Typology Of Strategies Research Articles

Identity Narration and Negotiation among Older Adults Experiencing Homelessness

To be old and homeless is to face multiple stigmatized identities simultaneously. This qualitative study explored how older homeless adults construct their personal and social identities to manage this stigma. A series of semi-structured in-depth interviews and field observations were conducted over a period of two years with twenty homeless older adults affiliated with an outreach program in a Northeastern U.S. city. Results revealed three typologies of identity narration strategies that the participants used in their processes of identity negotiation and stigma resistance: (1) illumination of positive identities, (2) differentiation and hierarchy, and (3) adoption of other stigmatized but more “deserving” identities. Three case narratives are presented here as a means of illustrating the constructed typology of identity narration and negotiation strategies among older adults experiencing homelessness. Findings suggest ways we might honor individual narratives to eliminate the dividing practice of homelessness as “other” and reframe the discourse to better address older homelessness.

Between Reason and Typology: Strategies for Evangelising China in the Writings of Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) & Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607)

Abstract The accommodation of Confucianism articulated by Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) reflected a Neoscholastic approach in which rational agreement was the primary hinge of interreligious engagement. Ricci’s rationalism, however, was somewhat atypical among Jesuits of the late sixteenth century who often made overtures towards typology to explain the cultural and religious phenomena encountered in their missionary activities in East Asia and the New World. This article focuses on the writings of two Jesuits, the encyclopedist Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) and the China missionary Michele Ruggieri (1533–1611), who collaborated on the first European-language publication to include an extract of the Confucian corpus. It examines how Possevino adapts the manuscripts on China that Ruggieri provided him while in Rome in the early 1590s, and the tensions between the scholastic approach to evangelisation proposed in earlier chapters of the Bibliotheca selecta and the more extravagant typological strategies articulated in Ruggieri’s original manuscripts.

The mathematical values of fraction signs in the Linear A script: A computational, statistical and typological approach

Minoan Linear A is still an undeciphered script mainly used for administrative purposes on Bronze Age Crete. One of its most enigmatic features is the precise mathematical values of its system of numerical fractions. The aim of this article is to address this issue through a multi-stranded methodology that comprises palaeographical examination and statistical, computational, and typological approaches. Taking on from previous analyses, which suggested hypothetical values for some fractions, we extended our probe into assessing values for some problematic ones. The results achieved, based, on the one hand, on a close palaeographical analysis and, on the other, on computational, statistical and typological strategies, show a remarkable convergence and point towards a systematic assignment of mathematical values for the Linear A fraction signs. This contribution sets the agenda for a combinatorial, novel, and unbiased approach that may help advance our comprehension of some standing issues related to ancient undeciphered writing systems.

The politics of norm domestication in private transnational business regulation: A typology and illustrations

AbstractScholars and practitioners of global private business regulation have often recognised the importance of political and institutional dynamics “on the ground,” in shaping the degree to which social and environmental regulatory norms are institutionalised or resisted at the local level. Local dynamics of norm contestation generate dilemmas for global regulators who aspire to be responsive to varied contexts in producing countries without “watering down” global regulatory agendas. Drawing on a range of empirical illustrations from Southeast Asia and Latin America, this paper develops a typology of domestication strategies currently being used by global private regulators and examines the effects of these strategies on supporting or undermining the overall values and purposes of global regulatory agendas. In the presence of pervasive local contestation surrounding global regulatory norms, norm domestication strategies are shown to offer important means of countering challenges to the power and legitimacy of global regulators. Nonetheless, the effects of such strategies remain highly contingent on path‐dependent contests between competing regulatory coalitions at both local and global levels.

Resistance in tax and transparency standards: small states’ heterogenous responses to new regulations

In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2009, by means of a major Western state-led initiative in tax cooperation designed to eliminate tax evasion in the world, offshore financial centers were required to exchange information on bank accounts, first on request, then automatically. Even though all major offshore financial centers have agreed to the new tax standards, the emerging literature on global tax politics disagrees on their effectiveness. To make sense of these contrasting findings, I argue that we need to shift our focus to the diverse ways that targeted actors have responded to the new standards. I develop a typology of resistance strategies and show why state actors engage in one or the other strategy despite pressure from great powers. New tax treaty data, as well as archival and interview material in the matched cases of the Bahamas and Barbados demonstrate variance in the relationships between governments and the financial industry, and governments and international organizations, which in turn leads to the pursuit of different resistance strategies. Ultimately, by highlighting the heterogeneity of targeted actors’ responses to global standards, the study has important implications for the literature on institutional emergence and design writ large.

Seeking Innovation: A Typology of Knowledge Search Strategy by SMEs

While firms’ search for new knowledge has been investigated mostly for large enterprises, there is a lack of empirical research to examine knowledge search strategy by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study seeks to fill this gap in the innovation literature by examining differences in knowledge search strategy by SMEs. Drawing on a survey data obtained from 3,175 SMEs, we used cluster analysis to identify groups of SMEs that pursue homogenous knowledge search strategy. The study results shed insights about how SMEs should develop knowledge search strategy and technological dynamism to proactively harness the benefits of knowledge search.

Transparency and Secrecy: Corporate Information Strategies Under Competitive & Stakeholder Pressure

Stakeholders increasingly pressure firms for action and performance along issues of concern; transparency is a primary mechanism by which firms communicate about these issues with stakeholders. But firms face a tension between satisfying stakeholder demand for greater transparency and maintaining secrecy when those relevant issues are focal to firm motives for information asymmetry or competitive advantage. This study addresses different strategies firms employ to balance stakeholder and competitive pressures for greater transparency with maintaining secrecy. We develop a typology of secrecy strategies along dimensions of non-financial performance with general relevance to multiple stakeholder groups, hypothesize several antecedents of these strategies, and test those hypotheses using rigorous empirical analyses of firm participation in a prominent voluntary disclosure mechanism. Findings indicate that firms employ different modes of secrecy strategies depending on the prevalent modes of external pressures for transparency. The study contributes to extant theory in competitive secrecy and transparency strategies, and provides insight into nature of secrecy strategies for non-financial information disclosures.

Closed, Semi-Open, or Fully-Open? Towards an Intellectual Property Strategy Typology

The body of literature addressing different types of intellectual property (IP) strategies is large but fragmented. This paper develops an IP strategy typology from a sharing perspective and applies across formal and informal IP assets. The typology is based on four dimensions: (i) degree of openness, (ii) IP ownership rights concentration, (iii) access and (iv) commercial usage rights. We follow a multi-dimensional, theoretical approach integrating the literature on IP management, (open) innovation, licensing, physical property rights theory and economic goods. Along the degree of openness, the proposed typology distinguishes four IP strategy types with sub-types existing for each of them: private IP, club IP, common IP, and public IP strategies. The proposed types are described using case examples. We further discuss that actors not necessarily adopt one, but multiple IP strategies either sequentially adjusting their strategy over time along lifecycles (‘evolutionary’ model) or employ multiple IP strategies in parallel at the same time, e.g. with different actors in their ecosystem (‘co-existence’ model). An IP typology of this kind contributes towards the ontology and theory of the firm-level IP literature. It thus provides a structured framework to aid future studies on the role of IP strategies for business, economic and societal growth.

Proactivity and responsiveness in value creation: a conceptual typology of market strategies

PurposeTo successfully create customer value, firms must use coherent market strategies and perform value-creating activities that enable them to develop solutions to customers’ needs. However, as firms exhibit differences in how they approach value creation, their market strategies will also differ. These differences among market strategies can be described through different combinations of proactivity and responsiveness, representing each firm’s value-creation logic. This study aims to increase understanding of how firms can improve the effectiveness of their market strategies by considering their associated value-creation logics.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conceptualize market strategies as coherent sets of value-creating activities. While the types of activities within a market strategy are driven by a firm’s strategic orientations, how these activities are performed is influenced by its value-creation logic. With this as the foundation, the authors develop a conceptual typology of archetypal market strategies based on the different value-creation logics that influence them.FindingsThe authors propose four distinct market strategies – habitual, visionary, adaptive and ambidextrous – representing unique ways in which value-creation logics influence the formation of market strategies. Furthermore, the authors highlight the need for activities to reflect consistent value-creation logics to create coherent market strategies and the authors provide an exploration of the activities that enable firms to implement different types of market strategies.Originality/valueThe typology expands the concept of market strategy, introducing the idea of a value-creation logic of proactivity and responsiveness, and thus demonstrating the need for more in-depth consideration of the value-creating activities that constitute market strategies to better understand how firms can create superior customer value.

Building cyber security awareness in a developing country: Lessons from Myanmar

The paper discusses the arguments for inclusion of cybersecurity awareness building in development assistance programs. We note that cybersecurity awareness building can strengthen the resilience of productivity-enhancing services, such as mobile banking and e-payment systems, and benefit economic growth. We develop a typology of cybersecurity strategies involving government, the private sector and the international community. The paper describes an Australian-funded program delivered by Monash University to overcome cyber errorism by strengthening cybersecurity capacity and awareness in Myanmar and explains how and why it was delivered. Drawing on the program's experience, the paper identifies various challenges to managing an effective program as well as eight lessons learned which might be applicable to other programs. Key amongst the lessons learned is the need for a solid understanding of how the internet is accessed and used in the host country, and the need for local content to attract target audience attention.

An integrative typology of global strategy and global value chains: The management and organization of cross‐border activities

AbstractResearch summaryWe contend that a synthesis between the literatures on global strategy and global value chains (GVCs) is mutually beneficial. A typology of four themes—managed cross‐border activities, network optimization, bottom‐up upgrading, and strategic coevolution—illustrates the underlying concepts and mechanisms that these two approaches share in common. Our integrative typology provides an analytical framework to understand the interplay between the statics of GVC governance and the dynamics of firm strategy. Firm‐level actions are a key factor in effective GVC‐level policy making, and our framework provides a roadmap to analyze how major disruptions, such as digitalization and pandemics, affect the symbiotic relationships between GVCs and firm strategy.Managerial summaryWhile the global strategy literature has underplayed the interdependence among firms and other actors in global value chains (GVCs) and highlighted the scope for firm agency, the GVC literature limits the attention to firm strategies per se but puts more emphasis on the governance structure of global industries. In their strategic decision making, managers must take into consideration how firms are positioned along the value chain in terms of four themes: managed cross‐border activities; network optimization; bottom‐up upgrading; and strategic coevolution. Integrating the GVC view adds a further impetus to global strategy beyond the analysis of intra‐firm determinants. Conversely, integrating global strategy into GVC analysis entails a more dynamic view on behaviors of different actors in the value chain. Understanding these interactions enable managers and policy makers to better incorporate how changes and disruptions affect firm strategies within the governance of GVCs.

Music Platforms and the Optimization of Culture

Drawing on Mark Katz’s notion of phonographic effects—where musicians, during the advent of early recording technology, altered their style of play to be better captured by microphones—this article explores some of the “platform effects” that arise in the shift to platformization and how cultural goods and user practices are re-formatted in the process. In particular, I examine the case of the music streaming service Spotify to think through the variety of means, sonic, and otherwise, that artists, labels, and other platform stakeholders use to “optimize” music to respond to the pressures platformization creates. I develop a typology of strategies—sonic optimization, data optimization, and infrastructural optimization—to consider the creative and logistical challenges optimization poses for platforms, artists, and users alike. From creating playlist friendly songs to musical spam to artificial play counts, I use the blurry lines these cases create to explore the tensions between the competing needs of platform providers, content producers, and users. I argue that music, as data, adds pressure on musicians and producers to think and act like software developers and coders, treating their music not just as songs that need to reach listeners, but as an intermingling of sonic content and coded metadata that needs to be prepared and readied for discovery. This optimization of culture, and the pressures it creates, affects not just musicians, but content producers of all kinds (e.g., video, podcasts, apps, books, etc.) who are forced to negotiate their relationships digital culture and the platforms through which it circulates.

Troubles on the Border

This paper aims to determine the extent and effects of the phenomenon of inconsistent case-particle boundary marking in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. It is focused on establishing what represents ‘inconsistent boundary marking’, how it is dealt with in informational terms, what effect it has on communication, and why it should be avoided. To this purpose, I will first build a typology of the tokenization strategies in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. I will then individuate several forms of inconsistent boundary marking and, more in general, of poor grammatical annotation, and discuss them according to the types of inconsistency and their different epistemic effects.

Troubles on the Border Marking Japanese Case-Particle Boundaries in Grammatical Annotation

This paper aims to determine the extent and effects of the phenomenon of inconsistent case-particle boundary marking in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. It is focused on establishing what represents ‘inconsistent boundary marking’, how it is dealt with in informational terms, what effect it has on communication, and why it should be avoided. To this purpose, I will first build a typology of the tokenization strategies in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. I will then individuate several forms of inconsistent boundary marking and, more in general, of poor grammatical annotation, and discuss them according to the types of inconsistency and their different epistemic effects.

Legitimation strategies
 and tactics in corporate discourse

This article proposes a typology of strategies and tactics of legitimation. The
 linguistic interpretation of the concepts of “legitimacy” and “legitimation”, developed in the article, is based on the following theoretical sources: on the notions of legitimacy and discursive mechanisms for its maintenance, established in
 the humanities; to the work of linguists studying the discursive mechanisms of
 legitimation in line with critical discourse analysis (CDA); to the works of domestic discourses, which analyze the means of ensuring credibility and trust in
 the discourse (V.B. Kashkin, N.S. Ryadovaya, A.A. Malyshev). Following the
 CDA experts, the author understands legitimation as discursive practices (genres,
 strategies and tactics) of ensuring a positive attitude of society to a social actor
 and its discourse. The material used was 120 corporate texts posted on the websites of companies, in corporate publications, in image booklets, and image and
 information materials of companies posted in the media were also used. A pragmalinguistic analysis of the texts of commercial and state structures allowed the
 author of the article to identify the key strategies of legitimation, describe tactics,
 language means of implementing one of the basic strategies of legitimation – the
 strategy of positive self-presentation. In general, the analysis of the texts showed
 that the CD uses two main strategies to ensure legitimation: the strategy of creating images of loyal target audiences (external and internal) and the strategy of
 building a positive image of the corporation itself. The article focuses on the
 second strategy, on the tactics and language means of its implementation. A wide
 range of identified tactics testifies to the importance of the legitimation process
 for corporations. It was also found that most of the texts providing legitimation relate to PR texts, which allows us to conclude that discursive PR practices are
 standard ways to ensure legitimation.

PECULIARITIES OF COPING STRATEGIES WITHIN PEOPLE WITH VARIOUS TYPE OF ACCENTUATION OF CHARACTER

The article reveals the specifics of coping strategies depending on the type of character accentuation. We give essentially informative-dispositional characteristic directions in the psychology of coping behavior. Ras regarded basic typology of accentuation nature, and reveals the correlation relationship with the various typologies of coping strategies. As a result of the study, it was revealed that: a demonstrative type of character accentuation is characterized by confrontational coping, the search for social support; jamming type of confrontational coping and distance as a way to solve difficult life situations. The hypertensive type of character accentuation uses confrontational coping as the leading one. Subjects with an excitable type of character accentuation use confrontational coping and distance.

Stakeholder engagement strategies, national institutions, and firm performance: A configurational perspective

AbstractResearch summaryResearch documents the performance effects of attending to shareholders and treating employees well but underplays national differences in the relative power of labor and capital. We advance a configurational perspective that acknowledges the fit between stakeholder engagement, context, firm attributes and performance. As a cornerstone of this perspective, we develop a typology of stakeholder engagement strategies expressing how firms navigate the tension between conforming with local expectations—by prioritizing shareholders or employees, according to context—and being distinctive—by diverging from their peers. Analyzing a cross‐national sample of firms from 2004 to 2011, we identify combinations of engagement strategies, firm attributes, and contexts linked to high performance. Our findings highlight the multiple context‐dependent paths, which link stakeholder engagement to high firm performance.Managerial summaryHow do firms navigate pressures from shareholders and employees across different institutional environments? We develop a typology of stakeholder engagement strategies based on how firms in different countries strike a balance between conformity (i.e., prioritizing locally important stakeholders) and differentiation (i.e., prioritizing stakeholders that their local peers might neglect). Our findings show that the engagement strategies associated with high performance vary according to local institutional context and firm characteristics. In particular, by not merely prioritizing stakeholders who are already locally important, firms can use stakeholder engagement to differentiate themselves from their peers, and such engagement strategies are often linked to high performance.

Penerapan Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan

EMA is a development of management accounting, so the application of EMA is determined by contingent factors in the company. Contingency factor used in this study is business strategy. Business strategy that has been studied by previous studies is environmental strategy. However, not many previous studies have used business strategy typology (prospector or defender) as a contingent factor in the application of EMA. Several previous studies using strategy typology have proven that prospector strategies have a positive effect on the adoption of EMA. In the context of contingencies, the alignment between business strategy and EMA implementation will be able to improve business performance. This underlies the development of this research model. The alignment of the business strategy with the adoption of EMA is tested by an interaction approach. The interaction approach uses a moderated regression analysis (MRA) analysis tool. The results of testing of 348 company years (publicly listed companies that participated in PROPER during the period of 2013-2018) show that strategy had no role in strengthening or weakening the association of EMA on company performance. In other words, whatever type of strategy the company has chosen has no influence on the EMA on company performance. Testing of control variables proves that the environmental performance of the previous period did not affect the company's performance. While the size of the company and the earnings of previous period have a positive effect on performance.

Taking context and strategy seriously: the contracting out decision in the U.S. public education

ABSTRACT This study examines how contracting decisions can be influenced by organizational contexts, managerial strategies, and the interaction between the environment and strategies, building on Miles and Snow’s strategy typology—prospectors, defenders, and reactors. Our empirical evidence shows that the fragmented political context affects contracting decisions and only the reactor strategy leads to less contracting. Moreover, the impact of top-level managers’ particular strategic stances on contracting decisions becomes greater as fiscal power is centralized within a relatively simpler intergovernmental political setting. Likewise, a higher level of financial deficiency can ameliorate the negative effect of a defender strategy on contracting decisions.

The growth of sports betting in Malawi: corporate strategies, public space and public health

ObjectivesGambling is increasingly positioned as a public health issue, with links to a wide range of harms for individuals, communities and societies. Malawi has experienced a rapid rise in the availability of high street and online sports betting services, situated in a context of extreme inequality and poverty. We aim to document the strategies through which a leading sports betting firm have established a market worth MK2.1bn, to inform future initiatives to mitigate gambling-related harm. Study designA case study of strategies deployed by a leading firm to grow a sports betting market in Malawi. MethodsWe undertook a qualitative media analysis of articles from six major Malawian news outlets and combined this with photographic evidence relating to company advertising and presence in Malawian public space. Data were analysed thematically and triangulated to generate a typology of corporate strategies. ResultsWe collected 39 articles and 15 photographs. After we screened the articles, we analysed 27 and identified seven corporate strategies: adopt a mobile network franchise model; use media coverage; purchase high-visibility advertising; sponsor locally; build association with (European) football; appeal to aspects of hegemonic masculinity; construct narratives of individual and collective benefit. ConclusionMalawi has been exposed to a sophisticated set of corporate strategies aimed at growing a sports betting market. These strategies have been successful, and it is likely that a range of foreseeable gambling-related harms are affecting Malawi. We offer suggestions for how policy-makers and public health professionals might respond.