and tyrosinase level in hyperpigmentation skin tissues. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study demonstrates the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig.

Skin Brightening Cream Formulation and Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay of Moringa Leaf Extract

Moringa oleifera L. leaves are known to have very high protein content and contain isoflavones, inhibiting tyrosinase activity. The study was conducted to test the tyrosinase inhibitor activity of Moringa leaf extract and to formulate the extract as a skin brightening cream. Research shows that the extract of Moringa leaves has good activity as an inhibitor of tyrosinase and can be developed as a skin brightening cream. The results of the cream formulations showed good cosmetology properties (pH, homogeneity, and spreadibility).

THE ACTIVITY OF GEL EXTRACT MAHKOTA DEWA FRUITS [(Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl] THROUGH TYROSINASE ENZYME INHIBITOR

Mahkota dewa fruit [(Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl] contains benzophenone derivatives which have sun protection activity and flavonoid compounds which can act as tyrosinase inhibitors. This study aimed to determine the tyrosinase inhibitor activity of 70% ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit and gel extract of Mahkota Dewa fruits with variations in concentrations of 1.25% (F1), 2.5% (F2), and 5% (F3). Assay of tyrosinase inhibitor activity against ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit and ethanol extract was done with various concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/ml), using a positive control of Kojic acid and L-DOPA as a substrate. Absorbance measurement was carried out using UV-vis microplate reader with a wavelength of 480 nm. The results showed that the ethanolic extract Mahkota Dewa had an IC50 value of 6668.06 µg/ml while kojic acid as a positive control possessed an IC50 value of 4.22 µg/ml. Gel preparation of the ethanol extract has inhibitor activity of the enzyme tyrosinase represent moderate values of the IC50each, i.e., F1 (1.25%) amounted to 285.03 µg/ml, F2 (2.5%) amounted to 373.25µg/ml, and F3 (5%) of 397.40 µg/ml. The tyrosinase inhibitor activity of the 70% ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit was lower with a relative potency of 5.167 x 10-3 times compared to that of kojic acid.

Insights on the Inhibitory Power of Flavonoids on Tyrosinase Activity: A Survey from 2016 to 2021.

Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme that initiates melanin synthesis in humans. Excessive accumulation of melanin pigments or the overexpression of tyrosinase may result in skin-related disorders such as aging spots, wrinkles, melasma, freckles, lentigo, ephelides, nevus, browning and melanoma. Nature expresses itself through the plants as a source of phytochemicals with diverse biological properties. Among these bioactive compounds, flavonoids represent a huge natural class with different categories such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones and chalcones that display antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities with a diversity of mechanistic approaches. In this review, we explore the role of novel or known flavonoids isolated from different plant species and their participation as tyrosinase inhibitors reported in the last five years from 2016 to 2021. We also discuss the mechanistic approaches through the different studies carried out on these compounds, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico computational research. Information was obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. We hope that the updated comprehensive data presented in this review will help researchers to develop new safe, efficacious, and effective drug or skin care products for the prevention of and/or protection against skin-aging disorders.

STUDI AKTIVITAS INHIBITOR TIROSINASE DAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK METANOL JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) contains vitamin B, vitamin C and carbohydrates such as β-glucans, monoterpenoids, triterpenoids, potential sources of lignin and phenols. The presence of phenolic compounds indicates the ability of oyster mushrooms as potential antioxidants and anti-tyrosinases. Searching for depigmentation agents in cosmetics is necessary to ensure safety and reduce side effects. The aims of this study are to determine the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase and total phenolic levels of Pleurotus ostreatus methanol extract. Tyrosinase inhibitor activity was measured using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method at 490 nm with various concentrations, which were 55 ppm, 65 ppm, 75 ppm, 85 ppm and 95 ppm. Determination of total phenolic levels at a concentration of 100 ppm using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at 744.8 nm. Based on the research, the percentage of tyrosinase inhibitor of Pleurotus ostreatus methanol extracts at concentrations of 55 ppm, 65 ppm, 75 ppm, 85 ppm and 95 ppm were 17.6%, 19.5%, 22.2%, 25.9%, and 35.7%, respectively. The result of the IC50 and total phenolic content are 9.06% and 1.13%. These results exhibit that the methanol extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a very strong tyrosinase inhibitor power.

Two endemic Onosma species (O. sieheana and O. stenoloba): A comparative study including docking data on biological activity and phenolic composition

There are convincing evidences that species belonging to the Onosma genus have been used in the treatment of various diseases for centuries. In this study, antioxidant and tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of two endemic Onosma species (O. sieheana Hayek and O. stenoloba Hausskn. ex Riedl), which are endemic to the flora of Turkey, were compared. Phosphomolybdenum, reducing power [Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)], radical scavenging [on '2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl' (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)] and ferrous ion chelating assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities of the extracts. All test systems except for the ferrous ion chelating assay resulted in O. sieheana's superiority. The antioxidant activity of O. sieheana in the test systems mentioned above was found to be 2.11, 1.57, 1.01, 3.54 and 3.19 mg/mL, respectively. However, in ferrous ion chelating activity assay, O. stenoloba showed higher activity with an IC50 value of 2.98 mg/mL. In the tyrosinase inhibitor activity test, O. stenoloba extract showed higher activity (1.89 mg/mL), while in the α-amylase inhibitory activity assay, O. sieheana was found to be more effective (3.02 mg/mL). As a result of total phenolic and flavonoid compound analysis, O. sieheana was found to be richer than the other in terms of both groups. LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis revealed that rosmarinic acid, apigenin 7-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, pinoresinol, hyperoside and 4-hydroxybenzoic are the main compounds of the extracts. According to the results of docking analysis performed to reveal the interactions of the main components with tyrosinase, it is thought that pinoresinol, hesperidin, luteolin 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside, and hyperoside may be phytochemicals responsible for the inhibitory activity. Additionally, the binding energies of pinorecinol, apigenin 7-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucoside, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid to α-amylase were found to be quite high.

Anthemis chia: Biological capacity and phytochemistry

Anthemis species are also of great importance in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and water extracts obtained from Anthemis chia L. flowers were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid compound analysis revealed that the richest one in terms of these compounds was the MeOH extract [65.22 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/g extract and 73.32 mg quercetin equivalents (QEs)/g extract, respectively]. As a result of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analysis, it was determined that the main components of the extracts were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, hyperoside, caffeic acid, apigenin 7-glucoside and luteolin 7-glucoside. Except for the ferrous ion chelating assay, all other antioxidant activity tests resulted in the superiority of the MeOH extract. As a result of the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) analysis (including total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents) performed in order to compare the data obtained from antioxidant activity tests, it was confirmed that the antioxidant activity potential of MeOH extract was higher than other extracts. The activity values of this extract in the phosphomolybdenum, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were determined to be 350.36, 655.18, 435.78, 265.33 and 325.25 mg trolox equivalents (TEs)/g extract, respectively. In addition to the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside and apigenin 7-glucoside are also thought to contribute to antioxidant activity. MeOH extract also exhibited the highest activity in α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity tests. α-Amylase and tyrosinase inhibitor activity of the MeOH extract was measured as 413.66 mg acarbose equivalents (ACEs)/g extract and 290.22 mg kojic acid equivalents (KAEs)/g extract, respectively. Flavonoids seem to contribute more to enzyme inhibitory activity than phenolics. However, caffeic acid is also thought to contribute significantly to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. As a result, it was concluded that A. chia flowers could be used as an alternative antioxidant, skin whitening and anti-diabetic agent in the food, cosmetic and medical industries.

TEST OF TYROSINASE ENZYME INHIBITOR ACTIVITY OF BIDARA ARAB LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACT (ZIZIPHUS SPINA-CHRISTI L.) BY IN VITRO

Bidara Arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical trees that is very useful and is often called a versatile plant. Several studies have proven that this plant is used as an antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antipireutic, anticancer and also has the potential to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase. Kojic acid is one of the agents used to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme so that it prevents hyperpigmentation. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme from the ethanol extract of Bidara Arab leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) in vitro. The method used in extraction is the maceration method using 70% ethanol until thick extract is obtained. Tests were carried out using 2 substrate namely L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA, ethanol extract of Bidara Arab leaves with concentrations of 10000, 8000, 4000, 2000 and 1000 μg / mL and kojat acid as positive controls and then measured absorption using microplate reader at wavelength 510 nm. The results showed that the Bidara Arab ethanol extract had tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 values of 5364,186 in L-Tyrosine and 5568,362 in L-DOPA. Keywords: Bidara Arab; Kojic Acid; Tyrosinase Enzyme; Hyperpigmentation; Microplate reader

Elastase, Hyaluronidase and Tyrosinase inhibitor activities antiaging of Curcuma mangga Val. extract and its fractions

Curcuma mangga Val. has bioactive compounds such as curcumin. Curcumin is a natural antioxidant and known as antiaging agent. Curcumin can stimulate the synthesis of collagen type I, inhibit melanogenesis and help to maintain correct skin hydration. This show C.mangga Val. has potential as antioxidant and antiaging agents. This research aims to find out the antiaging activities of C. mangga ethanolic extracts (CMEE) and its fractions. In this study, the antiaging activity was performed by measuring inhibition of elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay. Ascorbic acid using as a control. In elastase inhibitory activity, ascorbic acid has the highest activity (15.53 µg/mL) but ethyl acetate fraction of C. Mangga (EACM) also has high activity (26.34 µg/mL) compared to other fractions and CMEE. In hyaluronidase inhibitory activity, ascorbic acid has the highest activity (27.67 µg/mL) but CMEE also has high activity (80.04 µg/mL) compared to other fractions, while in tyrosinase inhibitory activity EACM has the highest value (40.34 µg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (65.99 µg/mL). In summary, C. mangga extracts have anti-hyaluronidase, while EACM also has good antiaging properties through anti-elastase and antityrosinase activity.

Investigation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, tyrosinase inhibitory activities, and phenolic profiles of green, white, and black teas

Abstract Objectives To determine of antioxidant, cytotoxic and tyrosinase inhibitory (TI) activities, and phenolic profiles with a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of green, white and black teas. Methods Antioxidant activities of the teas were examined by means of scavenging of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). The phenolic contents were investigated by means of HPLC. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of tea extracts in cancer and normal cell lines. TI activity was investigated against diphenolase (DOPA), using kojic acid as a positive control. Results The green tea extract exhibited stronger antioxidant than white and black tea extracts. The green tea contained syringaldehyde, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, and quercetin. The white tea extract had the highest tyrosinase inhibitor activity. The extracts exhibited higher cytotoxic potential toward cancer cells than normal cells. The methanol extract of green tea had the highest cytotoxic potential, while the water extracts were less toxic. Conclusion The green, white, and black teas can be regarded as an important in terms of rich antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitor, and cytotoxic activities in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antityrosinase and Cytotoxic Potentials of Isatis cappadocica subsp. alyssifoli as a Potent Pharmaceutical Resource

Isatis species, which are endemic across most of Turkey, exhibit antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral effects. The aim of this study was to determine of antioxidant, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibitor, cytotoxic activities, and phenolic profile of polar extracts of Isatis cappadocica Desv. We analyzed the antioxidant properties of extracts using total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The phenolic composition of methanolic extract of I. cappadocica was analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Extracts’ antimicrobial properties were evaluated based on the agar well diffusion technique. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured colorimetrically. Methanolic extract yielded better FRAP and CUPRAC results and aqueous extract yielded better DPPH activity. Benzoic acid, and sinapic acid were detected as major phenolic compounds. Methanolic extract was particularly effective against all the bacteria investigated, apart from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Methanol extract was exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract has caused to death of cells by dosage in the high concentrations cytotoxic activity on the PC-3 and 3T3 cell lines. The results showed that I. cappadocica could be used as a natural source in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries due to their rich antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and tyrosinase inhibitor activities.

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient

In vitro antioxidant assessment, screening of enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol and water extracts and gene expression in Hypericum lydium.

Hypericum lydium Boiss. is a perennial plant of the Hypericaceae family, which has been used in particular to treat depression. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, anticholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), antidiabetic activities (α-glucosidase/α-amylase) and Tyrosinase inhibitor activity of methanol and water extracts of H. lydium. Also, gene expression has been evaluated in the shoot and root by microarray technology. So, in general, the purpose of this study is to study the active molecules such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, enzymes and genes in the plant, which is the first to be reported. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In addition, gene expression was compared in the shoot and root parts. Expression profiling was carried out by microarrays. According to the results, the highest chemical components were determined in methanol extract rather than water extract. There was a difference between the obtained components. While the highest antioxidant activity was determined from the methanol extract of plant herbs for DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity, antioxidant activity was the same in both methanol and water extracts using the ABTS method. The methanol extract demonstrated stronger anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE) and α-amylase inhibition activity. This study was complemented by the detection of antioxidant activity and some enzyme inhibition activity in the methanol extract. Microarray showed 10,784 genes had significantly different expression in root and shoot. There was a positive effect of methanol extract in respect of different activities compared to the water extract. Gene expression showed that the number of expressed genes in the root was greater than the shoot.

Potensi Ekstrak Biji Coklat (Theobroma cacao Linn) sebagai Inhibitor Tirosinase untuk Produk Pencerah Kulit

Hyperpigmentation is a condition of excessive skin pigments production. The skin colour is strongly influenced by the presence of melanin that marked by the melanin tyrosinase enzyme activity. Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao Linn) is one of the ingredients which are rich in flavonoids include polyphenolic compounds that used as antioxidants and a tyrosinase inhibitor. The aim of this study is to examine the potential of the cocoa bean extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor for skin lightening active ingredients. The method of the study was experimental laboratories, among others: total flavonoid and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay. The result of this research was ethanol extract of cocoa had tyrosinase inhibitor activity. The inhibitory activity could be seen from the IC50 for monophenolase activit y were 352.05 μg mL -1 and for diphenolase activity 836.20 μg mL -1 respectively. This value is greater than kojic acid, for monophenolation was 2.38 μg mL -1 and diphenolation was 10.74 μg mL -1 . The total flavonoids content was 0.05% w/w so that the ethanol extract of the cocoa bean is a natural product that potential to be used in the formulation of skin lightening cream in the pharmaceutical sciences.

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Methanol Extracts of Acacia mangium

Active compounds utilization of its extractives for cosmetic products increase the value added of mangium tree. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and an inhibitor tirosinase activities of methanol extract of the various parts of mangium tree. Phytochemical properties of the best extract were also anlayzed. Extraction was conducted by soxhletation in methanol for 12 hours. The antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested in vitro to radical of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and inhibition to tyrosinase enzyme. The results showed that leave resulted in the highest methanol ectract followed succesively by bark, heartwood, and sapwood the value of 10.7; 4.4; 2.5; and 0.9%, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was bark extract and followed by leave, heartwood, and sapwood extracts with EC50 values respectively of 8.3; 26.7; 66.9; and 137.9 ppm. Only bark extract which classified as an active tyrosinase inhibitor with IC50 value of 257.8 ppm in the difenolase reaction. The IC50 value of the positive control (kojic acid) was 116.7 ppm. The other extracts relatively inactive as a tyrosinase inhibitor because their IC50 values > 1000 ppm. The qualitative analysis detect the methanol extract of mangium bark as the best extract containing phenolic compounds (phenol hirokinon, flavonoids, and tannins) and alkaloids which were thought to contribute to the high antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities. Keywords: Acacia mangium, antioxidant, extracts, tyrosinase inhibitor