Typology Of Strategies Research Articles

Different management systems: integration or combination

The focus in this paper is on integration and combination, as two important concepts in management systems. In this paper, a definition of integration and combination as related to business management is proposed. The lack of resolution can be extrapolated to basic dissimilarities in the competing resource-based perspectives on strategy and the application of strategy typologies based on those standpoints. A comprehensive literature review will be conducted. The authors identify a high-level meta synthesis of integration and combination definitions as related to business management. The findings argue that there are remarkable differences, but also similarities between the analyses of Schumpeter and Anderson's theories of integration and combination.

Sustainability Strategies in German Small and Medium-Sized Companies

Background: Small and medium-sized enterprises are believed to have a significant impact on the environment and yet are not as engaged in increasing their environmental performance as research suggests should be done. The study examines sustainability strategies of German small and medium-sized enterprises by performing an inductive and deductive qualitative content analysis of 29 (filtered from a total of 58) sustainability reports. Methods: The deductive and inductive content analysis is implemented sequentially to categorize sustainability strategies and to structure action- or achievement oriented content accordingly. After a preparatory content analysis of the entire reports, a deductive content analysis was performed to identify strategy types. Subsequently actions of achievements were identified and structured with an inductive content analysis. Results: The result is a structured analysis of strategy typologies as well as their operationalization. Offensive, extroverted strategies are identified as being the most common. Corporate activities towards sustainability are dominated by environmental topics such as environmental and biodiversity protection as well as resource conservation and efficiency. Conclusions: While the sustainability strategies contrast previous empirical research in part, the activities of the analyzed enterprises depict a mature and proactive sustainability management within small and medium-sized enterprises. Yet under the premise, that the voluntary publishing of a sustainability report may imply a purpose and passion and thus an appropriate sustainability engagement and performance.

The Proposals of Landslide Spatial-Mitigation Strategy in Indonesia; A literature study from the events of 2010-2015

Increasing phenomena of climate change following by thedeformation of the geological surface area of Indonesia cause variousdisasters such as landslides and floods. During the period of 2008 to 2016, there have been 307 total occurrences destructed many locations in thecountry with many mitigations have been done according to the type andlocation of the disaster with some different degree of success. This study isaimed to describe how landslide mitigation related to spatial configurationhad been organized in the proposals. A literature study has been done todescribe and compare each of the techniques utilized in the cases. Theresult explains the cause and the typology strategy of landslide mitigationwhich is divided into two steps, the preliminary and mitigation design. Allthese steps are finally found to be in close connection to the spatialarrangement which is very useful to decide safety precaution before theevent of a landslide.

Teachers’ Corrective Feedback Strategies in Assessing Essay Writing

Feedback has been an important topic of discussion in language learning. Although research on written corrective feedback is available, there is little research on the specific strategies employed by teachers in order to provide feedback on their students’ essay writing. This paper reports part of a larger research. One of the objectives of this study was to explore corrective feedback strategies employed by the English as a second language (ESL) teachers and English language expert raters when assessing their students’ written essays. This study used qualitative case study which involved 12 participants. Data were collected through interviewing nine English language teachers and three English language expert raters to obtain their pedagogic practices in providing written corrective feedback. The strategies identified are based on Ellis’s typology of strategies for providing written corrective feedback. The findings showed that the preferred written corrective feedback strategy used by the teachers and raters was Metalinguistic Corrective Feedback with Direct Corrective Feedback and Focused Corrective Feedback used by only a few of them. This study has pedagogical implications in that it explains the ESL teachers/expert raters’ pedagogical attitude and practices towards error correction and their preferred written corrective feedback strategies in dealing with error correction.

Коррупция через призму теории национальной безопасности

Objective: to consider the theory of national security as a methodological basis for the study of corruption.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in the historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the paper investigates the basic approaches to corruption counteraction and presents the typology of anti-corruption strategies: a) inert strategy; b) selective strategy; c) agreement strategy; d) zone strategy; e) regional strategy; e) strategy of total purification of society from corruption. The inert strategy does not provide for effective anti-corruption measures. The selective strategy differs from the inert one only in that ineffective anti-corruption measures are combined with selective prosecution of some high-ranking officials. The agreement strategy is based on the state leadership’s an explicit or veiled agreement with the political and economic elite of the country on the corruption limits, going beyond which may entail liability. The zonal strategy is based on a significant cleansing of certain spheres of social life from corruption manifestations (the sphere of state security, the sphere of defense, some industries, etc.).The regional strategy involves a significant cleansing of certain regions from corruption (districts, regions, territories, republics). In a certain perspective, the regional strategy can be considered as a preparatory phase for the implementation of the strategy of total purification of society from corruption. The strategy of total purification of society from corruption is the way to the social ideal. Its implementation requires certain social preconditions, political will and political art. Anti-corruption practice based on the strategy of total purification of society from corruption is determined by a certain socio-political logic. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the paper examines the fundamental strategies of social corruption counteraction and their typology, analyzes the algorithm of state corruption counteraction, the factors of corruption counteraction efficiency, and predicts the prospects of anti-corruption activities of state bodies and civil society.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and educational activities in considering the issues related to corruption counteraction.

When Public Officers Take the Lead in Collaborative Governance

Governments are investing considerable time and resources in the field of collaborative governance as it proliferates throughout many sectors, and how public officers choose to respond to these developments therefore becomes an important question. The increased public involvement that collaborative governance brings is often more costly than traditional forms of governance, while the outcomes are highly uncertain. For these reasons, it is important that collaborative governance is only used when really warranted, and the various forms that it can take should be carefully designed. In this study, we apply a typology of collaboration strategies to examine firstly, the circumstances under which leading officers at four county administrative boards in the Swedish mountain region decide to lead collaboration, and secondly what collaboration strategies they then apply. This study is based on 20 interviews with key officers, and 39 interviews with project leaders of public-private collaborations in the area of natural resource management in the region. We find that officers should take trust levels into account when designing collaboration strategies, not least the lack of official trust. Strategies are found to be not mutually exclusive but complementary, and officers employ several at the same time. Interestingly, the results of this study show that – somewhat counter-intuitively – distrust is a driver for officers to initiate collaboration, a conclusion which questions the common view that more trust unequivocally translates into more participation.

Nostalgic Nuances in Media in the Red Book Magazine Version of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Rich Boy”

The present article attempts to contribute to both Fitzgerald scholarship and nostalgia studies by examining how text, illustration, and advertisement enter into dialogue in the original magazine format of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s short story “The Rich Boy”. As research is still scarce on Fitzgerald’s stories as they were first published, this field may hold new, potential research paths for this canonical author, a few of which I endeavor to explore here. This paper suggests that this 1926 magazine version offers a unique nostalgic experience that differs from the reading of Fitzgerald’s text in an image-free anthology. It argues that, with some exceptions, these media generally interact in a cohesive way that echoes or reinforces a nostalgic mood. Niklas Salmose’s typology of nostalgic strategies will be used to draw out the nostalgia in these media, and an intermedial approach will be employed to investigate how they engage in nostalgic dialogue.

Subsidiary knowledge flow strategies and purpose of expatriate assignments

Although a general association between the role of international assignees and knowledge transfer has been noted in the international human resource literature, very little is known on how subsidiary knowledge flow strategies influence the purpose of expatriate assignments. Building specifically on Gupta and Govindarajan’s typology of subsidiary knowledge flow strategies and Hocking’s expatriate assignment purpose, we examine the link between subsidiary knowledge flow and the purpose of expatriate assignments using a mixed method approach. Combining survey data and qualitative interviews from 156 subsidiaries in the service and manufacturing sector in Malaysia and Singapore, we find that subsidiaries with divergent strategic roles have different knowledge flow strategies, thus leading to different purposes of expatriate assignments.

Relatos de vidas en la pobreza. Estrategias individuales de usuarios de la Renta Mínima de Inserción

El artículo estudia las diferentes estrategias de usuarios de las Rentas Mínimas de Inserción en España a partir de una revisión de la perspectiva teórica de la acumulación de activos, desarrollada para el estudio de las dinámicas de pobreza y exclusión en otros contextos. Para tal fin, se utilizan tres relatos de vida seleccionados de una muestra más amplia. A partir del análisis de las narraciones biográficas de los sujetos se construye una tipología de estrategias económicas individuales con base en los tipos de activos movilizados.

Изучение жизненных стратегий с помощью методики «Пословицы»

The article presents the method «Proverbs» in the author's modification as a diagnostic tool for studying the life strategies of the personality. A behavioral typology of life strategies is proposed in accordance with the theoretical model of K. Thomas method. The theoretical justification and description of the methodology is given, the results of its approbation on the youth sample are briefly examined, the prospects for further research are determined.

Effects of strategic information systems on competitive strategy and performance

Purpose This study argues that strategic information systems (SISs) are necessary for organizations’ survival and corporate performance in turbulent economic environments. Applying Miles and Snow’s strategy typology, the purpose of this paper is to explore how SIS supports business strategy and corporate performance. Design/methodology/approach This study uses quantitative survey data from 389 Brazilian companies during economic crises and analyzes them using structural equation modeling. Findings There is strong evidence that SIS promotes capacity and flexibility to create competitive strategies in response to environmental changes. SIS significantly and positively predicts firms’ use of prospector strategies, reducing the need to sacrifice efficiency for innovation. SIS can predict corporate performance more strongly than firms’ strategic orientations can. Practical implications The results provide organizations insights on how SIS enables strategic planning processes to create competitive strategy and improve performance during economic turbulence. Originality/value This research demonstrates SIS’s positive effects during economic turbulence on competitive strategy and performance, revealing that corporate performance is influenced more by SIS (strategic process) than strategic orientation (content). Hence, this study fills a research gap in the information systems strategy literature by contributing new insights about SIS.

Representations of reliability: The rhetoric of political flip-flopping

This study used a qualitative analysis of political flip-flops (N = 141) to create a typology of rhetorical strategies for politicians who are perceived to have changed positions on political issues. The core purpose of such rhetoric is to achieve a representation of reliability. Politicians who appear to change positions must do so in a way that does not make them seem unreliable to their key stakeholders. Strategies for achieving this goal fall into four primary categories: ignore, deny, justify, and repent. Within each category are more specific tactics, such as evading questions, claiming one was misquoted, arguing one is adapting to new circumstances, or explaining that one has acquired new information about an issue. Using Bitzer’s theory of the rhetorical situation, we argue that certain strategies are more appropriate than others in certain situations. We discuss the practical and ethical implications of these strategies.

Testing Waters, Sending Clues

Indirect disclosure strategies include hinting about an experience or a facet of one's identity or relaying information explicitly but through another person. These strategies lend themselves to sharing stigmatized or sensitive experiences such as a pregnancy loss, mental illness, or abuse. Drawing on interviews with women in the U.S. who use social media and experienced pregnancy loss, we investigated factors guiding indirect disclosure decisions on social media. Our findings include 1) a typology of indirect disclosure strategies based on content explicitness, original content creator, and content sharer, and 2) an examination of indirect disclosure decision factors related to the self, audience, platform affordances, and temporality. We identify how people intentionally adapt social media and indirect disclosures to meet psychological (e.g., keeping a personal record) and social (e.g., feeling out the audience) needs associated with loss. We discuss implications for design and research, including features that support disclosures through proxy, and relevance for algorithmic detection and intervention. CAUTION: This paper includes quotes about pregnancy loss.

Impact of positioning strategies on franchise fee structure

Despite its importance, positioning has not received due attention in the business-to-business (B2B) context. Using franchising as the B2B context, this study identifies the positioning strategies employed by franchisors and investigates their relationship with the franchise fee structure, i.e. upfront fee and royalty rate. Content analysis of 100 franchisor websites (Study I) reveals three broad types of positioning strategies used – reliability (signaled by franchising experience, network size, internationalization and ownership percentage), service orientation (signaled by classroom and on-the-job training, and support), and selectivity (signaled by franchisee net worth). Next, using data for 1234 US franchisors (Study II) this study finds that both upfront fee and royalty rate are positively associated with network size, classroom and on-the-job training; and negatively with franchising experience and support services. In addition, internationalization is positively associated with only royalty rate; and ownership percentage and franchisee net-worth are negatively associated with only upfront fees. This study extends B2B positioning literature by offering a typology of brand positioning strategies and evidence that positioning strategies influence price premiums.

Discoursive Self-Legitimation of Gals for Gals as the Movement’s Collective Identity-Forming Factor

The article delves analytically into the political thought of the Polish pro-choice movement Gals for Gals which arose to oppose to the submitted draft act which was to have imposed a total ban on abortion and acted in 2016-2018. It aims to determine how Gals for Gals explained and justified their occurrence and political activity, how the strategies of this discoursive self-legitimation changed over time, and to what extent the collective identity-forming process depended on the external incentives understood as the stages of two legislative processes. In employing the written sources analysis, relational content analysis, and the typology of discoursive legitimation strategies, the research discovers that the movement made identityforming attempts directly after the mass mobilization and over the first anniversary of foundation rather than subjected the attempts to the legislative processes. The Gals’ identity constantly drew upon mostly authorization, rationalization, and remotely narrativization. Authorization dominated at the beginning, but then this strategy gave place to rationalization. Initially, the Gals focused on linking the movement to celebrities and human rights, and then consequently preserved the links to gain social support and appreciation. Rationalization armed activists with arguments against the current political situation and the planned legislation. Moralization did not enter the discourse, which reveals the absence of aspirations to build an enduring movement.

The performance implications of the strategy–business model fit

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight different strategy–business model (BM) alignments using Miles and Snow’s strategic framework and analyze the performance implications of these different alignments.Design/methodology/approachThe paper develops a composite conceptual model combining Miles and Snow’s strategy typology with Demil and Lecocq’s BM framework to explore the performance implications of strategy–BM fit. This model is empirically examined using a sample of 156 French small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector.FindingsThe results first highlight a limited set of BM configurations across strategic profiles, confirming that a BM reflects a firm’s strategy as a means of realizing strategic choices. Second, they reveal that deviating from ideal strategy–BM alignments negatively affects performance. Finally, they shed light on the dynamics of Miles and Snow’s typology, from intended to implemented strategy.Research limitations/implicationsThe intrinsic characteristics of surveyed SMEs led to the hybridization of empirically derived profiles, which allowed to partially associate them with theoretically predicted configurations of BMs.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests the patterns of predictive strategy–BM alignment that allow managers and entrepreneurs to monitor the dynamic consistency between strategic choices and their implementation.Originality/valueDo you need a strategy if you have a BM? Adopting a fit and performance perspective, this paper addresses this question and complements other studies emphasizing the need to connect strategies and BMs.

“I’m Sorry You Interpreted My Behavior the Way You Did”: Toward A New Understanding of the Nuances of Mortification

The study uses content analytic and grounded theory approaches to analyze 409 cases of public apologia from 351 different incidents in order to develop a typology of mortification-specific strategies. Its purpose is to offer a critique of existing scholarship and its inattention to the specific nuances of mortification. Historically, scholars have limited their conclusions to a discussion of strategy, while ignoring the reality that specific language choices need only appear to be sincere in order to satisfy the rhetor’s goal. Such a conceptualization runs counter to Kenneth Burke’s original notion of true mortification. Findings in this study reveal four unique categories of mortification. Each is discussed along with implications for the future study of public apologies.

Codes across languages: On the translation of literary code-switching

Abstract The translation of bilingual literary texts may challenge a translator when s/he needs to transfer some embedded, foreign codes from a language other than the dominant language of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). This study analyses the way in which code-switching (CS) is transferred into a TT, looking at the translation strategies for CS in a non-European ST into European and non-European target texts. The source language text is Hebrew with Arabic incorporated into the Hebrew text in different ways, most often using CS. The target texts in the study are in Arabic, English, German and Italian languages. The main aim of this study is to show how code-switching in literary paradigms can be translated into a target text language, and to what extent the original structure of instances of CS is maintained, changed or even deleted in the target texts. The study compares four versions of target texts in Arabic, English, Italian and German, followed by an overview of how the same CS instances are transferred across different languages and cultures. Some problems and issues related to the transfer of instances of CS into the target texts are discussed in view of the typology of the CS strategy. The study concludes with an argument that a better understanding of literary CS terminology regarding both linguistic and creative features is necessary for a better translation of bilingual literary texts.

Forgive and Forget: A Typology of Transgressions and Forgiveness Strategies in Married and Dating Relationships

One hundred twenty-three married and 93 dating adults completed a survey describing the role of forgiveness in their relationship, detailing relational transgressions that prompted forgiveness, the perceived severity of the transgression, and strategies used to express forgiveness. An inductive analysis of participant responses forms the basis to develop a typology of strategies that romantic couples use to communicate forgiveness. Specifically, dating partners tend to favor a minimizing strategy to forgive one another, whereas married couples tend to use discussion and explicit strategies. The discussion strategy was most commonly used to communicate forgiveness, especially following a severe transgression. For milder transgressions, partners tend to favor minimizing and nonverbal forgiveness. A new potentially detrimental forgiveness strategy, pseudo-forgiveness, is also uncovered among married participants and its implications are discussed.

The impact of the core company’s strategy on the dimensions of supply chain integration

PurposeNowadays, supply chain integration (SCI) is considered as an enabler of competitive firm performance. It has three important dimensions: internal, supplier and customer integration. Understanding the interaction between these dimensions and organisational strategy would pave the way for effective implementation of SCI. The famous Miles et al. (1978) strategy typology classifies firms into four strategy types: defenders, prospectors, analysers and reactors. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the core company’s product-market innovation strategy on the dimensions of SCI, and to investigate the comparative strength of each dimension of SCI in defenders and prospectors.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected through an online survey of 112 firms in 24 countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Direct and mediated relationships were assessed by conducting structural equation modelling on the dimensions of SCI and product-market innovation strategy variables. Cluster analysis was conducted on organisational strategy variables to group the firms into different strategy types. Next, a one-way analysis of variance was applied to assess the impact of organisational strategy on each dimension of the SCI. Finally, a post hoc analysis was conducted to compare the strength of each dimension of the SCI against the different strategy types.FindingsThe results indicate that internal integration (II) mediates the positive effects of the core company’s product-market innovation strategy on supplier and customer integration. Furthermore, the results indicate that prospectors have stronger internal, supplier and customer integration as compared to defenders.Research limitations/implicationsThis study had two main limitations. One limitation is the lack of consideration of possible differences in the strengths of the investigated relationships across different geographical locations and cultures. The second limitation is the inability of the cross-sectional research design to capture the dynamics in the process of adopting SCI and organisational strategy.Practical implicationsThe present study highlights to executives the need for understanding the implications of specific strategies on the SC linkages and relationships that are required to implement those strategies. Thus, it could serve as a preliminary clue in decision-making for establishing integrated SC that is compatible with the organisational strategy. Furthermore, it could serve as a guidance to managers in steering their firms in the organisational adaptive cycle, by indicating that the implementation of product-market innovation strategy requires adopting strong SCI, and by highlighting the importance of adopting II prior to external integration.Originality/valueThis paper tests relationships that explain how the core company’s strategy influences each dimension of SCI.