Tire Tread Pattern Research Articles

Differences in braking time in symmetric and asymmetric tire tread pattern type

Identification of tire tread type characteristics needs to be taken into consideration when choosing a tire. The accuracy of choosing a tire will help ensure the safety of the rider. The identification procedure is by comparing symmetrical and asymmetrical 1-way direction tires. The parameter is the braking time needed for the vehicle to stop. The braking time required by asymmetric type 1-way direction tires is shorter than symmetrical type. So, motorists are advised to choose asymmetric type 1-way direction tires to get a shorter braking time.

The Analysis of Stone Trapping in Tire Tread for Various Road Conditions

A tire tends to trap stones in its tread pattern when the vehicle is on a move and this might affects the tire balance due to uneven tread wear of tread portion. The study aims to simulate stone trapping performance under various tire tread patterns and road conditions as well as assessing the performance of tires with stones trapped. The stone trapping phenomena on different tire tread pattern were analyzed under dry and wet road conditions. The tire models chosen were the symmetrical tire, asymmetrical tire, and directional tire. The model of these tires, stone and a flat road surface were created using SolidWorks and Fusion360 software and the static structural simulation is performed by using finite element analysis method. Tire inflation analysis and steady state rolling analysis were conducted to evaluate three parameters: total deformation, Von-Mises stress and equivalent elastic strain of the tires. It found that all three parameters are higher when stone trapped in tire for all tread pattern types. Symmetrical tread pattern provides the least wear and tear since it has the lowest increment of maximum equivalent elastic strain in both road conditions. Stone trapping in tire grooves would impact on the lifespan of the tire.

Optimization of tire tread pattern based on flow characteristics to improve hydroplaning resistance

Tire tread pattern is a crucial parameter to prevent hydroplaning. In this study, numerical modeling was used to investigate tire hydroplaning based on flow–structure interaction. The empirical model of hydroplaning speed published in the literature was used to validate the computational model. Analysis of water flow velocity and turbulent flow energy revealed that lateral grooves of the tire significantly influenced water drainage capacity. Based on the relationship between water flow vector and lateral groove shape, a combination of Kriging surrogate model and simulated annealing algorithm was used to optimize lateral groove design to minimize hydrodynamic lift force. Four geometry parameters of lateral grooves were selected as the design variables. Based on design of experiment principle, 12 simulation cases based on the optimal Latin hypercube design method were used to analyze the influence of design variables on hydrodynamic lift force. The surrogate model was optimized by the simulated annealing algorithm to optimize tire tread pattern. The results indicated that at the same water flow speed, the optimized lateral grooves can reduce hydrodynamic lift force by 14.05% and thus greatly improve safety performance of the tire. This study proves the validity and applicability of using numerical modeling for solving the complex design of tire tread pattern and optimization problem.

Influence of tire tread pattern wear on characteristics of its longitudinal adhesion with bearing surface

The aim of the research was to carry out the experimental study of the influence of tire tread pattern wear on characteristics of the longitudinal adhesion with the bearing surface in order to detect functional relationships of the adhesion coefficient against the value of tread pattern wear and the value of normal load. The experiments were carried out according to the original methodology on the laboratory tester of a modular type that allows studying the processes occurring in the elastic tire area contacting with the flat, one cylindrical, two cylindrical bearing surfaces. The experimental research allowed obtaining the 35.3% decrease of the longitudinal coefficient of elastic tire adhesion while increasing the value of tread pattern wear from 10% to 90%. The study of brakeage of the wheel with elastic tire on one bearing roller showed the 18% decline of the adhesion longitudinal coefficient with the tread pattern wear varying from 10% to 90%. During the wheel braking on two bearing rollers and the tread pattern wear increased from 10% to 70% the longitudinal coefficient of adhesion fell by 23.8% on the front bearing roller and by 48.4% on the rear roller. The result of the given research is detected functional relationships of adhesion longitudinal coefficient against the values of tread pattern wear and normal load for three types of the bearing surfaces.

Evaluation of a Tyre Tread Pattern Stiffness Using FEA

This paper deals with an FEM simulation of a multi-purpose tyre. It is focused on the tyre tread pattern lateral stiffness under static conditions. Its behaviour under given radial and lateral loads and its stiffening using connecting bridges are simulated. A tyre is a complex composite composed of different rubber materials and textile or steel reinforcements. Rubber materials are described using hyperelastic models in the analyses. FEM software MSC Marc/Mentat is employed as a calculation tool and its various functionalities are utilized for a description of the tyre models. In the last step, calculated stiffnesses of all the tread patterns were evaluated and compared to each other.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗНОСА РИСУНКА ПРОТЕКТОРА БЕГОВОЙ ДОРОЖКИ ШИНЫ НА ЕЕ СЦЕПНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ПРИ ТОРМОЖЕНИИ НА СТЕНДЕ В БЛОКОВОМ РЕЖИМЕ

The PURPOSE of the article is to carry out an experimental study of the effect of the tire tread pattern wear on the implemented coefficient of adhesion to the support surfaces of the test bench under the variation of normal load value. METHODS. The studies were performed on the test bench of modular design, which allows to measure the normal and tangential reactions of the elastic tire with support surfaces. RESULTS. It has been determined that the increase of the tire tread pattern wear from 10 to 90% reduces the adhesion coefficient of the automobile wheel elastic tire by 35.3% when braking in the locked mode on a flat support surface. When the wheel brakes on one support roller of the test bench and the tread wear is from 10% to 90% the adhesion coefficient reduces by 18%. When the wheel brakes on two support rollers of the test bench the coefficient of adhesion makes 23.8% on the front roller and 48.4% on the rear support roller of the stand, with an increase in the wear of the tread pattern from 10% to 70%. CONCLUSION. The conducted experimental studies allowed to determine the dependence of the adhesion coefficient of the elastic tire on the wear degree of the tire tread pattern and the variation of normal load under the locked wheel braking on the flat support surface and one or two support rollers.

Design and Performance Analysis of Vehicle Tyre Pattern Material Using Finite Element Analysis and ANSYS R16.2

As it stands now, rubber has been the main material used in the making of pneumatic vehicle tyres. Speed of the vehicle depends on many factors like steering geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load, road temperature and environmental conditions. The main aim of this research is to develop a finite element approach and computationally evaluate the performance of a steady-state rolling tyre by changing the tyre tread patterns. The tyre normally composed of rubber and body-ply was investigated with regards to the effect of the inflation pressure. Tyre modeling using six different types of patterns was completed by using Creo parametric 3D modeling software and then the tyre was discretized into small elements through ANSYS R16.2. The rim area of the tyre was fixed and pressure was applied to the inside surface of the rim. Finite element analysis was completed by using ANSYS R16.2 and equivalent stress, contact stress and contact pressure were found out to identify the best tyre pattern. From the final results it was observed that, Pattern-I had good agreement of results as compared to other type of patterns which showed medium frictional stress and contact pressure.

Experimental study on friction coefficients between tire tread rubber and ice

The tire tread pattern affects driving significantly on icy roads, and different kinds of rubber pattern mean different friction coefficients when moving on the ice surface. Based on the latest friction test rig, a simulation method of such tests was created. Therefore, the continuous sampling at low slip velocity was proposed. During the sampling, the typical pattern of the rubber specimen was employed. The friction test of the tire tread specimen on the ice surface was implemented with different slip velocities and pressure, and the results were fitted and analyzed. To research the effect of tire tread on the friction coefficient, the rubber ratio parameter (the ratio of the rubber contact area to the total contact area) was given for proper evaluation. It is found that rubber as the major component of the tire possesses a special friction property, which is against Coulomb’s law. In addition to that, the friction coefficient of rubber is influenced by the contact state to a great extent, especially in some extreme conditions. The experiment of rubber friction on ice can serve as an important reference for the study on tire mechanical properties.

Numerical and experimental analysis of rotating wheel in contact with the ground

PurposeThis paper aims to provide the results of investigations concerning an influence of the tyre with longitudinal grooves on the car body aerodynamics. It is considered as an important aspect affecting the vehicle aerodynamic drag.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate a contribution of grooved tyres to the overall vehicle drag, three wind tunnel experimental campaigns were performed (two by Peugeot Société Anonyme Peugeot Citroen, one at the Lodz University of Technology). In parallel, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted with the ANSYS CFX software to enable formulation of wider conclusions.FindingsThe research shows that optimised tread patterns can be derived on a single tyre via a CFD study in combination with a controlled experiment to deliver designs actively lowering the overall vehicle aerodynamic drag.Practical implicationsA reduction in the aerodynamic drag is one of ways to decrease vehicle fuel consumption. Alternatively, it can be translated into an increase in the maximum travel velocity and the maximum distance driven (key factor in electric vehicles), as well as in a reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, it can improve the vehicle driving and steering stability.Originality/valueThe tyre tread pattern analysis on isolated wheels provides an opportunity to cut costs of R&D and could be a step towards isolating aerodynamic properties of tyres, irrespective of the car body on which they are applied.

Effects of Speed on Tire–Pavement Interaction Noise (Tread-Pattern–Related Noise and Non–Tread-Pattern–Related Noise)

ABSTRACT Tire noise is mainly generated from the interaction between tire and pavement. Different combinations of tire and pavement usually generate noise of different levels and different frequencies. For the same tire and same pavement, the most important factor influencing the noise level is vehicle speed. To provide a detailed description of the effects of speed on the noise generation, the present study investigates the tire noise of nineteen tires of the same size but with different tread patterns. The study includes the standard reference test tire and four other normal patterned tires running on a nonporous asphalt pavement using an on-board sound intensity (OBSI) technique. This OBSI system also has an optical sensor to monitor vehicle speed and to perform order-tracking analysis. The field tests were conducted under different vehicle speed values (72-105 km/h; i.e., 45-65 mph). The effects of speed on the noise spectrum and on the overall noise level have been analyzed. In addition, using the optical sensor signal, the tire noise related to the tire tread pattern has been isolated from noises from all other sources. The effects of speed on the separated signals have also been investigated. It was found that increasing speed increases the frequencies and levels of tread-pattern–related noise component, while for the noise component not related to the tread pattern, increasing speed only increases its amplitude, not its frequency. In addition, the noise generated at the trailing edge of the contact patch is more sensitive to the speed than the one at the leading edge.

A Double Interaction Brush Model for Snow Conditions

ABSTRACT Commonly used tire models for vehicle-handling simulations are derived from the assumption of a flat and solid surface. Snow surfaces are nonsolid and may move under the tire. This results in inaccurate tire models and simulation results that are too far from the true phenomena. This article describes a physically motivated tire model that takes the effect of snow shearing into account. The brush tire model approach is used to describe an additional interaction between the packed snow in tire tread pattern voids with the snow road surface. Fewer parameters and low complexity make it suitable for real-time applications. The presented model is compared with test track tire measurements from a large set of different tires. Results suggest higher accuracy compared with conventional tire models. Moreover, the model is also proven to be capable of correctly predicting the self-aligning torque given the force characteristics.

Grip Analysis of Road Surface and Tire Footprint Using FEM

Road grip involve a touch between road pavement and the tire tread pattern. The load bearing surface, which depends on pavement roughness and local pressures in the contact patch. This research conducted to develop a Finite element model for simulating the experimentally testing of asphalt in Jl. AH Nasution Medan, North Sumatera Indonesia base on the value of grip coefficient from various tire loads and the various speed of the vehicle during contact to the road. A tire model and road pavement are developed for the analyses the geometry of tire footprint. The results showed that the greater the mass of car will increase grip coefficient. The coefficient of grip on the road surface contact trough the tire footprint strongly influence the kinetic coefficient of friction at certain speeds. Experimentally show that Concrete road grip coefficient of more than 34% compared to the asphalt road at the same IRI parameters (6-8). Kinetic friction coefficient more than 0.33 was obtained in a asphalt path at a speed of 30-40 Km/hour.

Analysis of the Wet Grip Characteristics of Tire Tread Patterns

ABSTRACT Since 2009, the EU regulation ECE R117 specifies that the wet grip adhesion must be measured for the approval of tires, and the wet grip index (G) must meet these requirements. To understand wet grip performance, this study performs a set of analyses based on fluid–structure coupling theory in the LS-DYNA finite element software. The impact of both the depth of transverse grooves and Standard Reference Test Tire (SRTT) tread patterns on the wet grip capacity is investigated by simulating the following cases: (1) six SRTT tread patterns, (2) three identical straight grooves with outer transverse grooves of four different depths, and (3) identical straight grooves with inner transverse grooves of three different depths. Results reveal that regarding transverse grooves in the SRTT, tires with outer transverse grooves show an approximately 8% increase in the wet grip compared with those with only straight grooves. With the addition of both outer and inner transverse grooves, the wet grip capacity can be enhanced by approximately 10%.

Research on Boundary Features Extraction and Reconstruction for Tire Tread Patterns

Research on Boundary Features Extraction and Reconstruction for Tire Tread Patterns

Numerical investigation of passive control flow to improve tire hydroplaning performance using a V-riblet non-smooth surface

As one of the major causes of traffic accidents, tire hydroplaning is a key driver safety concern. A tire model 205/55R16 was employed in this study, and a virtual simulation of a deformed half-tire domain for calculating hydroplaning speed was built by virtue of computational fluid dynamics. Water-flow field characteristics were simulated using gas–liquid two-phase flow. The simulated tire hydroplaning speed is in accord with the measured tire hydroplaning data. Guided by the idea that the drag-reduction effect of the V-riblets based on bionic study of shark skin, effects of V-riblet bionic non-smooth surface parameters on water displacement, and flow resistance were analyzed to improve tire tread pattern draining capacity. The water drag-reduction mechanism was declared by the vortex vector and speed field, and the optimal V-riblet surface for drag reduction was set on the bottom circumferential grooves to analyze hydroplaning speed. The results demonstrate that the V-riblet bionic non-smooth surface can effectively decrease tread hydrodynamic pressure when driving on a water-film and increase tire hydroplaning speed.

PPG receives DOE funding to develop AGILON silica for non-tread tyre components

Studies comparing the structural differences of tires have not qualitatively or quantitatively considered the effects of tread geometry on tire behaviour or the interactions of the tire with the surface. Therefore, to determine the effects of different tire tread patterns on the stress distribution of the tire and soil compaction, we compared the structural behaviours of a high-flotation tractive-tread (TT) tire and a smooth-tread (ST) tire. The experiments were conducted over a rigid and over a deformable surface. The results from the rigid surface shows the influences of the tread pattern and sidewalls is dependent of the loads. Over the deformable surface, the contact area of the TT tire was larger than that of the ST tire. The inflation pressure (IP) was mainly responsible for the load support before the soil reached its maximum deformation. Next, the tread and sidewalls exhibited the same behaviour as observed on the rigid surface. In addition, we observed alterations in the balloon point with the tread geometry and the type of surface due to changes in the contact pressure. With carcass deformation, the volume of the tire was visibly reduced, which indicated that the IP could increase.

Prediction of tread pattern block deformation in contact with road

Tire tread patterns re arrangements of grooves, blocks, sipes, and channels, which effects on the performance of the tire, such as braking, turning, noise and side slip properties. For analyzing the performance in static and dynamic conditions, deformation behavior of the tread block was investigated under the on-road condition. A new tread pattern block deformation test device has been developed for measuring the forces and deformation. A modified analytical model of the tread block was developed, which considered the influence of the compression on the deformation under sliding conditions. Finite element models of six different typical tread pattern blocks of TBR tires have been developed by ABAQUS for analyzing the dynamic stiffness and contact pressure. Results indicated that the predicted stiffness of the tread blocks was in good agreement with the experimental data.

A hybrid numerical-experimental analysis for tire air-pumping noise with application to pattern optimization

As a vehicle travels at moderate/high speeds, tire noise becomes dominant over other sources of vehicle noise. It is a challenging task to determine the spectral characteristics of the tire noise source and even much more challenging to predict the tire pattern noise. This paper proposes a hybrid experimental-numerical method to identify the tire air-pumping noise spectrum and to predict the pattern noise. A special designed test and cut tire are used to obtain the near field tire noise spectrum while the boundary element method (BEM) is used to determine the transfer characteristics between noise source and selected field points. Then, the spectral characteristics of the air pumping source can be identified by combined use of the numerical transfer characteristics and the measured noise of the cut tire by solving the Helmholtz equation. In the end, the proposed approach has been developed into an in-house software and practical tire pattern noise has been investigated successfully. The established model is able to predict the noise at any field point and the good agreement between the predicted results and tests can be found, demonstrating the reasonability of the proposed approach. In addition, an optimization method of tire tread block shift and mold shift, i.e. moving one of the two half molds and/or tread ribs along the circumferential direction to change their relative phases, are proposed based on the developed software. A practical example demonstrates that the proposed approach and in-house code can be used to predict and optimize tire tread pattern noise.

Finite Element Analysis for Groove Wander Prediction of Passenger Car Tires with the Longitudinal Tread Grooves

A finite element modeling technique is employed in this paper to predict the groove wander of longitudinal tread grooved tires. In generally, groove wander is the lateral force acting on a vehicle’s wheel resulting from the combination of rain grooves. If the lateral force of tire is generated by groove wander, unexpected lateral motion of vehicle will happen and it makes drivers uncomfortable. This paper describes the effect of groove wander according to the shape condition of tire tread groove and highway groove using the finite element analysis based on a static loading or a steady-state rolling assumption. The road groove can be located anywhere relative to the longitudinal tread groove. Therefore, the lateral force of the tire is changing depending on the location of the groove road. The numerical results for groove wander prediction of the longitudinal tread grooved tires are compared with the subjective evaluation. It is found that the waveform for the tire with varying grooved road position has a peak-to-peak lateral force in order to estimate the rating of groove wander. The effect of the road groove width and the pitch length on the peak-to-peak lateral force of tire is discussed. It is found that the prediction of FEA-based groove wander model using finite element analysis will be useful for the reliability design of the tire tread pattern design.

Numerical simulation of effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth surface on tire anti-hydroplaning

Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces (BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydroplaning performance was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The physical model of the object (model of V-riblet surface distribution, hydroplaning model) and SST k–ω turbulence model were established for numerical analysis of tire hydroplaning. With the help of a orthogonal table L16(45), the parameters of V-riblet structure design compared to the smooth structure were analyzed, and obtained the priority level of the experimental factors as well as the best combination within the scope of the experiment. The simulation results show that V-riblet structure can reduce water flow resistance by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers. Then, the preferred type of V-riblet non-smooth structure was arranged on the bottom of tire grooves for hydroplaning performance analysis. The results show that bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure can effectively increase hydroplaning velocity and improve tire anti-hydroplaning performance. Bionic design of tire tread pattern grooves is a good way to promote anti-hydroplaning performance without increasing additional groove space, so that tire grip performance and roll noise are avoided due to grooves space enlargement.