Construction Of Typology Research Articles

Novel characterisation of sheep flocks in Wales: A description of principal flock typologies and antimicrobial use patterns

There is increasing pressure to reduce and refine antimicrobial use (AMU) in farmed livestock, to slow the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials (AMs) in both humans and animals. Developing strategies to help drive the prudent use of AMs requires an understanding of the direct and indirect factors influencing the between-farm variation in AMU typically observed. Given limited evidence of risk factors in sheep, this exploratory study aimed to investigate whether sheep flocks could be classified into farm types based on farm characteristics, health parameters and management practices, and whether important differences existed in AMU between these flock types. This study was conducted on 22 sheep flocks in Wales, United Kingdom as part of a wider longitudinal study on AMU and AMR. Comprehensive surveys were administered to flocks where 147 variables regarding farm characteristics, flock health parameters and management practices were captured. AMU data for each flock were also collated. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), followed by a Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) analysis, were used to classify the flocks. The top 10 dimensions yielded by MCA explained 67.4 % of the total variance. Nine partitions of relatively homogeneous flocks, derived from three typologies produced from the first three cut-points of the HCPC dendrogram, were visualised and described. These nine partitions were characterised by 70 variable categories, principally the implementation or neglect of best-practice lameness management practices. Partitions of flocks that neglected best-practice lameness managements – characterised by delayed treatments of lame sheep, footbathing and bleeding when foot trimming – reported higher lameness prevalence and fewer lame ewes recovering within five days of treatment. These flocks had higher total AMU (mg/PCU) and used a higher mass of injectable AMs than other partitions of flocks. Flock traits, lambing practices, disease challenges and other management factors also described partitions derived in later dendrogram cuts. Findings from this study confirm good AM stewardship in sheep flocks to be a complex picture, given the typologies of flocks described and the range of factors likely to influence AMU. Opportunities for targeted strategies for sustainable reductions in AMU can be directed towards specific flock types identified, specifically within the context of lameness treatment and control. We highlight the importance of understanding flock heterogeneity, through the construction of typologies, as a means to fine-tune appropriate interventions to specific flock types in order to help drive more prudent use of AMs.

Farmer typology and drivers of agricultural mechanization use in Haiti

Agricultural mechanization is recognized as an important technology to increase agricultural productivity, face labor shortages, and reduce post-harvest loss. However, variations among farms’ characteristics and agricultural production systems suggest adopting a targeted strategy in mechanization programs for farmers. This research aimed to answer the following questions in the particular case of Haiti: are there different types of smallholder farmers in terms of mechanization use and socio-economic characteristics? What types of mechanization are used by farmers, and what drives their use among different types of farmers? What are the different types of farms in terms of mechanization use? We used typology construction methodology (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) for a sample of 637 farmers and have identified four different clusters of farmers according to the characteristics of the farms they managed: “Little rain-fed farms” (cluster 1), “Little lowlands farms” (cluster 2), “Medium-sized farms in irrigated plains” (cluster 3), and “Large fragmented mountain farms”. Farms in cluster 3 were those who used more agricultural mechanization, and the results of multinomial logistic regression (MNLR) model revealed that the significant drivers of this use were location, access to credit and low food security status. Mechanization use of farms in clusters 1 and 4 was distinctively driven by saving behavior and off-farm income, respectively. In the pooled sample, the drivers of mechanization were: regions or location, age of the farmers, irrigation, livestock, access to credit, off-farm income and food security status. This study contributes to the literature by testing new drivers of agricultural mechanization such as food security status, and off-farm income. The findings can be used to design appropriate mechanization strategies to increase productivity and face labor price/scarcity challenges. They suggest that mechanization policies should focus on agricultural equipment that are adapted to the specificities of the production systems of each farm type, and strengthen access to credit. Otherwise, mechanization will be predominantly used only in irrigated lowlands.

Typology analysis of cattle farms in Northeast Algeria: Potential for sustainable development

CONTEXTCurrently, local cattle breeds are facing numerous challenges, and their disappearance could have social, economic, and environmental consequences. OBJECTIVEThis study was conducted in the northeast of Algeria to understand the characteristics, constraints of production systems and examine the specific strategies implemented in farms to ensure their viability. METHODA total of 175 smallholder farmers who practice Algerian local cattle breeding were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Typology construction was carried out through factor analysis of mixed data, followed by sequential agglomerative hierarchical and K-means clustering, to define distinct farmer types with common characteristics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONResults highlight three farm types. The first group, representing 54.9% (96/175Farms) of the farms studied, is characterized by low-resource breeders who raise small herds of local breeds in association with small ruminants. Type 2 (25.7%) (45/175) consists of crossbred, diversified, supported breeding with better technical performance. The intensification strategies adopted by breeders of this type have relegated local cattle to the background. The third type (19.4%) (34/175) includes cattle pastoral farms, with the predominance of the local cattle breed characterized by limited productivity. SIGNIFICANCEThis study highlights farm diversity, the necessity of government support, and specific policies to ensure the sustainability of local cattle breeding, with particular emphasis on pastoral breeding, which has the largest number of local cattle breeds.

Understanding the Ivorian market vegetables production: Is the agroecological transition the right strategy?

CONTEXTAfrican agriculture, and especially market vegetables production, which is dominated by smallholder systems, generally faces many challenges. There is growing interest in agroecology as a means to move towards more sustainable food and farming systems. The West African region is considered by FAO to feature the conditions to become “a global frontrunner in agroecology”, and ongoing efforts in Côte d'Ivoire attempts to understand and promote agroecology in vegetable production. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study is to present a functional analysis of the Ivorian suburban market vegetables value chain, and discuss the suitability of and agroecological transition of the agricultural production link, towards more sustainable vegetables production in the country. METHODSA thorough functional analysis of the Ivorian market vegetables value chain was conducted, including the construction of typologies to identify the links between agroecological practices and overall technical and socio-economic efficiencies. RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe available data (primary, secondary) allows but only a superficial understanding of the Ivorian market vegetables value chain. The analysis of economic returns as a function of their adoption of agroecological practices suggests that “formal” agroecological farms struggle economically, more so than the rest of producers. Observed relations between yields and certain agroecological practices practiced by most Ivorian producers, in combination with the functional analysis of the value chain, suggest that an intensification of these practices, coupled with improvements of the enabling environment (necessary to palliate the inputs cost and product price variability, as well as improve and secure access to land), may overall contribute to improved yields and higher gross margins. More and more detailed studies are necessary to determine the agroecological practices and their level of adoption that would minimise negative environmental and maximise positive socio-economic impacts. In Côte d'Ivoire, agroecology must prove its worth, through action-research initiatives, in order to further develop in terms of breadth and depth of application. SIGNIFICANCEthis article includes a national functional analysis of vegetable production systems. This is useful for understanding value chains and facilitating agroecological transition.

Behavioural-based risk of the Built Environment: Key Performance Indicators for Sudden-Onset Disaster in urban open spaces

The assessment of risk in the Built Environment (BE) involves understanding the inseparable relationship between the physical space and its users. In emergency management, particularly during Sudden-Onset Disasters (SUODs), effective evacuation is crucial for individuals’ resilience in BE. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) offer a quantitative approach to risk assessment, facilitating a systematic evaluation of various risks within BE. The research focuses on seismic events and terrorist acts as relevant SUODs and proposes KPIs derived from literature-based indicators to assess the impact of construction and morphological features of Built Environment Typologies (BETs) and user-related factors on urban open space risk (behaviors, exposure, vulnerability). These KPIs are then applied to established BETs, that are archetypes from real-world configurations of urban open spaces, and tested through seismic and terrorist risk scenarios along with emergency simulations. Results indicate significant variations among BETs, emphasizing the importance of factors, such as geometry (static KPIs) and evacuation behaviour (dynamic KPIs) in determining risk levels. Evacuation route length and complexity emerge as critical in larger BETs, while insufficient safe areas pose challenges in smaller ones. This KPI-based approach is recognized as a crucial step toward establishing a comprehensive metric for risk assessment in BE open spaces, with potential real-world applications to quantify the efficacy of risk mitigation measures. The results demonstrate the KPIs' potential in quantifying disaster risks and user behaviours, representing a crucial step towards an overarching metric for BE-risk assessment during SUODs in open spaces.

Взросление в представлениях современных юношей и девушек

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents an analysis of modern foreign and national studies related to the typology of ideas about one's own growing up in the ontogenetic period from adolescence to adulthood. The aim was to identify existing approaches to the construction of typologies of ideas about growing up in youth; definition of ideas about the growing up of boys/girls. The characteristics of approaches to the study of growing up highlighted in modern foreign studies are reviewed. Based on the analysis of the latest developments, modern approaches are identified related to: the allocation of the age boundaries of youth, with the vision of their future and the development of a time perspective and with meaningful ideas about growing up. It is proposed to consider the definition and differentiation of types of ideas about growing up formed on the material of an artistic image as a generalizing approach. This approach became the basis of an empirical study on a sample of 1,394 people aged 14 to 23 (Me=17), using the author's projective technique "Growing Up". Based on the data obtained, three types of ideas about growing up are identified: "childishness instead of adulthood", "understanding time" and "searching for the meaning of life". Promising directions for further research are outlined, which consist in identifying the features of ideas about growing up, depending on the level of education received and gender differences.</p>

Forms of nostalgia in the rhetorical history of Jack Daniel’s

PurposeThis study aims to use a theoretical-based case study of two distinct ownership groups of the Jack Daniel’s brand to explore how rhetorical history (i.e. malleability of the past for strategic goals) may evoke and capitalize on different forms of nostalgia. Within, the authors configure four forms of nostalgia (i.e. personal, historical, collective and cultural) from the individual or collective interaction and level of direct experience one has with the past as lived or happened.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses an historical research approach which involved the identification of primary and secondary sources, facility tour, source criticism and triangulation to create themes of rhetorical history infused with nostalgic narratives using compelling evidence through rich description of this fusion.FindingsThe findings reveal how nostalgia-driven narratives reflecting different collective longing for the re-creation of an American Paradise Lost used by Jack Daniel (i.e. the man) and later but differently by Brown-Forman. This study uncovers how the company’s inherited past was used rhetorically throughout its history, beginning with the nostalgic story of Jack Daniel and the distillery’s nostalgically choreographed location in Lynchburg, Tennessee. This study delves into this setting to highlight the importance of symbols, details, emotional appeals and communications for collective memory and identity development and to showcase the ways in which they are influenced by different types and forms of nostalgia.Originality/valueThis study adds to a limited number of studies focused on understanding the impact of founders on an organization’s brand and how that is malleable. This study responds to scholarly calls to study the influence of sequenced historical rhetoric on an organization and highlight the relevance of social emotions such as nostalgia for rhetorical history. Finally, the theoretical contribution involves the advancing and construction of a theory typology of nostalgia previously proposed by Havlena and Holak in 1996.

‘Going to study or plan to stay on?’ Mobility profiles of Angolan and Cape Verdean students in Portugal

AbstractAlthough a relatively small player in the global arena of international student migration/mobility (ISM), Portugal hosts an increasing number of international students, the vast majority of whom are from its former colonies. This paper shifts the debate on ISM away from the Anglophone world by examining the future mobility intentions and outcomes of students and graduates from Angola and Cape Verde who are or were enrolled in Portuguese universities. Based on 85 interviews with 49 participants, we explore their decision‐making processes about the location of their future careers—back in their home country, in Portugal, or elsewhere. We pay particular attention to how their thinking about their future lives—and where they want to be—changes during the course of their study in Portugal. A close reading of the participants' narratives enables the construction of a fourfold typology of their sociospatial trajectories (fulfilled and envisaged) and the reasons behind them. We label them: (i) maximisers; (ii) dreamers; (iii) globally mobile; and (iv) runners. These categories are not mutually exclusive and, for any given individual, can change over time, demonstrating the complexity of international students' plans and outcomes.

Construction of a generalised farm typology to aid selection, targeting and scaling of onfarm research

Farm typologies are often used to reduce the complexity in categorising diverse farming systems, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The resulting typologies can then be used in multiple ways including designing efficient sampling schemes that capture the diversity in smallholder farms, prescribing the selection of certain farm types to which interventions can be targeted or upscaled, or to give context into derived relationships. However, the construction of farm typologies consists of many subjective decisions that are not always obvious or evident to the end-user. By developing a generalized framework for constructing farm typologies, we clarify where these subjective decisions are and quantify the impact they have on the resulting typologies. Further, this framework has been encapsulated in the open source RShiny App: TypologyGenerator to enable users to focus on the decisions and not the underlying implementation.

Characterizing the diversity of smallholder farming systems and their constraints and opportunities for innovation: A case study from the Central Region, India

Typologies may be used as tools for dealing with farming system heterogeneity. Small holder farming system into a few farm types particularly achieved by classifying farms into groups that have common characteristics, i.e. farm types, which can support the implementation of a more tailored approach to agricultural development. This article explored patterns of farming system diversity through the classification of 60 smallholder farm households in Nagpur districts of two blocks (Tahsils) Katol (High productive) and Narkhed (Low productive) of India’s Central Region. Based on 2017 survey data, the typology was constructed using the multivariate statistical techniques of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results proposed three farm types, stratified on the basis of household, labor, land use, livestock and income variables, explaining the structural and functional differences between farming systems. Types 1 was characterized by relatively high levels of resource endowment and oriented towards other-farm enterprises and crop sales with bullock pair, Types 2 were characterized by relatively low levels of resource endowment and oriented towards other-farm enterprises, dairy (livestock) and crop sales and Types 3 was characterized by crop + Horticulture + Dairy and Bullock pair, respectively. The most salient differences among farm types concerned rearing of bullock pair (income from bullock pair), degree of legume integration, household size and hired labor, degree of diversification into off/non-farm activities and severity of resource constraints (Type 2 was most constrained with a small farm area and herd comprised mainly of livestock particularly cow and under Type 3 crop + Horticulture + Dairy and Bullock pair). It was found that livelihood strategies reflected the distinctive characteristics of farm households; with economic benefit from the farming. This study clearly demonstrates that using the established typology as a practical framework allows identification of type-specific farm household opportunities and constraints for the targeting of agricultural interventions and innovations, which will be further analyzed in the research-for-development project. Conclude that a more flexible approach to typology construction, for example through the incorporation of farmer perspectives, might provide further context and insight into the causes, consequences and negotiation of farm diversity. The three type of farming system studied with some scientific incorporation of intervention and found 34 percent increase over benchmark in field crop + dairy farming system.

Typology Construction for Comparative Country Case Study Analysis of Patterns of Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

AbstractThis study has been motivated by the limitations of cross-country regressions and unstructured comparative case studies in providing policy-relevant findings on the determinants of patterns of growth. It presents a methodology to improve upon existing comparative case study research by situating cases withing a typological framework and subsequently using cluster analysis to improve the matching of cases with respect to a number of ‘weakly exogenous’ variables. Such an approach performs a taxonomic function, distinguishing different types of cases and an explanatory function by facilitating the comparison of similar cases in terms of variables in the typology (‘like with like’ comparisons) or of cases with one or more known differences with respect to these variables. The approach is illustrated using data on poverty and growth in SSA and uncovers a number of good comparator cases situated within a typological framework for subsequent comparative analysis.

Faith Based Organizations: Types and Typologies. A Scoping Review (2010-2021)

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present the results of our scoping review on the literature (2010–2021) on faith-based organizations (FBOs) active in the field of poverty alleviation. We focus on the different typologies that are used to study FBOs. Because not all articles use an existing typology or develop a new one, we also collected and studied the variables that are used in the articles to distinguish different types of FBOs. Our research shows that the field of faith-based organizations is simply too complex and diverse to allow the construction of an overarching typology. Therefore, we present a new way to study this type of social work actors by proposing a set of four categories (Religion, Solidarity, Organization and Location) and nineteen variables to use as a heuristic tool in future research.

Wide-span timber trusses in the area of Bologna: a case study analysis and comparison

This paper summarizes a larger research project that used an innovative method to study several timber roofs structures in Bologna. The research was focused on developing a support tool for analyzing the geometry and the structural behavior of these structural systems, utilizing Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and point cloud geometric information via visual programming generative algorithms. In addition, the method has been developed to collect and trace data on various types of timber trusses and function as an information system. Specialized literature frequently oversimplifies the comprehension of these structural systems by basing its theories on structural analysis methods originated in the nineteenth century. This approach typically needs a thorough understanding of material properties and structure deformations, which cannot be obtained so easily.Innovative methods of research, as well as typological construction investigations, can be helpful to gain a thorough understanding of these objects. Such knowledge is essential for the conscious conservation of these amazing construction systems. This paper presents a comparative analysis of five types of timber trusses from the roofs of noticeable buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries, associating their typological and construction characteristics with the geometric and deformative information gathered in the previous research. The entire study provides a deeper understanding of these objects in the Italian context by highlighting some critical issues.

Введение института полицейских урядников на Урале: опыт иерархического кластерного анализа

Importance. The formation of subaltern officer’s institute in the Ural in the last quarter of the 19th century is considered. The importance of the research lies in the fact that, despite a thorough study of the subaltern officers personnel of the Russian Empire, serious researches of subaltern officers’ sites were practically not carried out. The purpose of the research is to analyze the subaltern officers’ sites in the Ural with the help of mathematical and statistical tools. Materials and methods. The Russian modernization theory is chosen as a medium-level methodology. The key method of the study is the multidimensional data analysis on the subaltern officers’ sites. Results and Discussion. The construction of a multifactorial typology of subaltern officers’ sites in the Ural in 1878 is considered. The results obtained can be used in teaching the course “History of law enforcement agencies of Russia”. Conclusion. The reform of 1878 failed to create police bodies in the Ural adequate to the rapid growth of the population and the territories’ extensiveness. Although most of the counties of the Southern Ural can be considered much easier to patrol than in the Vyatka and Perm governorates. In 20% of the counties of the Ural, patrolling sites by one rider turned out to be impracticable.

Typologies of women’s abortion trajectories in Burkina Faso: findings from a qualitative study

BackgroundAbortion is a legally restricted, yet common reproductive life event among women in Burkina Faso; however, women’s abortion experiences vary greatly depending on their social and economic capital, partner involvement, and level of knowledge. We sought to classify women’s abortion care-seeking experiences across the life course and social conditions into typologies using qualitative data.MethodsAn initial quantitative survey among a nationally representative sample of women ages 15–49 years collected information on women’s induced abortion experiences. Women who reported an abortion in the last 10 years were asked if they would agree to participate in a subsequent in-depth interview (IDI) to learn more about their abortion experience. Twenty-five women, identified via purposive sampling, completed an IDI. Using a process of typology construction, we identified attributes of each woman’s condition at the time of her abortion and aspects of her abortion experience, created a matrix of attributes and cases, and identified emerging relationships. Three types were identified through this process.ResultsTwenty-three IDIs were analyzed, and women’s abortion experiences were grouped into three types: abortion to delay childbearing in adolescence; abortion to space childbirth among women in union; abortion to avoid childbearing among single mothers. Two cases were identified as outliers. Cases were grouped based on the context of their pregnancy, the reason for the abortion and involved decision-makers, and their patterns of care-seeking, including methods and sources used.ConclusionStructural inequities related to gender and wealth were prominent forces shaping women’s abortion experiences. Comprehensive sexuality education coupled with community-based interventions to promote gender-equitable relationships and address social stigma related to women’s sexuality could reduce reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancies.

Region work – Institutional activism and the implementation of regional reform

In 2016, the Norwegian government initiated an extensive reform of the regional scale, eventually reducing the number of political-administrative counties from nineteen to eleven through mergers. The territorial and institutional changes that followed can be understood as a partial regional (de/re)institutionalisation process, in which the political and administrative boundaries of the merged counties were reshaped. Using the reform, and particularly the involuntary merger of Troms and Finnmark counties as a case study, this paper examines how regional (de/re)institutionalisation processes are discursively and materially enacted through official government documents. This is achieved by analysing examples of government discourse and discursive practice in a selection of white papers along with draft resolutions and bills. In so doing, the paper explores forms of institutional activism and advocacy associated with the implementation of regional reform, providing the basis for unpacking and discussing a conceptual distinction between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ spaces of regional institutionalisation. By building on previous scholarship around the notion of ‘region work’, the paper contributes conceptually to the theorisation of regional (de/re)institutionalisation processes through the construction of an analytical typology, intended to aid the operationalisation and analysis of agency and practice in the context of regional change. On the basis of the empirical analysis, the paper discusses limitations of institutional activism, as well as the influence of softer institutional advocacy on top-down regionalisation processes.

Introducing empirically grounded types into the study of school choice

ABSTRACT I propose that the grounded types analytical method (GTAM) is a systematic and useful means of typology construction for qualitative studies. GTAM arose within European social sciences in response to a need to schematize qualitative typology and to explicate qualitative types more precisely. GTAM is applicable to a variety of qualitative situations. I illustrate in this paper GTAM’s applicability through my study of school choice in the Paris suburbs. I argue then for its inclusion in the qualitative study of U.S. primary and secondary school choice because it is a credible form of analysis that would provide a new lens for viewing how behaviours and beliefs enter into choices.

Toward a Typology of Co-emergence of New Firms and New Sectors

In this paper we aim to explore the phenomenon of emergence in uncertain contexts. Specifically, we focus on co-emergence of new firms and sectors. It is an area high importance to practitioners and policy makers, but at the same, less researched and understood. We analyzed, synthesized, and theorized this intersection across 16 inter-disciplinary research contexts. Constant theorizing and iteration identified strong and weak emergence as key properties of emergence that can explain most of the co-emergence between new ventures and sectors. We employed typology construction by reduction to develop the typology of co-emergence by cross-tabulating weak and strong emergence of new sectors and ventures. This led to identification of four types of co-emergence: benign, supervenient, radical and nominal. These four types are the focus of the paper. Implications for academia, practice and polity conclude the paper.

Empirical characterisation of agents’ spatial behaviour in pedestrian movement simulation

Route choice behaviour is a key factor in determining pedestrian movement flows throughout the urban space. Agent-based modelling, a simulation paradigm that allows modelling individual behaviour mechanisms to observe the emergence of macro-level patterns, has not employed empirical data regarding route choice behaviour in cities or accommodated heterogeneity. The aim of this paper is to present an empirically based Agent-Based Model (ABM) that accounts for behavioural heterogeneity in pedestrian route choice strategies, to simulate the movement of pedestrians in cities. We designed a questionnaire to observe to what degree people employ salient urban elements (local and global landmarks, regions, and barriers) and road costs (road distance, cumulative angular change) and to empirically characterise the agent behaviour in our ABM. We hypothesised that a heterogeneous ABM configuration based on the construction of agent typologies from empirical data would portray a more plausible picture of pedestrian movement flows than a homogeneous configuration, based on the same data, or a random configuration. The city of Münster (DE) was used as a case study. From a sample of 301 subjects, we obtained six clusters that differed in relation to the role of global elements (distant landmarks, barriers, and regions) and meaningful local elements along the route. The random configuration directed the agents towards natural elements and the streets of the historical centre. The empirically based configurations resulted in lower pedestrian volumes along roads designed for cars (25% decrease) but higher concentrations along the city Promenade and the lake (40% increase); based on our knowledge, we deem these results more plausible. Minor differences were identified between the heterogeneous and homogeneous configurations. These findings indicate that the inclusion of heterogeneity does not make a difference in terms of global patterns. Yet, we demonstrated that simulation models of pedestrian movement in cities should be at least based on empirical data at the average sample-level to inform urban planners about areas prone to high volumes of pedestrians.

An Approach to Qualitative Feature: Identifying the Beliefs of Knowledge Sharing in Practicing Communities

This documentary and exploratory work emphasizes a qualitative approach as a preliminary and complementary phase of the quantitative. The study is presented in the application of a case and the use of the Theory of Planned Behavior to identify behavioral, normative and control beliefs that influence the motivation in individuals to share their knowledge in communities of public organizations. For this, data was collected from applied interviews to experts of the Tax Administration in Quito-Ecuador. The data were classified and codified in words, expecting the recognition of 63 beliefs which will allow the construction of a questionnaire in the future that validates the relationships between the variables of the motivation model used. In the documentary review, the strengths of qualitative and quantitative are contrasted, their incompatibility is rejected and the selection of hybrid approaches is encouraged, highlighting the best of each method and exemplifying the use of qualitative methods in the construction of typologies of case narratives and modal narratives as categories in the quantitative analysis.