Typological Perspective Research Articles

Qui parle de qui/de quoi ? Vers la représentation de la source de lʼinformation dans les patois du Dacoroumain

The paper aims at presenting the grammaticalization/pragmaticalization processes as well as the semantic and functional behavior of certain lexical items in Romanian, such as: cică ( zice că „it is said that”), cea că ( zice că „it is said that”), ceancă ( ziceam că „I said that”), oz(â)că ( o zâs că „he/she said that”) and ozâncă ( o fi zâcând că „he/she maybe says that”). In fact, we are going to highlight that all these words configure in the spoken Romanian language and in particular in its dialectal register, a real microsystem of marking indirect citational evidentiality, while updating the tripartite distinction proposed by Willet (1988, p. 96) between: Second-hand evidence (hearsay) (ceancă) vs. Third-hand evidence (hearsay) (oz(â)că, ozâncă) vs. Information from the folklore (cică, ce că, cea că). Furthermore, all these discursive units found most often in the Oltenian sub-dialect of Dacoromanian and, in particular, in the patois of Oltenia area, implement a model of grammati¬ca¬lization and pragmaticalization, obtained by the combination of a dicendi verb agglutinated with the conjunction că „that”, extremely productive not only in Romanian, but also in other Romance languages (see, for example, Popescu & Duță 2023). In this context, our empirical and analytical approach, situated at the interface of linguistic pragmatics and dialectology, is composed of two large parts (except the introductory segment and the final considerations): (i) a first part which outlines the theoretical framework in the area of evidentiality and describes the model of grammaticalization/pragmaticalization of the lexical units of our research, also regarded from a Romance typological perspective and (ii) a second part which analyzes the semantic and functional behavior of these five words, while categorizing their uses and their discursive values according to the theoretical framework presented above.

Mže a hydronyma jejího povodí ve světle etymologie

In the article the name of the West Bohemian river Mže and its tributaries are analyzed in etymological perspective. In the first plan their Slavic etymologies are analyzed. In the second plan, possibilities of their pre-Slavic origin are verified. In the case of the hydronyms Mže and Úhlava their Germanic and Celtic etymologies are discussed, while the names of other tributaries are of Slavic origin. Finally the process of replacement of the hydronymic nomenclature during changes of dominant languages is generalized in the typological perspective.

Differential marking of direct objects in Monastirli džudezmu: a case study in Judeo-Spanish morphosyntax

Abstract This article presents a case study on the differential marking of direct objects (DOM) in Balkan Judeo-Spanish, an endangered language (sub)group that still lacks detailed, systematic documentation of its (comparative) morphosyntax. Countering recent claims that the phenomenon is frequently absent in Judeo-Spanish, I demonstrate the robust presence of so-called a-marking as a highly systematic, multi-dimensional DOM strategy in early 20th century fieldwork recordings from the understudied dialect of Monastir (present-day Bitola, North Macedonia). I show that, in our corpus, a-marking in transitive (S)V(S)O(S) structures is primarily regulated by (grammatical) animacy/person and (syntactic) definiteness, such that indefinite DOs are excluded and specificity plays no role. Theoretically, the empirical distribution of a-marking broadly conforms with, yet – crucially – cannot be fully subsumed under, scale-based hierarchies that model DOM in terms of referential prominence. Rather, our findings support the conclusion that a-marking of the DO occurs if and only if the argument is syntactically specified for animacy/person and definiteness. From the typological perspective, the (non-)coincidence of Monastirli a-marking with a co-referential accusative clitic exhibits a hitherto undescribed distribution distinct from other patterns documented for (Balkan) Romance. The present article thus not only advances description of, and inquiry into, the cross-linguistic landscape of DOM, but contributes more broadly to redressing the conspicuous absence of empirical and theoretical investigation into Judeo-Spanish dialect syntax.

Optionality and paradigmaticity

Abstract Zooming in from the grand-scale descriptions of the Mainland Southeast Asian convergence area, this paper focuses on Htanaw, an Austroasiatic language in Myanmar’s Shan State. Close contact with Burmese/Intha, Pa’O, and Shan led to a restructuring of Htanaw, exemplified here by the verb phrase, which exhibits an intriguing mixture of (isolating) Austroasiatic and (morphologically complex) Tibeto-Burman features. The Htanaw VP is internally complex with optional bound morphemes expressing grammatical and semantic categories. Based on original fieldwork data and available published material, this study presents the dynamics of the Htanaw verb phrase patterns and puts them in an areal typological perspective.

Evaluative Morphology in Korean and Chinese: A Typological Perspective

Evaluative Morphology in Korean and Chinese: A Typological Perspective

English Adjectives Used by Non-natives in ICNALE Spoken Dialogues

The purpose of this study is to examine English adjectives found in spoken language corpus of English learners in Asia. This study employed theories of adjectives from language typology perspective by Dixon (2010) and Frawley (1992). Descriptive-qualitative approach was applied, using ICNALE Spoken Dialogues as the data source. This study utilized the corpus analysis tools AntConc. The results identified the top 20 adjectives in the corpus, with Value, Human Propensity, and Difficulty each representing 20% of the findings. This study has implications for the significance of foreign language learning. Teachers can use adjectives from these categories to teach students, as they are basic vocabularies for English learners. Students are also expected to gain a better understanding of the functional aspect of adjectives, which could improve their language performance. The interest of this study lies in the high frequency of occurrence in the corpus. However, some limitations should also be considered.

유형론적 관점에서 본 한국어 조사의 단어성

The purpose of this paper is to measure the wordhood of Korean Josa based on the typological research established in Choi(2021, 2022). As noted, there have been some views that consider Korean Josa as ‘syntactic affixes’ or ‘clitics’. What they have in common is that Korean Josa have phonological dependencies, but syntactically function as words. In this paper, I examined 44 Korean Josa on a 5-point scale according to the criteria for distinguishing between affixes and words proposed by Choi(2022), and found that the average score was 3.78, indicating a high degree of wordhood. The highest score is 4.18 and the lowest score is 3.45, so it is very important to note that none of them appears to be closer to affixes than words. Focusing on each Josa, using the school grammar system's classification of Josa, I could see that the average score is higher for ‘case marking’ than for ‘conjunctive’ or ‘adding special meaning’, but the difference is very small and negligible. In terms of criteria, I categorized them into semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological ones, and the scores decreased in this order. Only in the phonological criteria, affixhood scores are higher than wordhood score, which are due to the dependent nature of Korean Josa. The above results are sufficient to empirically prove that Korean Josa can be considered as words in a typological perspective.

Rethinking agrarian livelihoods affected by narcotic drug abuse on China's Southeast Asian borders: a typological perspective.

Rethinking agrarian livelihoods affected by narcotic drug abuse on China's Southeast Asian borders: a typological perspective.

유형론적 관점에서 본 중한 병렬구조 비교연구

Parallelism means that two grammatical units are connected in an equal relationship, and is a linguistic structure that universally exists among the world's languages. However, because the realization method of the parallel structure is different for each language, this paper conducted a comparative analysis of the parallel structure of Korean and Chinese, especially parallel phrases, from a typological perspective to examine the commonalities and differences as well as the causes. This can be summarized as follows: The Chinese-Korean parallel structure can be divided into several types depending on the classification criteria. Based on the semantic type, it can be broadly classified into 'equal type', 'transitional type', and 'selective type', and depending on the part of speech of the parallel item, 'name-name parallel structure', 'dong-dong parallel structure', and 'type- It was confirmed that it can be divided into a ‘parallel structure’. In addition, this paper examined the syntactic function of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure in four aspects, including the degree of marking of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure, the syntactic position distribution of the parallel structure, the position of the conjunction, and whether heterogeneous parallelism is possible. In addition, the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese parallel structures were explained in connection with the language types of Chinese and Korean and the theory of linguistic typology.

Optative constructions in Meadow Mari and Hill Mari

Grammaticalization of optative forms and constructions remains understudied from a typological perspective. The goal of this study is to describe and investigate the grammaticalization paths of optative constructions in four Mari lects, namely in Morki-Sernur Mari, Volga Mari ( Meadow Mari) and in the Hill Mari lects of Mikryakovo and Kuznetsovo. The following constructions are considered: 1) construction with the 3rd person imperative (jussive) form, 2) construction with the -aš-infinitive, 3) construction with the non-past 1SG form (NPST.1SG), 4) construction with the debitive form in -šaš. The compatibility of these constructions with different subjects (namely, 1SG and 3SG) is discussed. As it turns out, the optative construction with jussive retains the restrictions of the original form: it is only possible with 3rd person subjects. The construction with the infinitive in three lects is only compatible with 1SG subjects, while in the Volga dialects it can be used with 3SG subjects as well. Paradoxically, the construction with NPST.1SG form is used with 3SG subjects. Finally, the optative use of the form in -šaš in Meadow Mari lects is restricted to 1SG subjects, whereas in Hill Mari it can be used with both 1SG and 3SG subjects. Possible grammaticalization mechanisms for these constructions are discussed. The construction with jussive develops from the imperative form, which is “softened” by the retrospective shift particle. The optative construction with infinitive emerges from independent uses of the -aš infinitive. The most important for the diachronic typology of optative is the construction with the NPST.1SG form. I propose that it had grammaticalized from counterfactual uses of the NPST.1SG form. Finally, the fourth optative construction developed based on the debitive form in -šaš.

The Impact of College Students' Academic Stress on Student Satisfaction from a Typological Perspective: A Latent Profile Analysis Based on Academic Self-Efficacy and Positive Coping Strategies for Stress.

This investigation employs Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to analyze data from 1298 Chinese university students, aiming to clarify the mechanisms through which individual psychological resources, primarily academic self-efficacy and positive coping strategies, affect student satisfaction in the context of academic stress. Four distinct profiles emerged based on levels of academic self-efficacy and positive coping strategies: Low-Spirited, General Copers, Capable but Passive, and Optimistic and Confident. These profiles demonstrate significant variances in the sources of academic stress, student engagement, and student satisfaction, with a ranking order from most to least satisfied as follows: Optimistic and Confident, Capable but Passive, General Copers, and Low-spirited. While academic stress uniformly augments engagement across all profiles, its effect on student satisfaction diverges-negatively for Low-spirited and General Copers, and positively for Capable but Passive and Optimistic and Confident. The analysis reveals varying levels of academic stress-tolerance among profiles, highlighting the critical role of academic self-efficacy and indicating a possible nonlinear relationship between student engagement and satisfaction. These findings enhance our comprehension of student satisfaction's intricate dynamics and suggest strategies to alleviate academic stress and improve psychological well-being.

Clause-linkage, Embeddedness, and Nominalizations in Chácobo (Pano)

As with all Pano languages, Chácobo links clauses together through an elaborate system of switch reference clauses. This paper provides a detailed description of switch reference and clause linkage in Chácobo (Pano) from a typological perspective. While previous work on Chácobo and Pano languages in general describes such clause-linkage strategies as involving subordination, no work has provided a detailed description of the diagnostics for classifying clause-linkage types with clause-linkage strategies in Pano. If these variables are relied on, nearly all clause-linkage strategies in Chácobo fall outside of typical coordination and subordinate patterns. There is also little reason to adopt such a distinction on language-internal grounds.

A Study on the Legitimacy of Secondary Presumptions in Civil Procedure

"Secondary presumption" is a not uncommon judicial phenomenon in civil trial practice. Prohibiting secondary presumption on the grounds of "increasing the uncertainty of the conclusion" would unreasonably restrict the free evaluation of evidence. The root cause of this issue lies in the failure to recognize that factual presumptions constitute the fundamental units of indirect proof, concurrently neglecting the repercussions of positing rationales on the categorical nature of legal presumptions.. From a typological perspective, secondary presumptions can be classified into four types: "factual presumption + factual presumption," "factual presumption + legal presumption," "legal presumption + factual presumption," and "legal presumption + legal presumption." The legitimacy of secondary presumptions in different types needs to be discussed based on the nature of internal elements. The conclusion of secondary presumptions is essentially an evidentiary fact, no different from other evidentiary facts. Judges should judge its probability, striving not to undermine the subjective status of the free evaluation of evidence.

Subjectification and conativity

Abstract Conative constructions have enjoyed considerable attention over the past decade from a typological perspective. However, the historical development of conativity in individual languages has been largely neglected to date. In this paper, we put forth an exhaustive diachronic analysis of the Spanish verbal construction tratar de + INF (currently ‘to attempt to INF’, whereby tratar originally means ‘handle’). We show that, unlike many periphrases, tratar de + INF does not originate in a single construction, but emerges via the conflation of separate members in a constructional network whose meanings slowly converged (in the manner of mutually supporting constructions) around a volitional meaning to generate a conative structure. The discussion sheds light on likely constructionalization paths for the development of conative meaning and highlights the role of non-periphrastic constructions as a principal means of conveying certain core modal contents in particular languages.

Distribution Patterns and Spatial Relationships in the Perspective of Tourism Destination Typology

Gianyar Regency, as one of Bali’s leading tourist regions, continues to develop tourism destinations in support of the regional tourism development plan and vision of “Realizing High-Quality, Competitive, Sustainable, and Prosperous Cultural Tourism.” The development of Gianyar Regency’s tourism potential requires an understanding of the spatial relationships based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations. This research aimed to reveal the typology of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency, determine the distribution patterns of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency, and assess spatial relationships in Gianyar Regency based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations. The research method employed in this study is qualitative descriptive, Near Neighbour Analysis (NNA), and Linkage system analysis. The typology of tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency includes cultural tourism, marine tourism, and natural reserve tourism. The distribution pattern of cultural and marine tourism destinations is clustered, while natural reserve tourism exhibits a random distribution pattern. Overall, tourism destinations in Gianyar Regency have a clustered distribution pattern. Spatial relationships in Gianyar Regency, based on the typology and distribution patterns of tourism destinations, are visually characterized by linear elements such as roads, corridor elements like buildings and trees, and side elements consisting of variations in tourism typology. The collective spatial relationships found in Gianyar Regency fall into an open-ended group form. The policy implications of this research suggest the need for improvements in tourism infrastructure and the development of spatial relationships to enhance the tourist experience, supporting sustainable tourism development in Gianyar Regency

Study on Translation of ST English Texts from the Perspective of Text Typology

From the perspective of Text Typology, this paper analyzes and summarizes the language characteristics of English for Science and Technology and combines some translation examples to discuss the translation skills and methods suitable for the style of English for science and technology, in order to provide some reference for the translation of English for science and technology, so as to effectively improve the quality of the translation.

Large-scale pied-piping in the labeling theory and conditions on weak heads

Abstract This paper discusses the concept of weak head in Chomsky’s (2015. Problems of projection: Extensions. In Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann & Simona Matteini (eds.), Structures, strategies and beyond: Studies in honour of Adriana Belletti, 3–16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins) sense from a typological perspective. This paper first establishes a novel generalization that large-scale pied-piping is available in a language only if the language has indeterminate pronouns in Kuroda’s (1965. Generative grammatical studies in the Japanese language. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology dissertation) sense and the clause to be pied-piped is head-final. To deduce this generalization, this paper first offers a labeling theoretic account of large-scale pied-piping. It then proposes that weak heads are (i) heads that have unvalued features and (ii) morpho-phonologically weak. It is shown that the generalization is deduced from this conception of weak heads, given Inaba’s (2011. The morphosyntax of constituent ordering patterns. The Hiroshima University Studies, Graduate School of Letters 71. 43–72) generalization that head-final complementizers are generally affixal. This paper further argues that the proposed conception of weak heads also allows us to deduce Agree from Minimal Search, which is a third factor principle according to Chomsky (2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49), hence minimizes UG.

Ancient Greek circumstantial clauses in typological perspective

Ancient Greek circumstantial clauses in typological perspective

Структурная и функционально-семантическая классификация корякских полипредикативных конструкций со скрепой тите ‘когда’

The paper presents structural and functional-semantic classifications of Koryak polypredicative constructions with the clause linkage marker tite ‘when’. These are syntactic units prototypically comprising two clauses linked by the word tite and encoding the relation between the events expressed by these predicative units. Given the endangered status of the Koryak language, it seems imperative to document its grammar. Furthermore, the Koryak syntax is particularly intriguing from a typological perspective due to its polysynthetic nature and extensive use of non-finite verb forms with nominal case affixes directly attached to the verb stem. This study employed the methodology developed by the scholars of the Institute of Philology of the SB RAS. The classifications were developed by analyzing the constructions concerned in the texts of the three native speakers. The three main parameters of the analysis were the forms used as predicates of clauses, the morphological nature of the clause linkage markers, and the semantic relation between the events. In terms of the morphology of clause linkage markers, the constructions can be categorized into proper analytic and analyticsynthetic types, while the forms of the predicates determine whether they are bi-finite, monofinite, or bi-nonfinite. The non-finite verb form system exclusively employs negative, locative, dative converbs, and converbs of simultaneity. When considering its functional aspects, the author regards tite as a versatile marker of clause linkage, encompassing temporal-conditional and complement constructions. Posteriority, partial simultaneity, and reality condition are among the most prevalent semantic types. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the correlations between structure and meaning.

Les prépositions en Créole Casamançais

Prepositions in Casamance Creole
 If nouns, verbs, and adjectives can manifest indications of person, plurality, or negation, and recognize that adverbs, at the very least, may bear the mark of negation, a distinct category of words emerges that is impervious to both inflection and derivation. This specific class, known in traditional and ancient grammar as prepositions, falls within the broader category of relators or connectors. These elements serve to distinctly mark syntactic relationships in statements by delineating the nature of the relationship between a determiner and a determined. The study of prepositions, in general, has been the focus of several investigations resulting in typological models often excluding data from Creoles, with Casamance Creole being a notable example. Born from interactions between Portuguese and African languages during the 16th to 19th centuries, Casamance Creole forms a linguistic group with the Portuguese Creole of Guinea Bissau, sharing a significant portion of its history until 1886 when Casamance was ceded. Historically, Creole served as the primary lingua franca in the city of Ziguinchor and adjacent areas from at least the 17th century until the years following Senegal's independence. Subsequently, it has continued to thrive as a first language in specific districts of Ziguinchor (Santhiaba, Boudodi, etc.) and surrounding villages (Adéane, Sindone, etc.). Approximately 20,000 speakers, mainly from Christian communities such as Bainounk, Mandjak, and Mancagne, use Creole as their first or second language in Casamance. Additionally, the language is spoken in other regions of Senegal and among the Casamance diaspora abroad. From a typological perspective, Casamance Creole exhibits characteristics often cited to describe it as a language belonging neither to the Atlantic group nor to the Mandé family. This article not only presents a detailed description of prepositions in Casamance Creole from morphological, syntactic, and semantic viewpoints but also contributes valuable insights to the typology of isolating languages. Isolating languages, as opposed to inflectional languages (agglutinating, synthetic) and polysynthetic languages, open up particularly intriguing lines of thought.