Typical Values Research Articles

A population pharmacokinetic model of methotrexate in Korean patients with haematologic malignancy.

This study was conducted to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of methotrexate in Korean patients with haematologic malignancy, identify factors affecting methotrexate PK, and propose an optimal dosage regimen for the Korean population. Data were retrospectively collected from 188 patients with acute leukaemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who were admitted to Severance Hospital during the period from November 2005 to January 2016. Using demographic factors and laboratory results as potential covariates for PK parameters, model development was performed using NONMEM and optimal dosing regimens were developed using the final PK model. A two-compartment model incorporating body weight via allometry best described the data, yielding typical parameter values of 25.09 L for central volume of distribution ( ), 17.65 L for peripheral volume of distribution ( ), 12.89 L/h for clearance (CL) and 0.655 L/h for inter-compartmental clearance in a 50 kg patient. Covariate analyses showed that, at the weight of 50 kg, CL decreased by 0.11 L/h for each 1-year increase in age above 14 years old and decreased 0.8-fold when serum creatinine level doubled, indicating the importance of age-specific dose individualization in methotrexate treatment. Volume of distribution at steady state derived from PK parameters (= + ) was 0.85 L/kg, which was similar to those in the Western or Chinese populations. Optimal doses simulated from the final model successfully produced the PK measures close to the target chosen. The population PK model and optimal dosage regimens developed in this study can be used as a basis to achieve precision dosing in Korean patients with haematologic malignancy.

Conditions for Energetic Electrons and Gamma Rays in Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements

AbstractThe role of free passage distance (FPD: the distance between the avalanche region and surface detectors) in influencing the relative numbers of energetic electrons and gamma rays in Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) is reconsidered and focuses on the contrast between long (>100 m) versus short (<100 m) FPDs, respectively. Estimates of FPD are based on information from published balloon soundings of the electric field, from published profiles of radar reflectivity in TGEs, and from analyses of Japan winter storms. All these data sources support typical values of FPD >100 m. Neither the shortcomings of present particle detectors in distinguishing electrons from gamma rays, nor the dominance of gamma rays over electrons, are sufficient evidence to deny the robust presence of Compton electrons at FDP values greater than 100 m that have also been shown in earlier simulations as well as the present Comment. Problems with having sustained electric fields of breakeven magnitude within 100 m of the Earth's surface (in relatively rare TGEs) are identified. The resolution of these problems, and the prominent nocturnal presence of these rare events, may possibly be explained by the descent of a strong field region in a collapsing storm, and by a low cloud base that intercepts and immobilizes fast corona ions, thereby preserving the intense electric field.

Studi Awal Evaluasi Optimisasi Paparan Medik pada CT Scan dan Radiografi Umum Berdasarkan Tingkat Panduan Diagnostik

Optimization of medical exposure seeks to keep the dose given to the patient as low as possible. In diagnostic and interventional radiology activities, optimization focuses on low doses and ensures sufficient image quality for diagnostic purposes. Implementation of medical exposure optimization can be evaluated by applying the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL). Indonesia set DRL values for CT Scan and General Radiography in 2021. This study monitored efforts to optimize medical exposure nationally by comparing the annual dose profile with the Indonesian DRL (I-DRL) and I-DRL against the regional DRL, divided into five regions. The study was conducted from January to December 2022 using patient dose data at the Patient Dose Data Information System (Si-INTAN). The data was then analyzed to obtain a national dose profile through Quartile 3 analysis (Q3) and regional DRL values through median analysis (Q2). The analysis results show several CT Scan examinations, which are still higher than the National DRL. In addition, there are high doses for several types of examinations in the Bali and Nusa Tenggara Region for CT Scan and General Radiography. In the Kalimantan Region, there are types of CT Scan examinations that are still higher than the National DRL. Based on these results, BAPETEN needs to increase efforts to foster and encourage implementation, optimizing medical exposure nationally. Efforts that can be made include issuing optimization technical guidelines for each X-ray equipment, socialization and assistance on recording and reporting patient dose data, evaluating typical dose values, evaluating medical exposure optimization, and supervising the implementation of optimizing medical exposure through inspections. BAPETEN should collaborate with stakeholders so that the programmed efforts can be carried out effectively. Keywords: Optimization, Medical Exposure, Diagnostic Reference Level, CT Scan, General Radiography

Audit Dosis dan Optimisasi Pemeriksaan CT Scan Kepala: Studi Multisenter

One of the principles of radiation protection is optimizing radiation dose and image quality. Dose audits and optimization of head CT scans for the adult patient category have been carried out in Hospital A and Hospital B. The research at Hospital A started with a dose audit, revealing that the typical values of CTDIvol and DLP were above the IDRL, and optimization of patient radiation dose was necessary. The optimization strategy at Hospital A involved a gradual selection of exposure factor combinations. In the first stage, a manufactured dedicated water phantom scan was performed with voltage 80, 100, and 120 kVp variations while the current remained constant. Based on image quality evaluation using the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) method, the lowest NPS was obtained at voltage 120 kV, which was 19,47 HU2mm2. In the second stage, using voltage 120 kVp, a head rando phantom scan was performed with variations of current 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 mAs. 40% of the radiologists chose the exposure factor combination voltage 120 kVp and current 350 mAs as the combination producing image with the most preferable quality. When comparing the voltage and current combinations before and after optimization with the IDRL, there was a decrease of 7.9% and 2.1% in CTDIvol and DLP. Meanwhile, the dose audit results at Hospital B revealed that the typical value of CTDIvol was already below the IDRL. Still, the typical value of DLP was above the IDRL, so optimization of patient radiation dose for patient-related parameters was necessary. The optimization strategy at Hospital B involved creating new protocols based on exposure factors obtained from image quality evaluation using the NPS method and the interpretation of radiologists. The optimization results with a comparison of four protocols showed that protocol 3 was the most optimal using the exposure factors: collimation 40 × 0.625, the pitch of 0.2, the scan time of 13.8 seconds, Dose Right Index of 25, voltage 120 kVp, and current 144 mAs. The implementation of this protocol contributed to a 67.7% reduction in CTDIvol and a 53.6% reduction in DLP compared to the IDRL. The research objective is to obtain the optimal combination of exposure factors with radiation dosage and image quality as an initial optimization implementation. Keywords: dose audit, radiation protection, optimization, diagnostic reference levels

Phonon Hall Viscosity of Ionic Crystals.

When time-reversal symmetry is broken, the low-energy description of acoustic lattice dynamics allows for a dissipationless component of the viscosity tensor, the phonon Hall viscosity, which captures how phonon chirality grows with the wave vector. In this work, we show that, in ionic crystals, a phonon Hall viscosity contribution is produced by the Lorentz forces on moving ions. We calculate typical values of the Lorentz force contribution to the Hall viscosity using a simple square lattice toy model, and we compare it with literature estimates of the strengths of other Hall-viscosity mechanisms.

Dynamic modeling of air conditioners based on bat algorithm

In recent years, countries have advocated green development and gradually implemented new energy-based power grids. Due to the contradiction between the randomness of new energy generation and the growing demand for residential electricity consumption, the stable operation of power grids is facing a great challenge. Air-conditioning loads make up a large and increasing portion of residential electricity consumption, so monitoring it and establishing a corresponding model to guide residents to use electricity reasonably and ensure that the power grid operates stably is important. Many air conditioning model parameters are based on typical values or use offline identification and need higher accuracy. The paper presents a dynamic modeling approach for air conditioners based on the bat algorithm to realize a comprehensive view of the air conditioners and the buildings to which they belong. A model of the air conditioner and the building to which it belongs is created. Then the bat algorithm recognizes the model parameters and makes iterative corrections. The actual usage scenario is simulated in the form of simulation to generate air conditioner power consumption data and verify its recognition effect. The model is shown to identify the corresponding parameters accurately. It realizes the accurate monitoring of air conditioners in real application scenarios, which is important for comprehensively understanding air conditions.

The Longest-Chain Protocol Under Random Delays

In the field of distributed consensus and blockchains, the synchronous communication model assumes that all messages between honest parties are delayed by at most a known constant Δ. Recent literature establishes that the longest-chain blockchain protocol is secure under synchronous communication. However, these security guarantees degrade with Δ. In real-world networks, communication delays may occasionally be far more than their typical value. In such a scenario, the security guarantees based on the synchronous model may be overly pessimistic, because they are based on the worst-case delay. This work analyzes the longest-chain protocol under a new network model that assumes the communication delays are random, independent, and identically distributed. The model allows for delay distributions with unbounded support. The main result of this paper is a security guarantee for the longest-chain protocol operating under this model. Our security results depend on the probability that delays exceed the interblock time period, rather than on the worst-case delay. We provide simple, explicit bounds on the security-violation probability that decays exponentially with the security parameter. Under network conditions where delays are sporadically large, our results can provide better security guarantees than prior work. Funding: This work was supported in part by NSF [Grant CCF 19-00636].

Plasma biomarker and neuroimaging changes in a Chinese community aging cohort: The Greater‐Bay‐Area Healthy Aging Brain Study (GHABS)

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the alternations of β‐amyloid (Aβ), tau, neurodegeneration, and cognition in different stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the Chinese community aging population is important for early diagnosis and intervention of AD in China.MethodWe recruited 422 Greater‐Bay‐Area Healthy Aging Brain Study (GHABS) participants from the community and completed cognitive assessments, including 100 cognitively unimpaired (CU), 189 subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 82 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 51 AD dementia individuals. Among them, 343 individuals had plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, p‐Tau181, neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) data measured by the Simoa platform. Furthermore, 159 and 96 individuals had concurrent MRI and 18F‐D3‐FSP Aβ PET scans, respectively. Generalized linear models were used to compare plasma biomarkers, AD typical cortical FSP Aβ standard uptake value ratio (SUVR), residual hippocampal volume (rHCV), and cognitive scores between different clinical and A/T (A: plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, T: plasma p‐Tau181) groups, controlling for age and sex. Multiple comparison corrections were conducted (Benjamini‐Hochberg, p<0.05). The association of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 and p‐Tau181 with plasma NfL, GFAP, Aβ PET, rHCV, MoCa, and SCD‐Q were also investigated, including age, sex, and diagnosis as the covariates.ResultSCD individuals had higher plasma p‐Tau181 (standardized β (βstd) = 0.251[95% confidence interval (ci): 0.031, 0.472], p = 0.038) and GFAP (βstd = 0.259[95% ci: 0.035, 0.483], p = 0.023) than the CU individuals (Figure 1). Compared to the A‐/T‐ group, A+/T+ individuals had more (p<0.001) abnormal changes in all the plasma biomarkers, Aβ PET, rHCV, and MoCa, and A‐/T+ individuals had more hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.012) and marginal higher plasma NfL (p = 0.074) (Figure 2). Continuously, lower plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 was only related to higher plasma GFAP (p<0.001), whereas plasma p‐Tau181showed significant association with plasma NfL (p<0.001), plasma GFAP (p = 0.026), Aβ PET (p = 0.028), and MoCA (p = 0.023) (Figure 3).ConclusionThis study summarizes the characteristics of plasma biomarkers and brain imaging of AD and provides novel insights into the alternations of Aβ, tau, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognition in different stages of AD in Southern China’s aging population. These findings are critical for using plasma biomarkers and neuroimaging to detect early AD changes in China.

An Optically Thin View of the Solar Chromosphere from Observations of the O i 1355 Å Spectral Line

The O i 1355 Å spectral line is one of the only optically thin lines that are both routinely observed and thought to be formed in the chromosphere. We present an analysis of a variety of observations of this line with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and compare it with other IRIS diagnostics as well as diagnostics of the photospheric magnetic field. We utilize special deep exposure modes on IRIS and provide an overview of the statistical properties of this spectral line for several different regions on the Sun. We analyze the spatiotemporal variations of the line intensity and find that it is often significantly enhanced when and where magnetic flux of opposite polarities cancel. Significant emission occurs in association with chromospheric spicules. Because of the optically thin nature of the O i line, the nonthermal broadening can provide insight into unresolved small-scale motions. We find that the nonthermal broadening is modest, with typical values of 5–10 km s−1, and shows some center-to-limb variation, with a modest increase toward the limb. The dependence with the height of the intensity and line broadening off-limb is compatible with the line broadening being dominated by the superposition of Alfvén waves on different structures. The nonthermal broadening shows a modest but significant enhancement above locations that are in between photospheric magnetic flux concentrations in plage, i.e., where the magnetic field is likely to be more inclined with respect to the line of sight. Our measurements provide strict constraints on future theoretical models of the chromosphere.

Cloud Characteristics and Their Effects on Solar Irradiance According to the ICON Model, CLOUDNET and BSRN Observations

We investigated the liquid water path and global solar irradiance (Q) at ground level according to the ICON model; CLOUDNET measurements in Lindenberg, Munich, and Jülich; and BSRN observations in Lindenberg. This research is focused on stratiform non-precipitating clouds. The liquid water path (LWP) is underestimated, while Q is overestimated. The lower LWP is due to liquid water content underestimation practically in all atmosphere layers and a lower frequency of liquid cloud occurrence compared to observations. This is partly associated with the structure of the cloud nucleation scheme of the ICON model and with the default cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration. An increase in CCNs from 250 cm−3 (typical background value for the region of interest) to 1700 cm−3 (characteristic of polluted continental clouds) leads to an increase in the grid-scale liquid water path by 40% and a decrease in Q by 12% in overcast conditions. However, we also showed that the liquid water path is not a key factor of Q overestimation. The main factor is an inaccurate description of the cloud spatial structure, where the correct prediction of the ratio of direct to global irradiance as a spatial characteristic of clouds plays a more important role than the standard cloud fraction.

Patient Dose Estimation in Computed Tomography-Guided Biopsy Procedures.

This study establishes typical Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) values and assesses patient doses in computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy procedures. The Effective Dose (ED), Entrance Skin Dose (ESD), and Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) were calculated using the relevant literature-derived conversion factors. A retrospective analysis of 226 CT-guided biopsies across five categories (Iliac bone, liver, lung, mediastinum, and para-aortic lymph nodes) was conducted. Typical DRL values were computed as median distributions, following guidelines from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 135. DRLs for helical mode CT acquisitions were set at 9.7 mGy for Iliac bone, 8.9 mGy for liver, 8.8 mGy for lung, 7.9 mGy for mediastinal mass, and 9 mGy for para-aortic lymph nodes biopsies. In contrast, DRLs for biopsy acquisitions were 7.3 mGy, 7.7 mGy, 5.6 mGy, 5.6 mGy, and 7.4 mGy, respectively. Median SSDE values varied from 7.6 mGy to 10 mGy for biopsy acquisitions and from 11.3 mGy to 12.6 mGy for helical scans. Median ED values ranged from 1.6 mSv to 5.7 mSv for biopsy scans and from 3.9 mSv to 9.3 mSv for helical scans. The study highlights the significance of using DRLs for optimizing CT-guided biopsy procedures, revealing notable variations in radiation exposure between helical scans covering entire anatomical regions and localized biopsy acquisitions.

Time-of-Flight Measurements in the Jet of a High-Current Vacuum Arc Thruster

Measurements of ion speed in the plume of a pulsed high-current vacuum arc thruster were performed by means of electrostatic probes. The probes were designed to provide direct speed measurements with minimum disturbance on the plasma jet. Typical mean values of vi for Ti and Cu cathodes are determined at different locations downstream of the electrodes, in the far field region. From one VAT discharge to another, the mean ion speed strongly varies which leads to a large statistical dispersion. Single-shot analysis allows the observation of the plume anisotropy and its high divergence as well as the existence of several ion groups of different speeds throughout a discharge.

Ground motion simulations of the 1887 Pinal de Amoles (MW = 5.53) and the 1989 Landa de Matamoros (MW = 4.94) earthquakes, Querétaro, Mexico

Ground motions characteristics of the 1887 Pinal de Amoles (MW = 5.53) and the 1989 Landa de Matamoros (MW = 4.94) Querétaro earthquakes were studied. For this purpose, the specific barrier model (SBM) was implemented in the context of the stochastic ground motion representation of earthquakes. The SBM was calibrated by modeling the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the Fourier acceleration spectra (FAS) of the 11 May 2016 (MW = 4.80) Guadalajara earthquake. The calibration results showed that the SBM and selected source and path parameters were able to reproduce synthetic PGA and spectra in good agreement with observed waveforms; in particular, a stress drop of 160 bars fits the results better. Several rupture scenarios for the 1887 and 1989 events were performed by obtaining synthetic seismograms considering different values of stress drop (10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 500 bars). For a typical stress-drop value of 100 bars, the PGA at distances of 10 and 200 km are in the following intervals: 2.57–295 cm/s2 and 1.72–186 cm/s2 for the Pinal de Amoles and Landa de Matamoros earthquakes, respectively. The results obtained in this study contribute toward a better understanding of strong ground motions in the region.

Assessing Fatigue Life Cycles of Material X10CrMoVNb9-1 through a Combination of Experimental and Finite Element Analysis

This paper uses a two-scale material modeling approach to investigate fatigue crack initiation and propagation of the material X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) under cyclic loading at room temperature. The Voronoi tessellation method was implemented to generate an artificial microstructure model at the microstructure level, and then, the finite element (FE) method was applied to identify different stress distributions. The stress distributions for multiple artificial microstructures was analyzed by using the physically based Tanaka–Mura model to estimate the number of cycles for crack initiation. Considering the prediction of macro-scale and long-term crack formation, the Paris law was utilized in this research. Experimental work on fatigue life with this material was performed, and good agreement was found with the results obtained in FE modeling. The number of cycles for fatigue crack propagation attains up to a maximum of 40% of the final fatigue lifetime with a typical value of 15% in many cases. This physically based two-scale technique significantly advances fatigue research, particularly in power plants, and paves the way for rapid and low-cost virtual material analysis and fatigue resistance analysis in the context of environmental fatigue applications.

Flexible Approximation Functions: Resonant Loads

Introduction. Patch antennas have found wide application in UAVs due to their numerous useful properties. However, since such an antenna system is essentially a resonator, the problem of its matching remains unresolved. The existing publications mostly deal with specific cases and report the typical values of the matching band of 5–7 %, which cannot be considered sufficient when there is a need to use the signal spectrum of up to hundreds of MHz. Therefore, research aimed at using more efficient methods of broadband matching could be of interest for engineers. Aim. To develop a broadband matching technique based on the generalized Darlington synthesis method using flexible approximating functions (AF) for load models with resonant properties. Materials and methods. The capabilities of the generalized Darlington synthesis method are extended AFs with increased variation properties. Flexible control of AF weight coefficients makes it possible to realize both smooth and wave frequency characteristics. The method is analytical and does not use iterative procedures. The mathematical apparatus of the method is based on an analysis of deductions in the zeros of the load resistance transfer function. Results. Flexible approximating functions were established to be effective for synthesis of matching circuits with resonant properties. Solutions for matching the loads with multiple transfer zeros both at the origin and in infinity were obtained. The opportunity of creating patch antennas with a matching layer up to 40 % and more was demonstrated. Conclusion. The results obtained for the SWR of patch antennas show that the potential estimates of matching limits are available only for analytical methods.

316L-Si Austenitic Stainless Steel Elaborated by Additive Manufacturing Process: Porosity and Dislocation Density Estimation

This investigation estimated porosity and dislocation density in austenitic stainless steel 316LSi thin walls fabricated by Cold Metal Transfer Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (CMT-WAAM). Porosity density was calculated using ImageJ software. MAUD software (Materials Analysis Using Diffraction) was used to analyze the microstructural parameters and dislocation density. The density of pores and microstructural parameters of 316LSi alloy exhibit typical values of AM conditions. The porosity values oscillate between 2.80 to 3.48 %. The obtained dislocation density values are 5.0 e+12, 4.3 e+12, and 3.2 e+12 for 2.4 e+12 m-2 for 70, 80, 90, and 140 A current source, respectively. In 316LSi thin walls, the increases in the current input in CMT-WAAM are accompanied by the very lowest decrease in the dislocation density state.

Do key measurement parameters derived from specific cervical vertebral segments differ between lordotic and non-lordotic cervical spine alignments? A study of asymptomatic young adults

BackgroundMeasurement parameters derived from specific cervical vertebral segments (e.g., C2 slope) can provide clinicians with important information on cervical sagittal balance and guide pre- and post-surgical decision-making processes. It is unclear however, what constitutes typical values for these types of measurements in an asymptomatic population of young adults, whether values change depending upon the classification of the cervical spine's global alignment, and if any non-lordotic cervical subtypes display values that are comparable to those reported for pre-surgery patients. MethodsNeutral lateral cervical radiographs of 150 asymptomatic participants (18–30 years) were taken. Global cervical alignment was classified as lordotic or one of four non-lordotic subtypes using a multi-method subtyping protocol. Four key measurement parameters - the anterior translation of the head measure (ATHM), C0–C2 angle, C2 slope, and C7 slope – were derived from specific cervical segments. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare lordotic and non-lordotic groups. ResultsThere was considerable variation in the four key measurement parameters amongst this asymptomatic population of young adults. Thirty-four percent of the sample were classified as lordotic and 66% were classified as non-lordotic. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.0125) between lordotic and non-lordotic groups for the C0–C2 angle, C2 slope and C7 slope. There was no difference between groups for the ATHM (p ≥ 0.0125). Within the non-lordotic group, the global-kyphotic (GK) subtype had the largest mean C2 slope, largest mean C0–C2 angle, and smallest mean C7 slope. ConclusionsLong term prospective investigations are required to determine whether possible biomarkers (alignment parameters/radiological measurements) for spinal degenerative changes can be identified so that early interventions can be put in place to try and reduce the impact of neck pain on society.

Effect of the chain length of geraniol esters on the plasticization efficiency with poly(lactide)

This work reports on the development of environmentally friendly PLA formulations utilizing different esters derived from geraniol as plasticizers. Geranyl formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and caproate at 10 wt% were combined with PLA in formulations that were produced through extrusion and injection moulding processes. Theoretical solubility parameter studies predicted good miscibility between PLA and all the plasticizers. This was confirmed by tensile test, which showed elongation at break values between 200 and 300 %, totally in contrast with the 8 % value of neat PLA. Geranyl acetate and geranyl formate exhibited the highest elongation at break behavior. These values of elongation at break were supported by FESEM images, which showed clear signs of plasticization. The plasticization effect was further corroborated by DSC and DMTA analysis, where a clear decrease in the glass transition temperature was observed from a typical value of 60 °C for neat PLA down to 40–50 °C for the plasticized blends. This was related to an enhanced chain mobility of the amorphous regions of PLA. Moreover, the plasticizers slightly increased the water absorption capabilities of PLA, as demonstrated by an increase in the water contact angle and water uptake for 11 weeks.

Utility of Leaf Area Index for Monitoring Phenology of Russian Forests

Retrievals of land surface phenology metrics depend on the choice of base variables selected to quantify the seasonal “greenness” profile of vegetation. Commonly used variables are vegetation indices, which curry signal not only from vegetation but also from the background of sparse foliage, they saturate over the dense foliage and are also affected by sensor bandwidth, calibration, and illumination/view geometry, thus introducing bias in the estimation of phenometrics. In this study we have intercompared the utility of LAI and other biophysical variables (FPAR) and radiometric parameters (NDVI and EVI2) for phenometrics retrievals. This study was implemented based on MODIS products at a resolution of 230 m over the entire extent of Russian forests. Free from artifacts of radiometric parameters, LAI exhibits a better utilization of its dynamic range during the course of seasonal variations and better sensitivity to the actual foliage “greenness” changes and its dependence on forest species. LAI-based retrievals feature a more conservative estimate of the duration of the growing season, including late spring (9.3 days) and earlier fall (8.9 days), compared to those retrieved using EVI2. In this study, we have tabulated typical values of the key phenometrics of 12 species in Russian forests. We have also demonstrated the presence of the latitudinal dependence of phenometrics over the extent of Russian forests.

The Relevance of Technology to Information Verification: Insights from Norwegian Journalism During a National Election

ABSTRACT Growing concerns about disinformation have led to the development of new digital tools and systems designed for journalists’ verification and fact-checking needs. Despite these technological developments, research has demonstrated that emerging technologies are not utilised as often and are not as highly valued as industry narratives suggest. There are indications that the typical journalist values traditional skills such as writing and interviewing higher than digital technology skills and that many journalists do not consider the new tools to be very useful in their everyday work. This article takes on a sociotechnical approach to study the interplay between journalists, technology, organisational and professional routines. Specifically, we examine journalists’ use of verification technologies to detect disinformation during an election period. Our findings show a discrepancy between the alleged potential of new technologies and the everyday practices of newswork and fact-checking – also in the digitally advanced Norwegian media industry. We found tensions between established routines and cultures in the newsroom and the push for the renewal of journalistic methods which can be sorted under two headings: strategy vs. practice and proximity vs. distance to the beat and sources.