Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme that initiates melanin synthesis in humans. Excessive accumulation of melanin pigments or the overexpression of tyrosinase may result in skin-related disorders such as aging spots, wrinkles, melasma, freckles, lentigo, ephelides, nevus, browning and melanoma. Nature expresses itself through the plants as a source of phytochemicals with diverse biological properties. Among these bioactive compounds, flavonoids represent a huge natural class with different categories such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones and chalcones that display antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities with a diversity of mechanistic approaches. In this review, we explore the role of novel or known flavonoids isolated from different plant species and their participation as tyrosinase inhibitors reported in the last five years from 2016 to 2021. We also discuss the mechanistic approaches through the different studies carried out on these compounds, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico computational research. Information was obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. We hope that the updated comprehensive data presented in this review will help researchers to develop new safe, efficacious, and effective drug or skin care products for the prevention of and/or protection against skin-aging disorders.
Highlights
Published: 13 December 2021Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme, involved in the initial steps of melanin production [1]
Melanin synthesis is regulated by the microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF) that is activated by multiple pathways such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Wnt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and in turn modulates melanogenic enzyme expression such as tyrosinase [2]
We focus on the role of novel or known flavonoids isolated from different plant species and their participation as tyrosinase inhibitors reported in the last five years from 2016 to 2021
Summary
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme, involved in the initial steps of melanin production [1]. Melanin synthesis is regulated by the microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF) that is activated by multiple pathways such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Wnt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and in turn modulates melanogenic enzyme expression such as tyrosinase [2]. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of L-tyrosine or. Flavonoids possess strong antioxidant properties due to their ability to stabilize free radicals or ROS by donating a hydrogen atom or single-electron transfer [13] They could effectively induce the production of internal antioxidant defensive enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, N-acetyltransferases, glutathione. We hope that the updated comprehensive data presented in this review will help researchers to develop new safe, effective drug or skin care products for the prevention and protection against skin-aging disorders
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