Typographical Mistakes Research Articles

Efficient supervised and semi-supervised approaches for affiliations disambiguation

The disambiguation of named entities is a challenge in many fields such as scientometrics, social networks, record linkage, citation analysis, semantic web?etc. The names ambiguities can arise from misspelling, typographical or OCR mistakes, abbreviations, omissions? Therefore, the search of names of persons or of organizations is difficult as soon as a single name might appear in many different forms. This paper proposes two approaches to disambiguate on the affiliations of authors of scientific papers in bibliographic databases: the first way considers that a training dataset is available, and uses a Naive Bayes model. The second way assumes that there is no learning resource, and uses a semi-supervised approach, mixing soft-clustering and Bayesian learning. The results are encouraging and the approach is already partially applied in a scientific survey department. However, our experiments also highlight that our approach has some limitations: it cannot process efficiently highly unbalanced data. Alternatives solutions are possible for future developments, particularly with the use of a recent clustering algorithm relying on feature maximization.

Erratum to: TG13 antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis

There are a few typographical mistakes in the original article. Below are the corrections. 1. Table 3, Community-acquired biliary infections, Grade II and III, notes for metronidazole should be ‘‘d’’ instead of ‘‘c.’’ Table 3, Grade II and III column, metronidazole should be corrected as metronidazole 2. Page 68, in the right upper paragraph, piperacillin/ sulbactam should be corrected as piperacillin/tazobactam as in Table 7. The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s00534-012-0572-0.

Language Learners and Generic Spell Checkers in CALL

This paper presents a study in which we examined spelling mistakes made by 34 learners of German in an online CALL exercise. We analyzed a total of 374 spelling errors that occurred in 341 words and subsequently classified them along four dimensions: (a) competence versus performance, (b) linguistic subsystem, (c) language influence, and (d) target deviation. We also evaluated the performance of a generic spell checker, one that is not specifically designed for second language learners, to determine the kinds and frequencies of errors it can successfully correct. Results indicate that 80% of the spelling errors in our study are systematic competence errors rather than accidental typographical mistakes. The study further reveals that MS Word 2003, the spell checker used in our study, fails to detect or provide a correction for 48% of the spelling mistakes made by our language learners. Our study offers explanations for the spell checker's failure to correct many of the misspellings and makes several computational and pedagogical suggestions to overcome some of the shortcomings of a generic spell checker in the CALL classroom.

Revised checklist of Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea): Addendum and Errata

In the published version of the Appendix ‘Revised checklist of Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea)’ (Braby, 2010 pp. 49-76) a number of typographical mistakes, omissions, nomenclatural inaccuracies and corrections to gender agreement among species group names have come to the author’s attention. These errors are corrected below.

Online Myanmar Handwritten Compound Words Recognition and Erratum Detection with MICR

paper describes an effective recognition and detection erratum approach for Myanmar handwritten compound words. In this article, MICR (Myanmar Intelligent Character Recognition) method is used for the character recognition. The method is composed of statistical/semantic information and the final decision is made by the voting system. MICR has been successfully applied for many applications in online Myanmar character recognition field. The method recognizes isolated characters only and not compound words or phrases. Erratum Detection is a new technique, it detected irregularly form of isolated compound word in string texts. It dependent on the language set of string substitutions reflects the surface form of errors that result from cognitive, typographical mistakes, or mistyping. A robust erratum detection technique is needed to cover above all situation. The system index pair possible extended/medial code and then provides a pair code from the database for detect complete compound word. In detection, it has three situations: twice the same extended, extended/ medial pair not matching error, not compound word in real. Then the final output, Myanmar compound words will be produced editable text with highlight color in each error word.

MUT-TP53 2.0: a novel versatile matrix for statistical analysis of TP53 mutations in human cancera

Analysis of the literature reporting p53 mutations shows that 8% of report display typographical mistakes with a notable increase in recent years. These errors are sometimes isolated, but in some cases, they concern several or even all mutations described in a single article. Furthermore, some works report unusual profile of p53 mutations whose accuracy is difficult to assess. To handle these problems we have developed MUT-TP53 2.0, an accurate and powerful tool that will automatically handle p53 mutations and generate tables ready for publication that will lower the risk of typographical errors. Furthermore, using functional and statistical information issued from the UMD p53 database, it allows to assess the biological activity and the likelihood of every p53 mutant.

Reader Reflections: April 2010

The alternate solution I have found for problem 21 of the MT May 2009 “Calendar” (vol. 102, no. 9, p. 681) has nothing to do with the fact that there was a typographical mistake in the original solution. The last line of the solution appeared as T13 = 13 × 4/2, when the numerator should have read 14 instead of 4.

Russia's Empires, Their Rise and Fall: From Prehistory to Putin by Philip Longworth (review)

REVIEWS 127 Longworth, Philip. Russia's Empires, Their Rise and Fall: From Prehistory to Putin. John Murray, London, 2006. xvii + 398 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Chronology. Notes. Bibliography. Index. ?9.99 (paperback). This paperback edition puts the reviewer at a disadvantage. Its small print makes itdifficult to read, while itwill not stay open as notes are being taken from it.For his part, on the other hand, the author has been able not only to correct three errors and a typographical mistake noticed in the hardback but also to add a new preface. The book's last sentence ends as follows: 'as I write in September 2004, itwould be unwise towrite offRussia's chances of future power' (p. 326). The Preface to the Paperback Edition, dated February 2006, begins: 'A fifth Russian empire isnow under construction. Until a fewmonths ago thatprospect seemed most improbable ifnot impossible.' Indeed, Russian history isfullof sudden surprises:many a prediction has turned out tobe false; some eventualities have not been predicted. One can only agree with the author as he dismisses some of the more inaccurate forecasts in this Preface: 'A sober assessment of realities in the light of the past might have been a surer guide' (p. ix).One can also give him threemore errors (all concerning the seventeenth century) and another typographical mistake to correct in any future edition. The companion of Patrick Gordon inRiga was Walter Airth (not Ert) (p. 137); the emissary to the Pope was Paul (notRobert) Menzies (p. 148); and Peter returned toMoscow from theGreat Embassy in 1698 (not 1696) (p. 152).The misprint is on p. 329 ? 'Anna Iovanovna'. Philip Longworth isa practised writer as well as a thoughtful scholar. This, his eighth book, isboth readable and stimulating. It startswith a bang in the shape of a challenging chapter entitled 'The Russians: Who Are They?' which finds an answer in prehistory as itmakes use of thework of anthropologists, archaeologists and linguists.One of the desirable characteristics of historians is the ability to make a plausible narrative out of intractable material, and Longworth demonstrates this to the full not only in the opening chapter but also in the others as he describes the rise and fall of four empires. By no means everybody will be happy with the broad application of the concept 'empire'. Sticklers for constitutional niceties might want it applied exclusively to the Holy Roman in the medieval period, while even those of a more liberal disposition might well find it stretched in the case of theKievan. However, without at least some consideration of this early example of the phenomenon, the author would have found itdifficult to elaborate his overall exposition. To a lesser extent, the same arguments might apply to the second case, the Muscovite. The third empire, the Romanov, is most generally acceptable. As for the fourth, the Soviet, both proud imperialists and staunch anti-imperialists might well find cause to cavil. Wisely perhaps in these circumstances, Longworth disarms such critics by eschewing any extended discussion of the nature of empire as addressed by social scientists and political ideologists. The notes and bibliography include a wide range of sources, nevertheless. Inevitably in a work of this scale, there are strikingomissions: for example, on Peter theGreat, there is no mention of three leadingWestern specialists ? Bushkovitch, Cracraft and Hughes. But the overriding impression leftby this 128 SEER, 87, I, JANUARY 2OO9 book is of its informed insightson a goodly number of subjects, not least the arrival and departure ofGorbachev. In general, the treatment of the Soviet period ismore balanced than is stilloften to be found even inpost-Cold War years. The account of the arrival of theCold War itselfisa pertinent example. And excellent use ismade of the author's other work, especially his book The Making of EasternEurope. In his Preface to the Paperback Edition, 'in the lightof thepast' no doubt, Longworth makes a prediction: 'The new Russian Empire will not be like the last, but a sphere of influence, as is theAmerican' (p. ix).Here is an insight deserving further consideration in any future edition, well worth inclusion in the comparisons he has already made with earlier counterparts. For, gener ally speaking, we cannot fully understand the...

Corrections to “The Time Domain Green's Function and Propagator for Maxwell's Equations” [Nov 04 3012-3018

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 3012-3018, Nov 04), there were several typographical errors and mistakes. Corrections are presented here.

ERRATUM: “THE MID-INFRARED EMISSION OF SEYFERT GALAXIES. A NEW ANALYSIS OF ISOCAM DATA” (2007, AJ, 134, 2006)

In our original paper (Section 4.4) we compared the ratios of hard X-ray to nuclear mid-infrared emission for Seyfert 1 and 2 (Sy1 and Sy2) nuclei, finding that both distributions appear significatively different according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We have detected a mistake in the computation of the X-ray luminosities (the lack of a 4π factor). Additionally, for two galaxies, the nuclear mid-infrared fluxes used within calculations are slightly different from the correct values which are reported in Table 3 of the original version. These mistakes affect the mentioned ratios of hard X-ray to nuclear mid-infrared emission, although they do not alter the result concerning the distributions, being statistically different. The correct values of these ratios are log(L X intr/L MIR) = –0.21 ± 0.33 for the Seyfert 1 galaxies, and log(L X intr/L MIR) = 0.17 ± 0.62 for the type 2 nuclei. Figure 8 has been updated with the newly computed values. We have also corrected the X-axis with respect to the original figure, which is now ν L ν. We have performed again Spearman's rank correlation test, finding that the correlation is significant when all galaxies and types 1 and 2 are considered separately. It is worthwhile to note that here we have excluded from the analysis two Seyfert 2 galaxies (NGC 1386 and NGC 7674) due to their extremely low hard X-ray luminosities, consistent with being optically thick sources. Recently, Horst et al. (2008) have estimated an intrinsic X-ray luminosity for NGC 7674 of log L X intr = 44.56 erg s–1, in contrast to the non-absorption-corrected value reported by Lutz et al. (2004) (log LX obs = 41.91 erg s–1). Such a difference of about 2.5 dex corroborates our decision of not including these galaxies. In a recent work, Horst et al. (2008) have argued that our luminosity ratios are ~8 larger than what they have found for their well-resolved objects, claiming that our nuclear data are heavily contaminated by nuclear star formation. Our new values are now of the same order of magnitude than theirs, even smaller for the case of Seyfert 2 galaxies. Therefore, we believe that despite the limited resolution of ISOCAM images, our nuclear fluxes are representative of the torus emission, and the contamination by circumnuclear star formation, although present, is not dominant. There is a typographical mistake in Table 3 for the point-spread function (PSF) flux in the LW7 filter corresponding to the galaxy ESO144-G55; the correct value is 84.2 ± 2.44 mJy.

Plant roots. Growth, activity and interaction with soils

Plant roots. Growth, activity and interaction with soils

Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew (review)

Reviewed by: Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew Gary A. Rendsburg Susan Anne Groom . Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew. Carlisle, UK:Paternoster Press, 2003. Pp. xxvi + 207. Sue Groom's monograph,1 a revision of her master's thesis completed at the Open University of the United Kingdom,2 is designed to provide "a well-informed and critical, but also accessible, introduction to the use of linguistics methods, especially the most recent ones, for the study of the text of the Old Testament" (Graham Davies, in the foreword, p. ix). In the main, the author succeeds at her task, though regrettably, in this reviewer's opinion, the book does not live up to its full potential. Moreover, as we will see below, there are many errors and typographical mistakes (especially when Hebrew font is employed) which unfortunately mar the presentation of her prose. But before moving to these areas of concern, let me first describe the book's contents and note the manner in which the work does succeed. Groom begins with a nine-page introduction on the "basic hermeneutical model" of "author-text-reader." She presents such divergent views as Gadamer's focus on the reader's historical and social context and Hirsch's emphasis on authorial intent, and she then relates these approaches specifically to the enterprise of biblical studies. These pages comprise a fine entree into the subject, though this reviewer questions their placement at the very beginning of the book. I would have preferred arriving at this topic towards the end of the book, in part 3, "Modern Linguistic Methods." In its present position, the introduction devoted to the hermeneutics of reading sets a tone for the book, which on the one hand remains with the reader throughout, and on the other hand does not impact fully on the following treatments. The bulk of the book is divided into three parts, each of which is in turn divided into different chapters: part 1, "Preliminary Issues" (with chapters 1-3, "The Data," "The Masoretic Text," and "The Nature of [End Page e1] Biblical Hebrew"); part 2, "Form and Meaning" (with chapters 4-5, "Comparative Philology" and "Versions"); and part 3, "Modern Linguistic Methods" (with chapters 6-7, "Lexical Semantics" and "Text Linguistics"). A conclusion and bibliography round out the book. In general, all these topics are presented in a very clear and succinct manner. Groom typically presents the topic first from the perspective of general linguistics and then turns to applying these findings to the specific subject of Biblical Hebrew (see, for example, my summary of the introduction above). As will become apparent from my remarks below, she utilizes Judges 4 throughout to illustrate points raised. In addition, the influence of James Barr is seen at every turn. The book is at once both a fine introduction to place in the hands of students desiring to know more about ancient Hebrew, and a volume which even seasoned scholars will wish to consult for surveys and analyses of particular subjects. From the following assorted comments, the reader will gain an idea of many of the topics covered in this book. More importantly, it is my hope that these remarks will improve the reader's use of this volume and/or serve the author should she contemplate a revised edition. •. It is odd to find the statement "Other scholars have concentrated on detailed study of LBH" [=Late Biblical Hebrew], supported by a footnote which refers to R. Polzin's Late Biblical Hebrew (1976), but not to A. Hurvitz, whose lifelong research has been specifically in this area (pp. 12-13, with n. 45). •. On pages 13, 15, Groom sets the date of 200 C.E. for the end of Mishnaic Hebrew (MH) as a spoken language. Most scholars, I believe, would set that date later; and indeed the Academy of the Hebrew Language uses 300 C.E. as its marker. •. On pages 13-14 Groom notes, correctly, that BH and MH occasionally use different terms for body parts, "which would be expected to remain reasonably constant in any language." For both the novice Hebrew student and for the scholar of the Bible who may know less about MH, a few...

All but finitely many non-trivial zeros of the approximations of the Epstein zeta function are simple and on the critical line

Some errors, which include Proposition 4.1(2), and typographical mistakes are corrected. On p. 321, replace Q(m, n)s in the first equation by Q(m, n)−s. On p. 322, in (1.2), replace bk by 1 2 b k bk. On p. 322, after (1.3), replace 1 2 ( Δ / 2 π ) s by 1 2 ( Δ / 2 ) s . On p. 326, before (2.5), replace λ 1 / 2 + i z by 1 2 λ 1 / 2 + i z . On p. 326, in (2.9), replace τ 0 log 3 / 4 α k by τ 0 2 log 3 / 4 α k . On p. 327, in the equation before Preliminaries, replace Γ ( 2 s − 1 ) Γ ( 2 s ) by Γ ( s − 1 / 2 ) Γ ( s ) . On p. 327, in the definition of 2Kz(2A), replace 2Acosh t by −2Acosh t. On p. 332, in (4.2), replace ( λ π ) 1 / 2 − σ by ( λ π ) − σ . On p. 335, in the second sentence of Section 5, replace F(s) by G(s). On p. 336, in (5.6), replace λ π by π λ . On p. 337, in the second equation for W(z), replace λ 1 / 2 + i z by 1 2 λ 1 / 2 + i z . Proposition.4.1(2) is not correct. Namely, ‘1 + o(1)’ in the equation before Proposition 4.2 is not true. We modify the statement as follows. Proposition.4.1(2) There exist constants σ ˜ < 0 , a > 0 and b ≠ 0 ( b ∈ ℝ ) such that on Re ( s ) = σ ˜ , Proof.For Re ( s ) = σ < 0 , we have On p. 334, in the first equation, we missed the factor s−1/2 in the sum; nevertheless, the proof of Proposition 4.2(3) essentially follows using the same method. Set σ * = − σ ˜ + 1 2 . Then, replace 3 in Lemma 5.1(5) and the last three equations of p. 340 by σ*. In Lemma 5.1(3), replace y ⩽ slant3 by y ⩽ σ * . Also, replace β k ⩽ 3 in the last equation of p. 338 and (5.13) of p. 339 by β k ⩽ σ * . In the last equation of p. 338, replace βk > 3 by β k > σ * .

Predictors of Fatality in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Lack Numbers

To the Editor.—I congratulate Oakes et al1 for attempting to identify possible risk factors for mortality in pediatric patients with postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Obviously, performing a retrospective review of charts over a 33-year period can have its limitations, not the least of which is uniformity of data. Even with multivariate analysis, it might be somewhat speculative to make some type of predictive model with only 12 comparative cases. Understandably, a physician in the intermountain west area may not have the same access to a tertiary care facility as a physician located on one of the coasts, and this type of predictive model may prove to be extremely useful.However, I do have some concerns with their Table 3. It seems there are several typographical mistakes, where the text does not match up with the table. For example, “lethargy” had a P value in the text of .016, but in the table it is listed as 0.3. In addition, the P value in the text for “edema” is listed as .035 and in the table as 0.35. However, when I performed the actual calculations on a straightforward 2-by-2 contingency table, the relative risk and P value were 1.6 and .48, respectively. Several of the other parameters of clinical illnesses in the table were also intuitively, and statistically, not correlating with the numbers found in the manuscript. Because I consider myself a very weak statistician, at best, I think a reanalysis of your numbers with a statistician might help solidify your conclusions.

Book review

This slim (155 pages of main text), hard-backed volume is a comparative study of renal anatomy and physiology in different vertebrate classes from agnatha to mammals. It is intended, in the author's words, ‘for students, teachers and researchers’ and the author has judged the level very well. The production of the book is generally good, although better editing would have prevented frequent misspellings and typographical mistakes. Hans Ditrich deserves to be congratulated for writing in a clear, readable and witty style, which makes the impressive scholarship of the book's contents accessible even to a non-specialist reader. The book begins with an introduction, which sets out the basic features of vertebrate renal physiology and which leads naturally to the following chapter on the basic cellular components of renal tissues. From chapter 3 onwards, the book is organized into sections that consider the kidneys of vertebrates, class by class. These chapters are ordered not by phylogenetic progression, but rather by complexity, so that cyclostomes (lampreys etc.) appear after both elasmobranchs (sharks etc.) and osteichthyans (bony fish). From there, the chapters on amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals follow a conventional progression. The book is illustrated mainly by a mixture of line drawings and micrographs, including some staggeringly beautiful scanning electron micrographs of glomeruli. There were places, though, at which a few more line drawings of different species’ kidneys would have been a great help. The material covered is strongly anatomical and distinctly non-molecular; molecules are occasionally mentioned in connection with physiology, but comparison of patterns of gene expression in different species is left to other authors. This is both a strength and a weakness. The strength of a classically anatomical approach is that different vertebrate classes can be covered in similar detail, without the concentration on one or two model organisms that occurs whenever genes are discussed. The weakness is obviously that the wealth of information that can be provided by comparative genetics is absent, and different kidneys are therefore compared only on the grounds of anatomy and physiology, which are less powerful methods to determine whether cell types from different animals are really homologous, analogous or completely different. Development is also covered only in passing, although a basic knowledge of renal ontogeny is probably taken for granted by the author because some comments about adult anatomy would be difficult to interpret without this. Some of the comments that are made about development contain minor errors (such as the origin of the mammalian ureter). Another real strength of the author's approach is the frequent reference to the other body systems that play a role in water and ion excretion/conservation. This stress that the kidneys do not function in physiological isolation, and that in fish (for example), other tissues may take over some functions that human physiologists think of as renal, making different types of kidney much more logical and easy to understand. The range of vertebrate renal anatomies explained in the book was much greater than I had imagined, and I was again reminded of the way in which our concentration on a few model species carries a price; we may be able to see deep molecular mechanisms using our mice, frogs and zebrafish, but we see them through a tunnel vision that becomes so familiar that it is easy to forget the fascinating landscape of the rest of the animal kingdom. The main competitor to this book would probably be The Kidney (Vize et al. (eds), Academic Press, 2003, £110). The Vize et al. book is very much of the molecular age and covers renal development and adult anatomy in amphibia, birds and mammals. It is not, however, as phylogenetically wide-ranging as Ditrich's book, and being a multi-author volume, does not show the same degree of organization. The two books have quite different purposes and complement each other well; I am glad to have both of them. The two ‘bottom line’ questions a reviewer has to ask of a book are ‘did I enjoy reading it?’ and ‘did I learn anything?’. In this case, the answer to both questions is an emphatic ‘yes’.

Hurdles to Information Seeking: Spelling and Typographical Mistakes During Users' Online Behavior

A refined approach to digital inequality requires that in addition to looking at differences in access statistics we also must examine differences among Internet users. People encounter numerous hurdles during their online information-seeking behavior. In this paper, I focus on the likelihood that Internet users will make spelling or typographical mistakes during their online activities. Information seeking on the Web often requires users to type text into forms. Users sometimes make mistakes, which can hinder their browsing efficiency because they may get detoured to irrelevant sources or encounter errors. I draw on data collected from in-person observations with a diverse sample of 100 Internet users to see what explains their tendency to make spelling and typographical mistakes and the frequency with which they make such errors. I find that education level is a significant predictor of one’s likelihood to make mistakes, suggesting that existing social inequalities translate into differences in online behavior.

Behind the Mask: How the World Survived SARS, the First Epidemic of the 21st Century

Behind the Mask: How the World Survived SARS, the First Epidemic of the Twenty-First Century recounts the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) that swept through much of the world, especially Asia, in 2003. The author does a superb job of telling the reader about what was occurring before SARS appeared, what happened during the outbreak, and what efforts are underway to prevent its return. The author has blended research results and interviews with frontline staff, particularly healthcare providers, into 20 nicely interlaced chapters. The stage for this commentary is a timeline of events, starting November 16, 2002, with the first known case of SARS in Guangdong Province, China, and ending in December 2003–January 2004 with 4 cases of SARS and the slaughtering of ≈10,000 civets in Guangdong Province. Where possible, the author avoided the use of medical terms and jargon and provides helpful lay translations where their use was unavoidable. As a result, the book is accessible to readers both inside and outside the healthcare arena. The information presented in the book is, for the most part, current and accurate; different views and beliefs are presented when necessary. There are minor typographical mistakes as well as a few incorrect statements, such as in chapter 1, page 6, where the author refers to past public health efforts to eradicate viruses. The author states that smallpox virus and poliovirus have both been eradicated and that both are now bioterrorism agents. However, despite tremendous progress through efforts of many governments and public and private entities, poliovirus has yet to be eradicated and is not regarded as a bioterrorism agent at this time. With regard to SARS, however, the author successfully portrays the human side of the outbreak response—a response heralded as unparalleled by many of the involved officials. Dr Carlo Urbani, the World Health Organization (WHO) physician in Vietnam who worked tirelessly and who was an eventual casualty of SARS, is among the many heroes who are featured in this book. Lesser-known facts, such as the thought processes that led to identifying SARS, are also provided. For example, before the SARS coronavirus was shown to be the causative agent, the outbreak was thought to be caused by either avian influenza or chlamydia. The reader is made aware of all of the challenges posed by the SARS virus, such as the delay in recognizing that there was an outbreak, the difficulties in diagnosing and reporting the disease and obtaining specimens, the breadth and scope of national and international collaboration and coordination, and not knowing the causative agent. This book does a nice job of giving readers a flavor of the experiences faced by persons at WHO, persons at the country ministry level, individual healthcare providers, and SARS patients. I highly recommend this book, especially to anyone who was not directly involved in the SARS outbreak response; they too can share the experience of the global community response to a disease that was first recognized in 1 province of China.

Book Review: Psychotherapy: Treating Difficult Couples

Psychotherapy Treating Difficult Couples. Douglas K Snyder, Mark A Whisman, editors. New York: The Guilford Press; 2003. 448 p. US$45.00. Reviewer rating: Good This book provides an ample overview of the field of couple therapy. In a novel, disorderspecific approach, it focuses on important dilemmas couples face and proposes a partnerassisted form of treatment for specific disorders. The book fulfills its purpose quite well; however, the quality of the chapters is uneven. Some of the 37 authors are concise and illuminating; others are somewhat nebulous and impractical. That said, the writers are experts in their field, and their clinical expertise shows. When they include a clinical illustration (at the end of most chapters) the reader can see they practise what they preach. The style is clear, to the point, and easily readable. I could detect only 2 errors: a reference quoted in the text but not listed in the Bibliography (Chapter 3, p 65) and a typographical mistake where the text says intimate rather than intimidate (Chapter 14, p 340)-an important error in the context of the disorder depicted. The layout is not innovative, but within its traditional format, the book is pleasant to read. The chapters are uniformly structured. They start with an overview of the disorder at hand, and then they elaborate on how such a disorder affects couple interaction and how couple distress affects the disorder. Next, they describe methods of couple assessment and diagnosis and include a treatment section (covering theory and technique). They end with a case illustration, a brief conclusions coda, and a rich list of references. The chapters focus on how couples are affected by anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, alcohol and other substance abuse, sexual dysfunction, physical aggression, borderline personality disorders (BPDs), paranoia, narcissistic dis- order, posttraumatic stress (PTSD), childhood sexual trauma, physical illness, aging and cognitive impairment, and bereavement and complicated grief. As noted above, each chapter also elaborates on how couple dysfunction and dissatisfaction can affect the evolution of the disorders listed. The authors summarize the methods they find useful to treat these conditions, and the bibliographies invite readers to deepen their knowledge of the problem discussed. Three chapters stand out as good theoretical and clinical rerviews: the chapter on sexual dysfunction, by Lisa G Regev, William O'Donohue, and Claudia Avina; the chapter on paranoia, by Kenneth G Terkelsen; and the chapter on bereavement and complicated grief, by Robert E Willis. …

Scott MacKenzie (review)

MLR, 100.3, 2005 835 (p. 45). Examples include Catherine Rodgers's searching discussion of the conflicting feminist interpretations invited by the many evocations of extreme states of being contained in early texts by Marie Darrieussecq. Shirley Jordan's exploration of the transgressive and often violent fictions of Virginie Despentes is marked by a similar interest in the feminist implications of female-authored textual productions. Despite the absence of an index, the collection is presented with a good deal of clarity.A short chapter summary?provided both in French and in English?appears at the head of each of the fifteenarticles and, forthose wishing to investigate the work of the featured authors further,a list of primary texts by each author is included at the close of each chapter. University of Birmingham Sarah Fishwick Screening Quebec: Quebecois Moving Images, National Identity,and thePublic Sphere. By Scott MacKenzie. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 2004. viii + 224pp. ?45. ISBN 0-7190-6396-5. Scott Mackenzie's Screening Quebec addresses the paradoxical nature of Quebecois cinema. On the one hand it appears to exist on the margins ofother national and world filmcultures, seemingly concerned only with localized problems of French-Canadian identity. On the other hand it has demonstrably influenced these other film cultures, in particular the cinema direct movement. In his introduction, MacKenzie maps four main sets of relations central to a full understanding of the nature of Quebecois cinema. These are: the ideas and ideolo? gies that the filmmakers themselves believe they are articulating in their cinematic texts, the cultural discursive practices surrounding the texts, the institutional dis? courses of government, Church, and legislature, and the actual content and context of the films. Mackenzie argues persuasively that new discursive spaces have emerged momentarily, allowing viewers to reimagine themselves. He situates his argument in relation to standard theorists, in particular Habermas, identifying his notion of the 'public sphere' as the space enabling self-understandingand, more importantly, poli? tical and other intervention through the creation of new kinds of public. Mackenzie then extends the debate, linking three major discourses of modernity?community, collectivity, and individuality?to contrasting models of Quebecois national identity. Mackenzie thus uses many of the themes to be found in Bill Marshall's Quebec National Cinema (Montreal, London, and Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001; see MLR, 98 (2003), 470-71), but he explores his material in a differentway. Marshall sees the concept of Quebec national cinema as problematic, provisional, and shifting,and constantly undermining itself.MacKenzie focuses on the multiplicity of public spaces, the sets of national or cultural identities within each one, and the real or imagined boundaries that surround each of them. It is interesting to see how the two authors treat one film that acts as a paradigm of the debate on discourses about nationality?Le Confessionnal by Robert Lepage. Marshall focuses on flux in his analysis of the final image of the film, the steel girder bridge across the Saint Lawrence at Quebec City, taking Deleuze's concepts of 'movement-image' and 'time-image' and the way in which a single object becomes multiple, passing through different planes depending on the mode of perception. MacKenzie, however, concludes that the film is a rumination on the nature of the relationship between local and international publics, the cultural images relating to each of these publics and the foregrounding of the way in which these cultural images work within and across the boundaries between cultures and publics. Where Marshall problematizes perception of the image, MacKenzie problematizes the actual image 836 Reviews and its function. The two approaches are equally valid, serving to show the complexity of the debate. For the undergraduate studying Quebecois cinema for the firsttime, MacKenzie is likely to be more fruitfulthan Marshall, since his work enables analysis of the filmic image in and for itself. There are occasional typographical mistakes. MacKenzie incorrectly spells Le Confessionnal as Le Confessional and Montreal sometimes loses its accent in references to Denys Arcand's Jesus de Montreal. It would be nice to argue that this was part of the debate, proof of the blurring of an image as it crosses over a boundary from one public...

Literary Silences in Pascal, Rousseau, and Beckett by Elisabeth Loevlie (review)

836 Reviews and its function. The two approaches are equally valid, serving to show the complexity of the debate. For the undergraduate studying Quebecois cinema for the firsttime, MacKenzie is likely to be more fruitfulthan Marshall, since his work enables analysis of the filmic image in and for itself. There are occasional typographical mistakes. MacKenzie incorrectly spells Le Confessionnal as Le Confessional and Montreal sometimes loses its accent in references to Denys Arcand's Jesus de Montreal. It would be nice to argue that this was part of the debate, proof of the blurring of an image as it crosses over a boundary from one public space to another, from French to English. But it is probably just an unfortunate mistake, along with the incorrect gender and accent ofthe repeated phrase at the heart of Le Confessionnal which MacKenzie gives on page 176: 'Dans le ville ou je suis ne, le passe porte le present . . .'. I have no doubt that these will be corrected when the second edition is published, as I am sure it will be very soon, given the interest that this work is certain to arouse. University of Reading Tony Simons Literary Silences in Pascal, Rousseau, and Beckett. By Elisabeth Loevlie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2003. vi + 252pp. ?45. ISBN 0-19-926636-0. A recent highbrow cartoon depicted one character reporting to another Beckett's observation that every word was like an unnecessary stain upon the silence. His interlocutor ponders a while before retorting: 'On the other hand, he said it.' This is the conundrum which might be seen to underlie Elizabeth Loevlie's project. Where is the position from which we can verbally theorize silence without dissolving the very focus of our study? Carefully, Loevlie prepares her ground: so carefully,in fact, that a hundred pages elapse before the advertised triad of writers come under scrutiny. This might seem an over-lengthy prelude until one realizes that, rather than being merely the dipping pool, it constitutes an inviting immersion bath. In the course of it, silence is lent various provenances, ranging through pre-symbolic wholeness (language, the symbolic order, will fragment the unitary experience) to post-symbolic stress disorder (language has made a hash of rendering the world apprehensible or comprehensible). Along the way,itmay be allotted positive or negative guises, as prerequisite to knowing God, as haven from noise, or as repression, censorship, or post-Holocaust aporia. What Loevlie seeks, however, is access beyond what she calls the Dream of Silence, a realm parallel to but separate from that of language. Using essays by Steiner and Sontag as stepping-stones to a more specifically literary silence, she uses Blanchot to point to a literary silence which, far from being that which obtains when language ceases, is productive ofa more secure silence, since 'literature's relationship to the raw silence is a constant back and forth,maintained by the movement of literature itself (p. 29). This literary seesawing is a kind of dialogic play which keeps definition, or sayability, at bay, and Loevlie uses Gadamer fruitfully in this particular. Later, Kierkegaard is recruited in pursuit of a dynamic of complex repetition which has the potential to rock to pieces the cradle of meaning, or to suspend it between meanings. Pascal, Rousseau, and Beckett are chosen since their writing embodies, forLoevlie, an engagement with the unsayable or non-symbolic. More specifically, Pascal's Pensees, Rousseau's Reveries, and Beckett's Trilogy are read, respectively, as explorations of a 'non-symbolic God', a 'non-symbolic Self, and a 'non-symbolic "nothing"' (p. 3). The author inserts an 'interlude', via Mallarme and Blanchot, to provide what she feels to be a potentially awkward historical bridge from Rousseau to Beckett. There are one or two missed opportunities in this study. In a somewhat lengthier conclusion, further co-resonances or dissonances between the three writers could have been investigated. MLRy 100.3, 2??5 837 Analysis of Beckett's manuscript notebooks and correspondence, forexample, would have revealed some nuances of his own fascination with both Pensees and Reveries. (One key passage from the Pensees, cited by Loevlie (p. 208), is even copied by Beckett into his 'Whoroscope' notebook, adorned with his...