Typology Of Strategies Research Articles

The life cycles of counterfactual mood in early Indo-European languages

Abstract In this article, I argue that the counterfactual function of the optative was inherited from Proto-Indo-European and that its past-referring counterfactual function (e.g. in Vedic Sanskrit, Archaic Greek, and Gothic) seems to be the oldest preserved function of the optative in early Indo-European languages. In these and in languages where the optative underwent mood syncretism with other moods such as the subjunctive (e.g. Latin or Old English), the inherited counterfactual function extended its temporal reference to the non-past, following the life cycle of counterfactual markers. Over time, this mood, syncretized or not, lost its counterfactual function in most Indo-European descendants and was replaced by different mood formations at various speeds (typically by a past indicative or a past-like ‘conditional’ mood). First, I provide a functional history of the optative in Ancient Greek, from (1) past counterfactual to (2a) non-past counterfactual, and from there into (3a) non-past ‘hypothetical’ usage and from (1) past counterfactual into (2b) past habitual and (3b) past generic. Next, I internally reconstruct the developmental paths of the optative and its counterfactual replacements across Indo-European languages, concluding with a tentative diachronic typology of counterfactual mood strategies.

The future of warfare. Anticipated changes in military trends

Purpose: to discuss the changes in the scientific and technical field, and examine their impact on military art. Method: comparative analysis, and synthesis. Findings: Today's military and political realities require the Armed Forces to be ready for wars that may occur at any time, including in the future, in order to ensure the country's national security. Because, as in the past, the struggle for natural resources, competition between states, aspirations for hegemony, as well as ideological differences and security concerns, which lead to military conflicts, will continue in the future. At the same time, the great progress achieved and expected in the field of technology will significantly change the traditional forms and methods of fighting. The study and skillful application of these forms and methods in the Armed Forces will be one of the main conditions for success in future wars. Scientific and technical progress affects all areas of human activity without exception, and has a noticeable effect on the development of methods and forms of war. In the future, the content and typology of military operations, strategy and tactics, forms and methods of application of armed forces will be formed under the influence of scientific and technical progress, mainly in the fields of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. For this reason, in order to study the nature of future wars, to predict the methods and forms of military operations, the article considers the causes of wars, discusses the changes in the scientific and technical field, and examines their impact on military art. Theoretical implications: The paper enhances our understanding of significant transformations due to advancements in technology, changes in geopolitical dynamics, and evolving societal expectations, against the backdrop of the extensive use of autonomous systems, including drones, unmanned vehicles, and AI-powered decision-making tools. Practical implications: The paper contibutes to the development of military strategies and operational plans, which consider how technological, social, and geopolitical changes will concretely affect the future warfare. Value: The study offers significant value in understanding and predicting the nature and character of future warfare and provides multiple lenses through which to analyze the war and devise strategies in line with emerging security threats.

Governmental strategies for municipal amalgamations: evidence from 24 European countries

ABSTRACT For several decades, European governments have pursued amalgamations of local governments, mainly to improve municipal service provision, efficiency and governing capacities. Some reforms resulted in comprehensive territorial restructuring; others had little impact. This study investigates the strategies and policy tools European governments implemented to achieve municipal amalgamations. I propose a new three-fold typology of reform strategies and analyse the policy instruments used in each strategy throughout the reform periods, using comparative evidence on 29 amalgamation reforms implemented by central and regional European governments since 2000. I assess the outcomes of each strategy and discuss the findings’ implications for multi-level reform governance.

Broken Promises: Revisiting the Commitment Problem and the Treaties of Fort Laramie

The ethnic commitment problem is thought to complicate interethnic bargaining because as power shifts, the stronger party might erode an agreement through ‘salami slicing.’ Anecdotally salami slicing can be effective, but it is unclear if a salami slicing strategy is feasible over the long term. A case study of the events following the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie demonstrates that while a calibrated erosion of an agreement is possible, in practice salami tactics exist as part of a larger collection of strategies for altering agreements. The article concludes with a typology of strategies for effecting agreement change.

Navigating uncertainty: taking methodological cues from relatives and care professionals for researching the perspectives of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities

ABSTRACT Background Researching the perspectives of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) presents complexity and uncertainty. Traditional research often prioritises rational, objectivist methods, which may overlook this complexity. Aims This study aimed to develop methodological cues for researchers studying the perspectives of people with PIMD by exploring how support workers and relatives deal with the uncertainty of uncovering these perspectives, drawing on Zinn’s typology of strategies for dealing with uncertainty: “rational,” “non-rational,” and “in-between”. Method We conducted interviews with support workers and relatives and observed interactions through shadowing. Results All of Zinn’s strategies were observed, leading to six cues: (1) practicing an ethic of engagement; (2) valuing non-rational knowledge; (3) collaborating closely with caregivers; (4) acknowledging intertwined perspectives; (5) adopting phenomenological approaches; and (6) accepting uncertainty as inevitable. Conclusion These cues promote an “anti-sceptical ethic of engagement” that encourages researchers to actively attune to the perspectives of people with PIMD.

Use of Vertical Greenery Systems for the domestic scale treatment of greywaters for fit-for-purpose reuse. Applicability and future prospects.

Abstract Only less than 1% of the Earth’s water is fit for human activities. Domestic consumption accounts for roughly 20% of all uses of water, adding pressure to the increasing water scarcity stress. Water intakes of residential buildings for all everyday uses are constituted by a high-quality resource, which is either costly to produce or conspicuous in amounts to withdraw from natural sources. The present proposal aims to test the feasibility of the application of decentralized greywater treatment strategies, based on the use of vertical greenery systems integrated into residential buildings to assess both the optimal scale of application in residential settlements and a comparative analysis on reclaimed water resource savings. The aim is to promote the circular use of water resources by allowing for fit-for-purpose employment, thus reducing the overall intake due to the residential sector. The methodology hereby proposed has been developed using as a case study the most widespread residential typologies in the Southern Italian context, such as single detachment, row houses, low and medium-rise apartment buildings. The result is the proposition for each residential typology of a retrofitting strategy that employs the integration of a green infrastructure inside the residential spaces. Until now, the Mediterranean context has been characterized by limited use of strategies directed towards the efficient employment of water resources, since the mild climatic conditions have always provided for an adequate amount of freshwater. Therefore, limited studies have been carried out on the application of those strategies in Mediterranean landscapes. However, the rapid shift in precipitation patterns due to climate change has defined the need to quickly embrace new strategies, systems, and technical solutions for improving water use efficiency and promoting reuse.

Dealing with special supervisors: a typology of coping strategies toward accountability to customers in gig work

Numerous studies have explored the situations of gig workers in the ‘new’ gig economy. While the existing literature focuses on intermediary platforms’ algorithmic control over workers, this paper emphasizes the interpersonal and negotiable aspects of gig worker-customer interactions through an accountability perspective. We posit that algorithmic control and accountability to customers constitute two coordination mechanisms for platform HRM. The latter has gained significance as intermediary platforms adopt algorithmic management and empower customers as visible supervisors. Algorithm-mediated customer control assigns customers direct influence, thereby positioning them as prominent accountability sources and compelling gig workers to meet their expectations. Nevertheless, how gig workers navigate their behaviors under these conditions remains unknown. This study employs a typological approach to explore gig workers’ coping strategies in response to accountabilities, providing micro-level insights into the functionality and dysfunctionality of HRM with gig platforms. Drawing from a qualitative study in the Chinese online delivery industry, we integrate metaphors from cognitive research (i.e. intuitive psychologists and intuitive economists) with the metaphor derived from accountability theory (i.e. intuitive politicians) to develop a fourfold typology grounded in two dimensions (i.e. cognitive modes and economic motives). Our findings reveal both the inevitability and possibility of accountability to customers, identifying four coping strategies (i.e. obedient, ingratiatory, defensive, and cooperative behaviors). This paper offers novel insights into the fields of accountability and HRM research, along with practical implications.

Navigating hardships: Resilience-building coping strategies and actionable techniques for entrepreneurs

Hardships are an inevitable part of entrepreneurial experiences. Successful entrepreneurs identify hardships early on and craft effective strategies to overcome them. While previous work in practitioner-oriented and academic outlets has emphasized the significance of resilience in overcoming hardships, entrepreneurs have been left with minimal guidance on cultivating coping strategies that build resilience in response to different types of hardships. In this work, we first provide a typology of hardships that entrepreneurs face. Then, by grounding our work in the resilience literature, we offer a typology of coping strategies. Finally, we offer a list of actionable recommendations by introducing a toolbox of coping techniques entrepreneurs can use to effectively manage different hardships. Our work contributes to a more nuanced understanding of hardships in entrepreneurship research and offers practical guidance on how entrepreneurs can build resilience.

IMPLEMENTATION OF HOTEL REVENUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES DURING A MARTIAL LAW

The Hotel Revenue Management strategy is used to measure the future occupancy, ADR, REVPAR, TREVPAR. Prices impact on the further development of business models implemented by the hotels is analysed. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of Revenue Management Strategy on KPI and Revenue indicators at hotels in Ukraine. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive research method. The study used a sample of 12 respondents with 8 statements. Data were collected by observing participants, reviewing company documents, and seeking input from key informants. In crisis conditions, in particular caused by martial law in Ukraine, hotels reorient themselves to new segments, study needs and adapt services to new security requirements. One of the ways to increase efficiency and occupancy can be revenue management strategies adapted to crisis or post-crisis situations. We have proposed a typology of income management strategies adapted to new conditions.

Regenerative business strategies: A database and typology to inspire business experimentation towards sustainability

In a time marked by growing environmental and societal challenges, where multiple planetary boundaries are being crossed, the way we conduct business practices needs to be rethought. Regenerative business models offer a path towards a more responsible future by incorporating strategies that go beyond net zero and focus on actively restoring the natural and social systems they operate in, creating a more holistic net positive impact. To date, much of the research on this topic is conceptual and there is a need for more empirical insights on how regenerative strategies can be implemented. This study uses purposive sampling to conduct a comprehensive practice review of 84 regenerative business cases from 15 sectors, to build the novel Regenerative Business Case Database. A typology of six archetypal regenerative business strategies was also derived, including: (1) regenerative leadership, (2) nature regeneration, (3) social regeneration, (4) responsible sourcing, (5) human health & wellbeing focus, and (6) employee level focus. The predominant sectors with regenerative innovations were food, consumer goods and fashion. Many companies were found to be employing multiple strategies concurrently, while collaborating with local organisations. While some may argue that regenerative business strategies cannot be successful in a competitive market, the results contain examples of stable businesses pursuing regenerative strategies dating back to the 1870's. The aim of this study was to build a database and typology of successful regenerative business cases and strategies that can serve as inspiration for further business model experimentation. Future research could explore how innovations towards such business models develop, and what regulatory frameworks allow them to flourish.

Governance Strategies for Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy Development in Europe: Insights and Typologies

This study examines governance strategies that facilitate sustainable regional circular bioeconomy development, culminating in a typology which enables the classification of regional government good practices supporting circular bioeconomy deployment in diverse regions within Europe. Data on regional circular bioeconomy governance models were collected through desk research and a survey, resulting in a compilation of 61 circular bioeconomy governance models. From this compilation, 20 case studies were identified and further explored to develop a typology of regional circular bioeconomy governance strategies in the EU-27. Findings reveal a strong regional commitment to expanding bioeconomies; however, managing conflicting sustainability goals remains a challenge. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of successful governance models and practices, offering valuable insights for policymakers to support the co-development and replication of effective circular bioeconomy strategies across diverse European regions.

Industrial policy and strategy: a contextual perspective and descriptive typology

Abstract Defining what “industrial policy” is, and correspondingly defining and differentiating “industrial strategy” from this legacy term, is of analytic consequence to understanding what these concepts mean in the current public and business policy debates taking place in the world’s developed and developing economies. Of import to these debates, however, is accurately understanding the role of industrial strategy and its symbiotic relevance to industrial policy. In this paper, the author develops a typology allowing the analyst to utilize five key components—governance approach, public research and development investment, public incentives, public disincentives, and industry/sectoral participation—to evaluate the proposed national approach (vertical or horizontal) to industrial strategy. To illustrate this industrial strategy typology, the author uses examples from the People’s Republic of China (vertical) and the USA (horizontal). Recent legislation has moved the USA to a balanced approach of vertical and horizontal industrial strategies (incorporating both central planning and market-based approaches).

TASIS: A typology of architectural strategies for interoperability in software-intensive systems

Complex and large software-intensive systems are increasingly present in several application domains, including Industry 4.0, connected health, smart cities, and smart agriculture, to mention a few. These systems are commonly composed of diverse other systems often developed by different organizations using various technologies and, as a consequence, interoperability among these systems becomes difficult. Many architectural strategies for interoperability have already been proposed; however, selecting adequate strategies is challenging. Additionally, it lacks an overview of such strategies. This work presents TASIS, a typology of architectural strategies for the interoperability of software-intensive systems. We also validated it with 33 practitioners from different countries with an extensive experience in integration projects. This work also offers 12 industry-based association rules that suggest how to combine those strategies to mitigate issues at different interoperability levels. As a result, our typology can serve as a starting point to further aggregate new strategies and, ultimately, supports software architects in designing interoperability-driven architectural solutions.

Strategy Typology and Cost Structure: A Textual Analysis Approach

This study investigates the impact of firms’ strategic positioning on cost structure. Using textual analysis based on 10-K filings, we capture business strategy along three dimensions: product leadership, customer intimacy, and operational excellence. Firms pursuing the product leadership strategy emphasize innovation and confront high congestion risk caused by rapid growth. We find that these firms display a more rigid cost structure by incurring higher strategic fixed investments in R&D and choosing higher committed capacity to reduce congestion risk. We also document that firms following the other two strategies on average exhibit a less rigid cost structure. This is possibly because customer-intimate firms tend to invest in specialized resources in small chunks and take on-demand inputs to tailor offerings, while operational-excellence firms may adopt real options and flexible models to achieve production efficiency and mitigate default risk. Our results are robust to using a difference-in-difference approach based on a quasinatural shock caused by the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine adoption and a change analysis based on firms’ internal strategic shifts. Our findings suggest that organizational strategy has a significant impact on firms’ resource commitments and capacity choices.

The Global Gig Economy: How Transport Platform Companies Adapt to Regulatory Challenges—A Comparative Analysis of Six Countries

Abstract Non-standard employment practises in the gig economy have recently drawn critical attention from regulators and the courts in a number of jurisdictions across the globe. Transport platform companies have responded to these challenges in several distinct ways in an emerging global battle to preserve their business model. This article provides a typology of the different strategies employed by these companies in six countries, highlighting five key strategies of regulatory activism, strategic litigation in defence of a business model, tactical subcontracting, negotiations with labour unions and threatening to withdraw services. It then shows how the structural features of the gig economy may be diverging into four distinct models in the European Union, China, the United States and the rest of the world. The study contributes to our understanding of the global nature of the struggle for fair working conditions and how platform companies operate in different institutional and regulatory contexts.

A typology of denominal verb formation strategies

AbstractThis article aims to fill a gap in the typological literature by discussing the typology of overt denominal verb formation strategies, that is, morphosyntactic strategies other than conversion/zero‐derivation that are used to derive a verb from a nominal base. We analyse the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of these strategies in a variety sample of 222 languages. These properties include the morphological status, the productivity, and the semantic effects of the overt verbaliser, as well as the features of the nominal base and the polysemy patterns that characterise verbalisers across languages. The typological survey is complemented by a section on the diachronic typology of overt denominal verb formation strategies, in which we identify the most common diachronic sources of overt verbalisers and discuss the diachronic dynamics that involve them in relation to other denominal verb formation strategies such as conversion/zero‐derivation.

Deviating from the course: How presentational strategies and leadership investments affect leader credibility and collaborative engagement

When changing course, public managers often risk losing credibility in the eyes of their employees. A key question, therefore, is how a manager’s presentational strategy regarding a change in initiatives influences employees’ judgments of the manager’s credibility, especially when substantial investments were made in the prior initiative. We develop a typology of presentational strategies to probe how public managers can navigate such situations. In a preregistered and scenario-based survey experiment, we expose 499 occupational therapists employed in Danish municipalities to video-vignettes that manipulate a manager’s presentational strategy and investment in a leadership initiative. Taking responsibility for the decision increases loss of credibility and engagement compared to the control group. Blaming politicians retains credibility and engagement in cases of low initial commitment but less so for high commitment. These findings show that the way in which decisions are presented matters for credibility and engagement when managers change leadership initiatives.

Unpacking Unofficial Normalization: Israel’s Unofficial Relations with the UAE and the Abraham Accords

The study aims to unpack the concept of unofficial normalization and how it can facilitate the resolution of interstate conflicts. Drawing on Kriesberg’s typology of conflict management strategies as constructive or destructive, we define constructive unofficial normalization as a new type of coengagement reward inducement in the context of United Arab Emirates (UAE)–Israel relations. Disciplined configurative and heuristic modes of case study analysis are employed. The paper argues that unofficial relations between the UAE and Israel in the decades preceding the Abraham Accords in 2020 was a necessary element in the transition from conflict management to conflict resolution.

Typology of regional economic development strategies

Aim. To develop a typology of economic development strategies by groups of grounds and ways to improve strategic planning on the example of the regions of the North-West Federal District (NWFD).Objectives. To form groups of general grounds for the classification of regional strategies of economic development; to identify the types of strategies within each group of grounds; to carry out the typology of strategic plans of the NWFD regions; to develop recommendations for individual subjects of the NWFD on the improvement of strategic planning in the territory.Methods. The article uses the method of classification and comparative (comparative) method as a key technique.Results. The author presents a typology of economic development strategies of the NWFD regions on such groups of grounds as institutional, exogenous and endogenous. According to the institutional basis, the strategies of the regions are classified by a set of norms and rules for strategy formulators. Taking into account the exogenous basis, the typology is based on the correlation between the strategy and the external environment. On the endogenous basis the strategies are divided depending on their content.Conclusions. The above approach to the typology of regional strategies allows us to formulate recommendations for a number of subjects of the North-West Federal District on improving strategic planning in the territory (in particular, to develop sections on resource endowment in the strategy, to highlight the stages of strategies, to increase the number of key targets, etc.). The prospect of the study may be the development of additional bases for the classification of regional strategies, as well as the types of regional strategic plans.

Coping with old-age poverty – the role of agency and different forms of societal support

Abstract Across Europe, there is a substantial but varying number of older people struggling to make ends meet. We examine how older people with a low income make use of their individual resources and those that are available from their family and community as well as public support (in cash and in kind) when coping with poverty. This article is based on the experience of old-age poverty, drawing on 59 life-course interviews with low-income older people in Norway, Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We introduce a typology of coping strategies with two main dimensions: the capacity for agency and the capacity for transformation. We show that coping strategies vary not only based on individual factors and appropriate social policy support, but also on further societal support provided by civil society, families or social networks that supplements or compensates for gaps in social policy provision.