Structural Typology Research Articles

ОДАРЕННОСТЬ КАК ФАКТОР ВЫСОКИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ УЧЕБНОЙ УСПЕШНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ ВУЗА

В статье раскрываются понятия «способности», «одаренность», определены два основания для выделения психологических типов студентов: структурный и результативный показатель успешности учебной деятельности. Произведен анализ индивидуально-типологического состава студентов с разным типом успешности учебной деятельности и готовности к обучению.

"Pidgin" e "crioulo" como rótulos sócio-históricos

Na conferência “How Pidgins Emerged? Not as We Have Been Told” proferida por Salikoko S. Mufwene, professor do Departamento de Linguística da Universidade de Chicago, e destacado especialista na área de estudos de línguas classificadas como pidgins e crioulos, questionam-se diversos pontos da narrativa tradicional adotada por muitos linguistas sobre a emergência de pidgins e crioulos. Toda a obra de Mufwene se contrapõe à narrativa tradicional acerca de pidgins e crioulos por, entre vários outros pontos, redefinir a compreensão dos rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo”. Segundo Mufwene, pidgins e crioulos se desenvolveram separadamente, em ecologias diversas, e em épocas diferentes. A partir desta perspectiva, os rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo” são rótulos sócio-históricos, não estruturais e tampouco se relacionam a uma etapa de um ciclo de vida.

A simplified multi-performance approach to life-cycle assessment of steel structures

This paper presents an application of a simplified assessment approach to steel structures which takes into account sustainability requirements. The proposed approach is based on a time-dependent, multi-performance-based design methodology. The simplified procedure is organized in three main steps concerning the environmental conceptual design, the ordinary structural design and the life-cycle analysis devoted to defining service life scenarios in order to assess the structural, economic and environmental performances of structures during their entire life-cycle. Three different seismic-resistant steel structural typologies are designed for a multi-storey residential building and compared in terms of sustainability. Those comprise Moment Resisting Frames (MRF), Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF) with removable Chevron braces and Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) with removable shear links. The structural, environmental and economic performances of the three examined design options are assessed and compared in order to evaluate their sustainable potentialities and criticalities for two design scenarios, namely an ordinary condition characterized by an expected deterioration and an exceptional case in which a seismic event hits the structures during their service life.

Displacement-Based Framework for Simplified Seismic Loss Assessment

ABSTRACT Loss assessment methodologies have been introduced to assess the seismic performance of buildings using more meaningful metrics like direct monetary losses. Different approaches exist, each with varying degrees of complexity and requiring different levels of detail, regarding structural behaviour characterisation or damage and loss estimation, for example. With these developments, loss assessment is increasingly becoming a more commonplace instrument in the seismic evaluation and retrofitting of existing buildings. Despite these developments, there is arguably still a need to provide practising engineers with simplified tools with which to conduct building-specific loss assessment. Displacement-based methodologies have been developed over the past number of years with a particular focus on design. The extension of this approach to loss assessment via displacement-based assessment (DBA) is the subject of this article, where a general framework for its implementation to different structural typologies is outlined and illustrated. This forms a general overview of a recently-concluded 5-year research project on the topic in Italy, where different research groups from various universities focused on specific building typologies as part of a coordinated effort to develop DBA for simplified loss assessment. An overview of the DBA method employed is presented here in addition to an overall description of the results of each working group. A summary of the developments for each typology examined is presented along with an illustration of the potential benefits of different retrofitting techniques in reducing monetary losses, whose details are found in the different typology-specific contributions to the special issue in which this paper is presented. To conclude, a comparative implementation of these simplified methodologies is described for three school buildings in Italy.

Application of Modal-Displacement Based Design Method to Multi-Story Timber Blockhaus Structures

Structures under seismic excitation undergo different inter-story drift levels that can be associated to damage of both structural and non-structural elements, and thus to the expected losses. The Modal-Displacement Based Design (DBD) procedure, in this regard, has been developed to fix major issues of Force Based Design (FBD) approaches, thus to design multi-story buildings in which the inter-story drift can allow one to control damage mechanisms. In this paper, the conventional Modal-DBD methodology is applied to multi-story timber buildings constructed using the Blockhaus technology. Given their intrinsic geometrical and mechanical features (i.e., stacking of logs, door/window openings, gaps and friction mechanisms, etc.), dedicated methods of analysis are required for them, compared to other wooden structures. A three-story case-study Blockhaus system of technical interest is thus presented for the assessment of Modal-DBD calculation steps. As shown, special care must be spent for the selection of convenient inter-story drift limits that in general should reflect the characteristics of the examined structural typology. The backbone parameters are thus collected for each shear-wall composing the 3D Blockhaus building, based on refined Finite Element (FE) analyses of separate log-walls. The overall results of the Modal-DBD process are thus finally assessed by means of a Push-Over (PO) analysis, carried out on a simplified 3D FE model of the examined multi-story structure. The comparison of FE predictions, as shown, demonstrates that reliable estimates can be obtained when the Modal-DBD procedure is applied to timber Blockhaus systems. In particular, base shear loads can be estimated with good accuracy, while the corresponding top displacements are slightly overestimated (with up to +10%–14% the expected values, for the collapse prevention performance level).

INTERNAL BENCHMARKING IN RETAILING WITH DEA AND GIS: THE CASE OF A LOYALTY-ORIENTED SUPERMARKET CHAIN

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a relative measure of efficiency applied to a set of decision units and is being used more and more frequently in the supermarket sector. Nonetheless, given how strongly the sector’s financials depend on demand, companies need to combine this measurement with trade area information to best manage corporate efficiency. In this paper, the proposal consists of integrating DEA with a clearly articulated, structural typology so that supermarkets, based on their particular characteristics, can determine which variables are most critical for improving their efficiency. This methodology has been validated in the case of one of Spain’s five largest supermarket chains. A principal component analysis and a classification analysis were carried out on a series of internal management variables from 61 locations for which DEA had been used to calculate efficiency and to which multiple trade area variables were added using GIS. Some of them are related to the loyalty scheme membership programme. These latter variables described the implantation of the loyalty scheme member programme and were revealed as key elements for the efficiency of the supermarket. This methodology provides marketing profiles that are more adapted to local circumstances, thus allowing companies to set better internal benchmarking objectives.

Green Spice for the Megacity and Urbanization

The project novelty of the world’s urban development trends is associated with new approaches to the organization of the modern human life environment. Issues of integrated development of territories with the organization of different types of public spaces in the natural environment are solved at different urban planning levels. Residential and office clusters with new forms of socio-cultural and recreational scenarios represent a modern design in which objects do not have visible borders between nature, architecture and the human environment. This is a new type of hybridization of a building with an environment where nature and technology, education and entertainment, history and modernity combine and complement each other. On the other hand, increasing risks on the planet from floods, hurricanes, fires and droughts force specialists to adapt to these changes and learn how to control them through new design technologies. Therefore, the emergence of “hybrid objects, blocks and spaces” is not accidental and is associated with a change in perceptions about the level of environmental sustainability and comfort of living for people of different ages and social status in large cities. Depending on the social order and location in different parts of the city, hybrid facilities have a strong impact on environmental change when using green building technologies and offer citizens a variety of activities in a harmonized environment. They have a powerful scientific resource in working on the aesthetics and ecology of the city, as their typological structure affects the indicators of environmental sustainability by forming a new green and blue infrastructure of the city. Due to the high interest of specialists, hybrid objects and spaces deserve careful study, as they affect not only the quality of the urban environment when using the tools and technologies of architecture, landscape and design, but also the issues of urban management and climate change in the near future.

The use of mixed methods to identify typology of poverty in East Java, Indonesia

This article describes the results of concurrent mixed method testing to identify the typology of poverty in one particular area in East Java, Indonesia known as the "Madura Horseshoe". So far, typology studies of poverty in Indonesia use a single research method. The use of concurrent mixed methods is rarely done and even considered taboo in conventional research. The test results show that the method is very suitable to academic needs and very comprehensive in identifying the typology of poverty, particularly rampant poverty in an exclusive area with specific social structure and culture, namely those dominated by a particular ethnic group. The test concludes that the typology of poverty in the exclusive region of "Madura Horseshoe" is, in majority, a structural typology. The residents suffer from poverty because they do not have productive assets and social networks. Only a small percentage has cultural constraints, of which problems, including poverty, are solved by means of praying to God and asking blessings of sustenance. If this does not yield, they give up and resign to predestined fate.

Failure analysis of reinforced concrete elevated storage tanks

Assessing the condition of existing structures, with a particular focus on analysing the degradation level, is a complex issue for those responsible for maintenance and monitoring. Elevated storage tanks (water towers) are particularly prone to suffering obsolescence and degradation. As many of these structures are no longer in use and in a poor state of conservation, researchers and local administrators need new tools to achieve a complete overview of the tank condition on a regional scale with limited resources.This paper presents a large-scale structural degradation analysis on the specific structural typology of storage tanks. Firstly, the tanks performances and degradation level are analysed by using a multicriteria approach useful to include both qualitative and quantitative data in the analysis. Secondly, 32 case studies in Valencia (Spain) are investigated to demonstrate the method’s potential. Thirdly, the results of the degradation analysis were used to identify the most frequent damage, the related causes and the structures in the worst conditions. Finally, the best maintenance and intervention strategies to extend the tanks’ remaining life and protect them from further damage are proposed.

Optimum Design of Frame Structures From a Stock of Reclaimed Elements

This paper presents optimization methods to design frame structures from a stock of existing elements. These methods are relevant when reusing structural elements over multiple service lives. Reuse has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of building structures because it avoids sourcing new material, it reduces waste and it requires little energy. When reusing elements, cross-section and length availability have a major influence on the structural design. In previous own work, design of truss structures from a stock of elements was formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. It was shown that this method produces solutions which are global optima in terms of stock utilization. This work extends previous formulations to stock-constrained optimization of frame structures subject to ultimate and serviceability limit states hence expanding the range of structural typologies that can be designed through reuse. Fundamental to this method is the globally optimal assignment of available stock elements to member positions in the frame structure. Two scenarios are considered: A) the use of individual stock elements for each member of the frame, and B) a cutting stock approach, where multiple members of the frame are cut from a single stock element. Numerical case studies are presented to show the applicability of the proposed method to practical designs. To carry out the case studies, a stock of elements was inventoried from shop drawings of deconstructed buildings. Results show that through reusing structural elements a significant reduction of embodied greenhouse gas emissions could be achieved compared to optimized structures made of new elements.

AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS MIGRATION FROM CATCHMENT AREA SOILS OF POSVITSKÉ LAKE (VOLYN POLІSSIA)

The article discusses the ecological status of the catchment areas of Volyn Polіssia lakes, which are formed under the influence of agricultural natural resource management, that leads to organic, chemical pollution and eutrophication of lake reservoirs. From the point of view of the development of the strategy of balanced natural resource management of the lake-basin systems (LBS) of Volyn Polіssia, such searches are relevant. The purpose of the article is to carry out the agro-ecological assessment of migration of biogenic elements, mobile forms of heavy metals and radionuclides in soils of the microcatena of the model catchment area of Posvitské lake foroptimization of agricultural natural resource management. The results of the study are based on seasonal semi-stationary studies (2017–2019) by the author and laboratory diagnostics of field materials. The results of the research. Based on the materіals of Earth remote sensing using GIS technologies (ArcMap 10.3 software package), a cartographic model of the spatial and typological structure of the LBS lands of Posvitské lake has been created. The current ecological status has been determined and the economic development of the LBS has been assessed. The results of chemical investigations of the soils of the microcatena of the catchment areahave been analyzed. Models of lateral migration of biogenic elements (N, P2O5, K2O,) and cesium-137 radionuclide have been constructed. The agro-ecological assessment of the processes of lateral and radial migration of biogenic elements – easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (N), mobile forms of phosphorus (P2O5), exchangeable potassium (K2O), as well as mobile forms of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Pb, Cd) cesium-137 within the soil-geochemical catena of the catchment area has been made. Conclusions. The decrease of the concentration of biogenic elements along the radial profile of the majority of soil sections of the microcatena has been determined. An increase of the content of biogenic elements in the superciliary facies (up to 0.2 m in depth) of the geochemical microcatena and in bottom sediments (0-0.40 m) of the reservoir has been revealed. The catchment area ofPosvitské lake is characterized by optimal geo-ecological status and the degree of economic development of the catchment area is very low. The local governments within the lake catchment area need to regulate the intensity of cattle grazing. Measures should be taken to prevent the eutrophication of the lake from the western part of the ater area. Further research should be focused on agro-ecological monitoring of the integrated LBS.

3DGIS representation for supporting seismic mitigation policies at urban scale: The case study of Lisbon

Abstract The structural capacity of buildings to guarantee acceptable safety levels during and after earthquakes has significant influence on community and urban resilience. The paper presents the implementation in the Geographic Information System (GIS) of the data related to the expected seismic damage scenarios for some existing residential mixed masonry-reinforced concrete buildings located in Lisbon area. At city scale, such kind of representation can effectively support the seismic risk management including the design of mitigation policies. In fact, the spatial representation of results provides clear and global overview of the area under analysis, understandable not only to scientist and engineers, but also to the city councils and population. Damage scenario are defined on basis on fragility curves computed analytically through a nonlinear static approach by focusing the attention only to the in-plane global response and considering also the aggregate effect. The application to Lisbon city shows that the expected level of the damage consequent to the code action is high for the structural typology under investigation.

Learning with Properties: Restrictiveness and Typological Structure*

A learner's task is to find the most restrictive grammar consistent with the data of their language. This paper develops an OT learning algorithm that incorporates typological-level information from Property Analysis to increase restrictiveness and successfully learn subset languages. Based on Tesar's (2014) Output-Driven Learner (ODL), Property-ODL (PODL) uses ERCs taken from property values encoding specific markedness > faithfulness rankings. PODL was tested in a learning simulation for the phonological system in Tesar (2014), Paka, which presents the challenging case of languages in paradigmatic subset relations. In ODL, these require additional methods to be learned. PODL eliminates the need for these in learning the paradigmatic subsets and overall reduces the use of less-tested methods in learning the grammars of the typology.

Pedunculate oak stands in the catchments of the river Vorskla’s tributaries

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the origin of oak stands within the catchments of the Vorskla’s tributaries and to describe their state. Covering 60,900 ha, pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands prevail and cover 51.1% of the total forest area of 119,200 ha in the catchment areas of the River Vorskla’s tributaries. The way oak stands are distributed in regards to trophotopes points at favourable conditions for their growth, as 81.7% of the area is a fresh fertile oak forest site type. Forest stands aged 41–80 years (39.8 % of the total area) and 81–120 years (50.4%) are prevailing. Natural oak stands cover almost 66.5% and planted ones grow at 33.5%. Distribution of oak stands in regards to the functional categories of forests shows a significant predominance of the protective forests. They cover 46.6% of the total area. The commercial forests cover 23.0%, the recreational ones make 18.8% and the forests with conservational, academic, historical and cultural purpose cover 11.6 %. Distribution patterns of oak forests in the catchments of the River Vorskla’s tributaries should be considered in the forest management in order to conserve their biodiversity and enhancing the performance of important environmental, protective, recreational and other functions. The article contains results of the study on the natural regeneration of Quercus robur and other wood species under the canopy of oak stands and on felling sites. The further research perspectives are a thorough study of the stand characteristics and the typological structure of forests in terms of certain wood species in the catchments of rivers all over Ukraine. It will help developing principles for the catchment and landscape zonation.

ANUB-Aggregates: a fully automatic NURBS-based software for advanced local failure analyses of historical masonry aggregates

Masonry structures constitute the great majority of buildings in historical centers where construction activities were carried out by adding structural portions to pre-existing ones: as a result, masonry aggregates are currently the most common structural typology in such contexts. The structural behavior of masonry aggregates, which are complex systems of different buildings interacting with each other, is generally affected by several factors, such as the different steps of construction, uncertainties about interlocking between walls, presence of different and irregular masonry textures and multi-leaf walls, which make such a structural typology very difficult to study. During recent seismic events in Italy, a wide number of local collapses has been observed in masonry aggregates of historical centers, highlighting the important role of local mechanisms in the seismic assessment of such structures. In this paper, an efficient software called ANUB-Aggregates (Adaptive Nurbs Upper Bound limit analysis for masonry Aggregates) is proposed for the seismic assessment of partial failure mechanisms in historical masonry aggregates. The theoretical core of this program is a kinematic NURBS-based limit analysis with meta-heuristic mesh adaptation. The use of NURBS allows studying aggregates containing vaulted structures, or any other typology of curved elements, without additional computational effort. Moreover, the mesh adaptation scheme assures the representation of the correct collapse mechanism by finding the real position of fracture lines. Starting from the three-dimensional model of the whole aggregate, the code ANUB-Aggregates provides the analysis of more macro-elements interacting with each other with different interlocking hypotheses, evaluating both simple and complex failure mechanisms. As proof of the effectiveness of this applicative, the analysis of two historical masonry aggregates is presented.

Specificity of arrangement of apse space in the Franciscan Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in Naples (1260-1340)

This article explores the peculiarities of spatial planning and construction phases of apse in the Franciscan Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in Naples. Gothic deambulatory with a crown of radial chapels in the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore is a unique typology of apse structure for the architecture of Franciscans in Italy. The architectural monument is ranked with a number of other Franciscan churches in Naples, built under the patronage of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples from Anjou Dynasty. Analysis is conducted on engineering aspects and system of orders of the Neapolitan Church. The analysis of formal-stylistic features and taking and consideration of historical peculiarities of the architectural monuments, the author suggests possible influence of the architectural language of French Gothicism upon the plan of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The article revises historiography of the question of origin of oriental hue in the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The author substantially broadens the vector of research problems and interpretations associated with examination of French influence upon the plan of the apse of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The novelty of consists in the analysis of apse of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore the context of logics of the development of deambulatory in French Gothicism, rather than borrowing of this shape from medieval Italian architecture.

Стан, структура і продуктивність соснових лісів ДП «Лиманське ЛГ»

Розглянуто особливості структури, продуктивності та стану соснових лісів ДП «Лиманське ЛГ» на типологічній основі. За результатами аналізу бази даних «Лісовий фонд» встановлено, що в лісовому фонді домінують чисті соснові деревостани у свіжих і сухих борах та свіжих суборах, що визначається кліматичними умовами та співвідношенням типів рельєфу. Соснові деревостани є середньопродуктивними: середній клас бонітету становить І,7, середня повнота – 0,76. Найбільші частки за площею займають деревостани VI–VIІІ класів віку.З використанням польової ГІС Field-Map на дослідних ділянках проведено оцінювання основних компонентів лісових екосистем, визначено санітарний стан соснових деревостанів. За станом соснові ліси характеризуються як ослаблені та сильно ослаблені. Індекс стану без урахування сухостою становить від І,53 до ІІ,70. Найгірший стан визначено на ділянках, пошкоджених пожежами (ІІ,49–ІІ,70). Встановлено основні чинники, що негативно впливають на стан лісів (зміна рівня ґрунтових вод, ураження хворобами, пошкодження пожежами).

Automatic detection of building typology using deep learning methods on street level images

An exposure model is a key component for assessing potential human and economic losses from natural disasters. An exposure model consists of a spatially disaggregated description of the infrastructure and population of a region under study. Depending on the size of the settlement area, developing such models can be a costly and time-consuming task. In this paper we use a manually annotated dataset consisting of approximately 10,000 photos acquired at street level in the urban area of Medellín to explore the potential for using a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect building materials and types of lateral-load resisting systems, which are attributes that define a building's structural typology (which is a key issue in exposure models for seismic risk assessment). The results of the developed model achieved a precision of 93% and a recall of 95% when identifying nonductile buildings, which are the buildings most likely to be damaged in an earthquake. Identifying fine-grained material typology is more difficult, because many visual clues are physically hidden, but our model matches expert level performances, achieving a recall of 85% and accuracy scores ranging from 60% to 82% on the three most common building typologies, which account for 91% of the total building population in Medellín. Overall, this study shows that a CNN can make a substantial contribution to developing cost-effective exposure models.

ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ КНИГИ ЯК СОЦІАЛЬНО-КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОГО ФЕНОМЕНУ В ПЕРІОД 1917–1920-Х РОКІВ

<p><em>The basic characteristics of the historical period of the beginning of the study of the Ukrainian book as a social-communication phenomenon in Ukraine (at that time – the Ukrainian SSR) in reference to 1917–1920-ies are analyzed. On the example of some publications of the «Knyzhnyk» («Bibliognost»), «Knyha» («Book»), «Knyzhka» («Book») journals, and also taking into account discussions between Ukrainian bibliographers M. Kufaiev and D. Balyka, it was concluded about the genesis of the vision of the Ukrainian book as a social-communication phenomenon in this very period.</em></p><p><em>It is emphasized that this period was a turning point in the study of many social-communication characteristics of the Ukrainian book. First of all, this concerns the problems of the typological structure of the book market and the auditory factor of the book’s functioning as a social-communication phenomenon. Publications in the «Knyzhnyk» («Bibliognost»), «Knyha» («Book»), «Knyzhka» («Book») journals started a professional discussion on problems of text preparation, publications design and their distribution. Two approaches to studying the Ukrainian book were distinguished: of M. Kufaiev, who believed that the book was a striking expression of the social-communication characteristics of mass communication, and of D. Balyka, who insisted on the need to take into account first and foremost the sociological features of the book’s circulation as a mass communication product.</em></p><p><em>It is emphasized that the scientific concept of the science of social communications – the study of the book as a social-communication phenomenon – is developing. Most of the provisions of this concept were formed by the theorists of journalism and publishing in the 1920s, and these provisions have considerable theoretical and historiographical value. They can serve as a basis for modern developments in the field of social communication science.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> author, audience, journal, publications, publisher, book, communication, society.</em></p>

Housing in an Example of Low - Rise Residential Structure in Debar Maalo, Skopje

From city quarter with urban villas, yard houses and pittoresque ambient values, Debar Maalo in Skopje in recent time, is turning into a construction site of the intense rise of the building mass and filling in on every potential void, where the typology of multifamily residential buildings is dominant.
 But, can it be different? The marginalized forms of single-family housing, once a dominant lifestyle in Debar Maalo, single family yard houses, houses with ground contact are the remains of a passed image of this city quarter that should be the referent milieu of this research. This typology of a low-rise residential structure, should represent the renovation tactics of the the single-family dwelling in this part of the city of Skopje. The creation process of the new urban landscape of housing with characteristics of a dense and low-rise structure will be through the forward two stages: analysis and design. The location of interest will be analysed through architectural project of a housing block with the typology of a low-rise housing structure that should provide high urban density of 120 houses per hectare. The suggested typology of the housing structure should provide housing that will meet the new lifestyles and will achieve diversity of the houses according to their size, structure, and comfort.
 This thesis should refer to the idea of rethinking and reminiscing on the elementary architectural city image, low rise housing structure typology as a building type at the level of the morphology of the city of Skopje.